Foreign relations of Estonia

Estonia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Estonia

The Republic of Estonia gained its independence from the Russian Empire on 24 February 1918 and established diplomatic relations with many countries via membership of the League of Nations. The forcible incorporation of Estonia into the Soviet Union in 1940 was not generally recognised by the international community and the Estonian diplomatic service continued to operate in some countries. Following the restoration of independence from the Soviet Union, Russia was one of the first nations to re-recognize Estonia's independence (the first country to do so was Iceland on 22 August 1991). Estonia's immediate priority after regaining its independence was the withdrawal of Russian (formerly Soviet) forces from Estonian territory. In August 1994, this was completed. However, relations with Moscow have remained strained primarily because Russia decided not to ratify the border treaty it had signed with Estonia in 1999.

Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close cooperation with Western European nations.

President Toomas Hendrik Ilves and President George W. Bush, in Estonia 2006.

The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the controversy surrounding relocation of the Bronze Soldier WWII memorial in Tallinn.[1] Estonia has become an increasingly strong supporter of deepening European integration. The decision to participate in the preparation of a financial transaction tax in 2012 reflects this shift in Estonia’s EU policy.[2]

An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people due to being Finno-Ugric people like the Finns rather than Balts,[3][4] based on their historical ties with Denmark and particularly Finland and Sweden. In December 1999 Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs.[5] In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".[6] And in 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in becoming a full member in the Nordic Council.

Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's international trade,[7] today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbors: three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian political system, its flat rate of income tax, and its non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the other Nordic states, and indeed from many other European countries.[8]

Estonia is a party to 181 international organizations, including the BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (member since 1 May 2004), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, NATO, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO.

International disputes

Territorial issues between Estonia and Russia

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union Estonia had hoped for the return of more than 2,000 square kilometers of territory annexed to Russia after World War II in 1945. The annexed land had been within the borders Estonia approved by Russia in the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty. However, the Boris Yeltsin government disavowed any responsibility for acts committed by the Soviet Union.

After signing the border treaty by the corresponding foreign minister in 2005, it was ratified by the Estonian government ad President. The Russian side interpreted the preamble as giving Estonia a possibility for future territorial claim, and Vladimir Putin notified Estonia that Russia will not consider these. Negotiations were reopened in 2012 and the Treaty was signed in February 2014. Ratification is still pending.[9]

Diplomatic relationships

Estonia established diplomatic relations with Kazakhstan on 27 May 1992. Estonia is represented in Kazakhstan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia). Kazakhstan is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Vilnius (Lithuania).

Uruguay was among the countries that refused to recognize the Soviet occupation of the Baltic countries. Uruguay re-recognised Estonia’s independence on 28 August 1991. Estonia and Uruguay established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1992. Estonia is represented in Uruguay through an honorary consulate in Montevideo. Uruguay is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden) and an honorary consulate in Tallinn.[10]

Through diplomatic cooperation with Latvia, Estonia opened an embassy in Cairo, Egypt in March 2010 [11] as settled in an agreement signed by Estonian Foreign Ministry Secretary General Marten Kokk and the Ambassador of the Republic of Latvia Kārlis Eihenbaums on 5 January.

As of February 2012, Estonia has not established diplomatic relations with three countries: North Korea, Sudan, and Myanmar. Foreign minister Urmas Paet has indicated that after the 2011–2012 Burmese political reforms Estonia is reconsidering its stance in regard to the government in Myanmar and is now considering establishing formal diplomatic relations.[12]

