Euler product

In number theory, an Euler product is an expansion of a Dirichlet series into an infinite product indexed by prime numbers. The original such product was given for the sum of all positive integers raised to a certain power as proven by Leonhard Euler. This series and its continuation to the entire complex plane would later become known as the Riemann zeta function.

Definition

In general, if is a multiplicative function, then the Dirichlet series

is equal to

where the product is taken over prime numbers , and is the sum

In fact, if we consider these as formal generating functions, the existence of such a formal Euler product expansion is a necessary and sufficient condition that be multiplicative: this says exactly that is the product of the whenever factors as the product of the powers of distinct primes .

An important special case is that in which is totally multiplicative, so that is a geometric series. Then

as is the case for the Riemann zeta-function, where , and more generally for Dirichlet characters.

Convergence

In practice all the important cases are such that the infinite series and infinite product expansions are absolutely convergent in some region

Re(s) > C

that is, in some right half-plane in the complex numbers. This already gives some information, since the infinite product, to converge, must give a non-zero value; hence the function given by the infinite series is not zero in such a half-plane.

In the theory of modular forms it is typical to have Euler products with quadratic polynomials in the denominator here. The general Langlands philosophy includes a comparable explanation of the connection of polynomials of degree m, and the representation theory for GLm.

Examples

The Euler product attached to the Riemann zeta function , using also the sum of the geometric series, is

.

while for the Liouville function , it is,

Using their reciprocals, two Euler products for the Möbius function are,

and,

and taking the ratio of these two gives,

Since for even s the Riemann zeta function has an analytic expression in terms of a rational multiple of , then for even exponents, this infinite product evaluates to a rational number. For example, since , , and , then,

and so on, with the first result known by Ramanujan. This family of infinite products is also equivalent to,

where counts the number of distinct prime factors of n and the number of square-free divisors.

If is a Dirichlet character of conductor , so that is totally multiplicative and only depends on n modulo N, and if n is not coprime to N then,

.

Here it is convenient to omit the primes p dividing the conductor N from the product. Ramanujan in his notebooks tried to generalize the Euler product for Zeta function in the form:

for where is the polylogarithm. For the product above is just

Notable constants

Many well known constants have Euler product expansions.

The Leibniz formula for π,

can be interpreted as a Dirichlet series using the (unique) Dirichlet character modulo 4, and converted to an Euler product of superparticular ratios

where each numerator is a prime number and each denominator is the nearest multiple of four.[1]

Other Euler products for known constants include:

Hardy–Littlewood's twin prime constant:

Landau-Ramanujan constant:

Murata's constant (sequence A065485 in the OEIS):

Strongly carefree constant A065472:

Artin's constant A005596:

Landau's totient constant A082695:

Carefree constant A065463:

(with reciprocal) A065489:

Feller-Tornier constant A065493:

Quadratic class number constant A065465:

Totient summatory constant A065483:

Sarnak's constant A065476:

Carefree constant A065464:

Strongly carefree constant A065473:

Stephens' constant A065478:

Barban's constant A175640:

Taniguchi's constant A175639:

Heath-Brown and Moroz constant A118228:

Notes

  1. Debnath, Lokenath (2010), The Legacy of Leonhard Euler: A Tricentennial Tribute, World Scientific, p. 214, ISBN 9781848165267.

References

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