Relations by country

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 1 January 1992
 Armenia 23 August 1992
 Australia 22 September 1921 See Australia–Estonia relations
  • Australia first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921.
  • Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1991.
  • Australia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden), and through an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
  • Estonia is represented in Australia through its embassy in Canberra opened 1 January 2015, succeeding a non-resident embassy based in Tokyo (Japan), and through three honorary consulates (in Claremont, Hobart, and two in Sydney).[14]
  • Australia is host to one of the largest communities of Estonians abroad, with 8,232 people identifying as Estonian in the 2006 Australian Census.[15][16]
 Austria 26 June 1921
 Azerbaijan 20 April 1992 See Azerbaijan-Estonia relations
 Belarus 6 April 1992
  • Belarus has a Consulate General in Tallinn.[18]
  • Estonia opened its Consulate General in Minsk on 21 July 1995.[19]
 Belgium26 January 1921See Foreign relations of Belgium
 Belize5 May 1999
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 5 1999.[20]
  • Estonia has an honorary consulate in Belize.[21]
 Bulgaria20 May 1921See Bulgaria–Estonia relations
  • Bulgaria recognised Estonia on 20 May 1921 and re-recognised Estonia on 26 August 1991.
  • Bulgaria is represented in Estonia through an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
  • Estonia has an honorary consulate in Sofia.[22]
 Canada1922See Foreign relations of Canada
  • Canada has an embassy office in Tallinn.[23]
  • Estonia has an embassy in Ottawa.[24]
 Chile22 September 1921See Chile–Estonia relations
  • Chile first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921.
  • Chile re-recognised Estonia on 28 August 1991 and diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on 27 September 1991. Chile is represented in Estonia through its ambassador who resides in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in Tallinn. Estonia is represented in Chile through an honorary consulate in Santiago. The current Chilean ambassador to Estonia, Carlos Parra Merino, officially presented his credentials to the Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves in June 2007[25] Carlos Parra Merino resides in Helsinki.
  • An agreement on visa-free travel between Estonia and Chile came into force on 2 December 2000.[26][27][28] The two countries also have in force a Memorandum on co-operation between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs.[26] Agreements on cultural, tourism, and IT cooperation are being readied.[26]
  • Chile is among Estonia's most important foreign trade partners in South America.[29]
  • In 2007, trade between Estonia and Chile was valued at 6.3 million EUR. Estonian exports included mainly machinery, mechanical equipment, and mineral fuels; Chilean exports included mainly wine, fish, crustaceans and fruit. In 2004, 83% of Chilean exports to Estonia, then totaling 2.4 million EUR, consisted of wine.[26] In 2008, Chilean wines held the highest share of Estonia's imported wine market, followed by Spanish wines.[30] Due to its climate being unsuitable for large-scale grape production, most wine sold in Estonia is imported.
  • In 2006, Estonia and Chile issued the joint Antarctic themed stamp series, designed by Ülle Marks and Jüri Kass, bearing images of the Emperor penguin and the minke whale.[31] The works of Chilean writers Isabel Allende, Pablo Neruda and José Donoso have been translated into Estonian.[26]
 China11 September 1991See Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
 Colombia22 September 1921
  • Colombia first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921 and re-recognised the restored Republic of Estonia on 23 March 1994.
  • Colombia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Warsaw (Poland).
  • Estonia is represented in Colombia through its embassy in Brasilia (Brazil).
  • Colombia defines Estonia as a major ally and key player on Colombia's accession into the OECD and ratification of the Colombia-European Union Trade Agreement.[32]
 Croatia2 March 1992See Croatia–Estonia relations
 CyprusSee Foreign relations of Cyprus
 Czech RepublicSee Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
 Denmark1921See Denmark–Estonia relations
 Egypt1937
 Finland20 June 1920See Estonia–Finland relations
 France26 January 1921
 Georgia17 June 1992
 Greece19 May 1922
 Guyana

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 April 1997.[39]

 Holy See10 October 1921
 Hungary24 February 1921
 Iceland30 January 1922
 India22 September 1921See Estonia–India relations
  • India first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921.
  • India re-recognised Estonia on 9 September 1991.
  • Estonia is represented in India by two honorary consulates (in Mumbai and New Delhi).
  • India is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland) and through an honorary consulate in Tallinn.
 Ireland27 August 1991
 Israel9 January 1992
 Italy26 January 1921
 Japan26 January 1921
 Kosovo24 April 2008
 Latvia3 December 1918See Estonia–Latvia relations
  • Estonia has an embassy in Riga.
  • Latvia has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • The two states share 343 km of common borders.
  • They enjoy close relations sharing a common history of relations in the USSR and being neighbours.[51]
 Lithuania1919
  • Estonia has an embassy in Vilnius.[52]
  • Lithuania has an embassy in Tallinn.[53]
  • Until 31 July 2016 the Estonian ambassador to Lithuania was Toomas Kukk.
  • Both countries are situated in the Baltic region and are the full members of NATO and EU.
 Luxembourg 22 February 1923
  • Luxembourg recognised Estonia on 22 February 1923 and re-recognised Estonia on 27 August 1991.[54] Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1991.[54] Estonia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium) and an honorary consulate in Luxembourg.[54] Luxembourg is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Prague (Czech Republic).[54] As of 31 December 2007 foreign investments made in Estonia originating from Luxembourg totaled 225 million EUR accounting for 2% of the total volume of foreign direct investments. Luxembourg took 10th place in the general ranking of the countries. Investments from Luxembourg were made primarily in real estate rental and business activity (46%), wholesale and retail trade (34%), and financial intermediation (15%). The rest were made in the transportation and communication sector and the manufacturing industry. As of the same date, Estonian direct investments in Luxembourg totaled 1.1 million EUR, and were mostly made in the financial and real estate sectors.[54] There are about 300 Estonians living in Luxembourg.[54]
  • Trade agreement between Estonia and Belgium and Luxembourg (1935)[55]
  • Agreement on Road Transport between Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (came into force 1 December 1994)[56]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments (came into force 23 September 1999)[57]
  • Agreement Between Estonia and the States of Benelux on Readmission of Persons (came into force 1 February 2005)
  • Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Income and Capital Tax evasion (signed 23 May 2006)[58][59]
 Macedonia 2 March 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 2, 1995.[60]

 Malaysia 4 November 1993See Foreign relations of Malaysia
  • Estonia has an honorary consul in Kuala Lumpur,[61][62][63]
  • Malaysia's embassy in Helsinki is accredited to Estonia.[64]
  • Malaysia recognised the independence of Estonia on 11 September 1991 shortly after the dissolution of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic on 20 August 1991.[64] Relations between the two countries have been established since 4 November 1993.[64]
 Malta 1 January 1992
 Mexico 28 January 1937 See Estonia–Mexico relations
  • Estonia and Mexico signed a friendship treaty on 28 January 1937.
  • Mexico was among those countries that never recognized Estonia's annexation by the Soviet Union. Mexico recognized the restored Republic of Estonia on 5 September 1991, while diplomatic relations were re-established on 5 December 1991.[67]
  • Estonia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains honorary consulates in Mexico City and in Tampico.[68]
  • Mexico is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and maintains an honorary consulate in Tallinn.[69]
 Moldova 10 November 1992
 Mongolia
 Netherlands5 March 1921
 Norway5 February 1921
 North KoreaSee Foreign relations of North Korea
 Poland31 December 1920
 Portugal6 February 1921
  • Portugal recognised Estonia de facto in 1918 and de jure on 6 February 1921. Portugal never recognised the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
  • Portugal re-recognised the Republic of Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy in Lisbon and two honorary consualtes (in Porto and Tavira).[77][78]
  • Portugal has an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
  • Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Portugal
 Romania26 February 1921
 Russia2 February 1920See Estonia–Russia relations and Chechen–Estonia relations

Russia recognised Estonia via the Tartu Peace Treaty on 2 February 1920. Russian-Estonian relations were re-established in January 1991, when presidents Boris Yeltsin of RSFSR and Arnold Rüütel of the Republic of Estonia met in Tallinn and signed a treaty governing the relations of the two countries after the anticipated independence of Estonia from the Soviet Union.[80][81] The treaty guaranteed the right to freely choose their citizenship for all residents of the former Estonian SSR.

Russia re-recognised the Republic of Estonia on 24 August 1991 after the failed Soviet coup attempt, as one of the first countries to do so. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September. Estonia's ties with Boris Yeltsin weakened since the Russian leader's initial show of solidarity with the Baltic states in January 1991. Issues surrounding the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Baltic republics and Estonia's denial of automatic citizenship to persons who settled in Estonia in 1941-1991 and offspring[82] ranked high on the list of points of contention.

 Serbia9 February 2001
 Slovakia30 March 1993
 South Korea17 September 1991 See Estonia – South Korea relations
 Spain25 March 1921
 Sri Lanka31 January 1996See Estonia – Sri Lanka relations
  • Sri Lanka recognised Estonia on 10 October 1991.
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Stockholm which serves Estonia.
  • Estonia has no embassy for Sri Lanka.
  • Economic relations between Sri Lanka and Estonia are at a moderate level.
 SwedenSee Estonia–Sweden relations
  • Estonia was under Swedish rule between 1561 and 1721.
  • Sweden re-recognised Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy in Stockholm and five honorary consulates (in Eskilstuna, Gothenburg, Karlskrona, Malmö and Visby).
  • Sweden has an embassy in Tallinn and two honorary consulates (in Narva and Tartu).
 Thailand 22 October 1921 See Foreign relations of Thailand
  • Thailand (then Siam) first recognised Estonia on 22 October 1921.[88]
  • Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1992.
  • Thailand is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden).
  • Estonia is represented in Thailand through its consulates in Bangkok and Phuket.[89]
 Tonga 13 March 2015
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 2015.[90]
 Ukraine4 January 1992
 United Kingdom5 February 1921
 United States22 July 1922See Estonia–United States relations

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Estonia blames Russia for unrest". BBC News. 29 April 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  2. ↑ "Estonia strives to be at the core of the EU". The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  3. ↑ Estonian foreign ministry publication Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine., 2004
  4. ↑ Estonian foreign ministry publication Archived 7 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine., 2002
  5. ↑ NATO :: NATO :: Estonia as a Nordic Country
  6. ↑ Estonia - Nordic with a Twist Archived 8 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ "The Estonian Economic Miracle". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  8. ↑ http://www.investinestonia.com/pdf/ForeignTrade2007.pdf Foreign investment
  9. ↑ Postimees
  10. ↑ Estonia and Uruguay
  11. ↑ Foreign Minister Urmas Paet Opened Estonian Embassy in Egypt
  12. ↑ "Millise kahe riigiga pole Eestil diplomaatilisi suhteid?" Postimees 1. march 2012. (in Estonian)
  13. ↑ "Armeenia.ee". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  14. ↑ "Estonia to establish an embassy in Australia". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  15. ↑ "Estonia". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  16. ↑ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia
  17. ↑ "Estonian Embassy in Vienna". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  18. ↑ "Äèïëîìàòè÷åñêèå ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâà Ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëàðóñü". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  19. ↑ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belarus
  20. ↑
  21. ↑
  22. ↑ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria
  23. ↑ Office of the embassy of Canada in Tallinn
  24. ↑ Embassy of Estonia in Ottawa
  25. ↑ The Estonian President received credentials from the Ambassador of Chile
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Estonia and Chile Archived 3 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Elektrooniline Riigi Teataja: Eesti Vabariigi valitsuse ja Tšiili Vabariigi valitsuse vaheline turistide viisakohustuse kaotamise kokkulepe
  28. ↑ "NewsLibrary.com - newspaper archive, clipping service - newspapers and other news sources". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  29. ↑ Estonian Cabinet of Ministers: Prime Minister spoke with the President of Chile about the common interests of both states
  30. ↑ Ärileht Archived 11 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine. 4 December 2008 15:21: Eesti tarbija eelistab Hispaania ja Tšiili veine
  31. ↑ Õhtuleht Eesti ja Tšiili ühine postmark, 25 October 2006
  32. ↑ "- Cancillería". Cancillería. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  33. ↑ "HRVATSKA I ESTONIJA POTPISALE SPORAZUM O UKIDANJU VIZA I READMISIJI". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  34. ↑ "Uskoro ratifikacija hrvatskog ugovora o pridruživanju EU". Klix.ba. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  35. ↑ Egyptian embassy in Helsinki (also accredited to Estonia)
  36. ↑ "Estemb in Helsinki". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  37. ↑ "Ambassade d' Estonie en France ą Paris". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  38. ↑ "La France en Estonie". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  39. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  40. ↑ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Estonian ambassador to the Vatican
  41. ↑ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Vatican embassy in Vilnius (also accredited to Estonia)
  42. ↑ Estonian embassy in Budapest
  43. ↑ Hungarian embassy in Tallinn
  44. ↑ "English > Finland > The Icelandic Foreign Services". Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  45. ↑ "Israelin suurlähetystö Suomessa". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  46. ↑ "Estonia". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  47. ↑ Italian embassy in Tallinn
  48. ↑ "Estonian Embassy in Tokio". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  49. ↑ Japanese embassy in Tallinn
  50. ↑ "Estonian Embassy in Tokio". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  51. ↑ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Latvia Archived 3 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ (in Estonian) (in Lithuanian) (in English) Embassy of the Republic of Estonia in the Republic of Lithuania
  53. ↑ (in Lithuanian) (in English) Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania in the Republic of Estonia
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Estonia and Luxembourg".
  55. ↑ "Convention pour favoriser les échanges et les règlements commerciaux entre l'Union économique belgo-luxembourgeoise et l'Estonie" (PDF).
  56. ↑ "AGREEMENT ON ROAD TRANSPORT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE KINGDOM OF". Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  57. ↑ Text of the Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments.
  58. ↑ "Convention de double imposition : Luxembourg-Estonie".
  59. ↑ "Estonia, Luxembourg sign tax treaty". 15 June 2006.
  60. ↑
  61. ↑ Balan Moses (3 March 2012). "Consul's big plans for a small nation". New Straits Times. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  62. ↑ "Eesti avas aukonsulaadi Malaisias" (in Estonian). e24. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  63. ↑ Ingrid Teesalu (13 February 2012). "Estonia Opens Honorary Consulate in Malaysia". Estonian Public Broadcasting. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  64. 1 2 3 "Bilateral relations (Estonia and Malaysia)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Estonia. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  65. ↑ "Sorry. The page you are looking for does not exist" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  66. ↑ "Sorry. The page you are looking for does not exist" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  67. ↑ Estonia and Mexico
  68. ↑ Embassy of Estonia in Washington, DC
  69. ↑ Embassy of Mexico in Helsinki (in English and Spanish)
  70. ↑ "Estonia opens its first honorary consulate in Mongolia". ERR. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  71. ↑ "Estonian Embassy in Haag". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  72. ↑ Dutch embassy in Tallinn
  73. ↑ "Estemb in Oslo". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  74. ↑ "Norra - ametlik kodulehekülg Eestis". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  75. ↑ "Estonian Embassy in Poland". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  76. ↑ "Placówki Dyplomatyczne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  77. ↑ "Estonian Embassy in Lissabon". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  78. ↑ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Estonian honorary consulates in Portugal
  79. ↑ "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Republica Finlanda şi Estonia". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  80. ↑ Kristina Kallas, Eesti Vabariigi ja Vene Föderatsiooni riikidevahelised läbirääkimised aastatel 1990–1994 Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. - Tartu 2000
  81. ↑ Eesti Ekspress: Ta astus sajandist pikema sammu - Boriss Jeltsin 1931-2007, 25 April 2007
  82. ↑ Citizenship Act of Estonia (§ 5. Acquisition of Estonian citizenship by birth):
  83. ↑ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with South Korea Archived 18 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  84. ↑ http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/europe/countries/20070818/1_24628.jsp?menu=m_30_40
  85. ↑ "Estonian Embassy in Spain". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  86. ↑ Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: direction of the Estonian honorary consulates in Spain
  87. ↑ Spanish embassy in Tallinn (in Spanish only) Archived 2 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  88. ↑ Estonian and Thaiand
  89. ↑ EU Countries not Represented in Thaiand
  90. ↑ "Diplomatic ties with Tonga signed, 9 more nations to go". ERR. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  91. ↑ "Estonian Embassy in Kiev". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  92. ↑ "The Embassy of Ukraine to the Republic of Estonia". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  93. ↑ "Estonian Embassy in UK". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  94. ↑ "UK and Estonia". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  95. ↑ "OUTWARD STATE VISITS MADE BY THE QUEEN SINCE 1952". Official web site of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
  96. ↑ "BBC News - Prince Harry pays tribute to Estonia's soldiers during visit". BBC News. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  97. ↑ Embassy of Estonia in Washington, DC
  98. ↑ Embassy of the United States in Tallinn
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