Essendon Football Club supplements saga

The Essendon Football Club supplements saga (also referred to as the Essendon doping scandal) was a sports controversy which occurred during the early- and mid-2010s. The Essendon Football Club, a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League (AFL), was investigated starting in February 2013 by the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) over the legality of its supplements program during the 2012 AFL season and the preceding preseason. After four years of investigations and legal proceedings, thirty-four players at the club were found guilty of having used the banned peptide Thymosin beta-4 and incurred suspensions.

The initial stages of the investigation in 2013 made no findings regarding the legality of the supplements program, but highlighted a wide range of governance and duty-of-care failures relating to the program. In August 2013, the AFL fined Essendon $2,000,000, revoked its opportunity to play in the 2013 finals series, and suspended senior coach James Hird and general manager Danny Corcoran as a result of these findings.

The second phase of the investigation resulted in thirty-four players being issued show cause notices by ASADA and infraction notices by the AFL in 2014, alleging the use of Thymosin beta-4 during the 2012 season. After facing an AFL Tribunal hearing in the 2014/15 offseason, the players were initially found not guilty of these offences. That decision was appealed by the World Anti-Doping Agency to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which returned a guilty verdict on 12 January 2016. The guilty verdict was unsuccessfully appealed in the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland.[1] The thirty-four players were suspended for two years, affecting seventeen still-active AFL players who missed the 2016 season as a result of the findings.

Supplements program details

Essendon players prepare to take the field before a match against Greater Western Sydney in 2013.

On 28 September 2010, former captain James Hird was named as Essendon's new coach from 2011 on a four-year deal, succeeding Matthew Knights who was sacked at the end of 2010 despite having two years left to run on his contract.[2] Former Geelong dual premiership winning coach and Essendon triple-premiership winning player Mark Thompson later joined Hird on the coaching panel. Thompson introduced Essendon to performance coach Dean Robinson, with whom he had worked at Geelong; and, at Robinson's suggestion, they were introduced to sports scientist Stephen Dank. It was the club's belief that it was lagging behind the rest of the competition in its use of supplements, particularly to aid player recovery, and subsequently the club hired Robinson as its high performance coach in September 2011, and hired Dank as a sports scientist in November 2011. Dank was given primary responsibility to establish and run the supplements program.[3]

The program primarily comprised subcutaneous injections of supplements aimed at improving soft tissue recovery times, to enable players to endure and benefit from a heavier training workload. The players signed consent forms for the program, and were assured that all substances were ASADA-approved. The program included injections of AOD-9604, colostrum, tribulus and an unspecified variety of thymosin supplement which was described on forms only as "thymosin" – which the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) would later conclude was the banned, performance enhancing thymosin beta-4 variety. The program also included supplements in pill form, and intravenous vitamin drips.[4] The program was intended to be leading edge, and many features of the program which were legal at the time, including tribulus and intravenous vitamin C, were outlawed by 2014.[5] Most of the supplements were administered away from Essendon's Windy Hill facilities.[4] A total of 38 players consented to the program, although ASADA ultimately pursued cases against only 34 of those players, based on the supporting evidence it found through the investigation.[6] The program of injections began in November 2011.

In January 2012, Essendon's club doctor, Dr Bruce Reid raised concerns about aspects of the program to the club. In particular, Dank had not liaised with Reid on the details of the program, which included administering substances which Reid had not personally approved, which was against the historical chain of accountability within the club. Reid also wrote a letter to Hird and club general manager Paul Hamilton in January, recording his opinion that the substances Dank was administering were "playing at the edge" of legality with the potential to "read extremely badly in the press for [the] club", and that he was unconvinced that either the benefits or the side effects were well understood.[3] At that point, the club's administrators agreed that Reid's approval was required in future, however evidence gathered during the investigation indicated Reid was largely kept out of the loop from that point on: one player (Luke Davis) gave evidence that he was instructed to keep the injections secret from Reid and other coaching staff, although other players disputed that they received any such instructions.[3]

In May 2012, in a meeting of club administrators including Reid and Dank, Dank was directed to cease giving injections to players; however, evidence later given by players indicated that the program was reduced somewhat, but not ceased altogether, with many continuing to receive injections until as late as July.[3] Evidence showed that Dank continued to liaise with sports scientists and pharmacists to seek new supplements into August; investigations later described the program as being often experimental in nature.[4] Dank was ultimately dismissed from the club in September 2012 on the grounds that he had made unauthorised expeditures, the exact nature of which has not been made public.[7]

Essendon's onfield performances during the 2012 season began strongly and finished weakly, a coincidence which has since been scrutinised in the context of the program. At the end of May (when the program began to be wound back) the club sat second on the ladder with an 8–1 record. The club then began to lose many players to soft tissue injuries; it won three of its next six games during the middle part of the year to drop to sixth; then finally lost all of its final seven games to finish eleventh with an 11–11 record. The CAS acknowledged these observations in its findings, noting that they carried no weight as evidence but describing them as "at least not inconsistent" with the known details and timeline of the program.[3]

2012 playing list
Essendon Football Club
Senior list Rookie List Coaching staff

Head coach

Assistant coaches

Legend:
  • (c) Captain
  • (vc) Vice captain
  • (vet) Veterans list

Updated: 20 October 2012
Source(s): Playing list, Coaching staff

Self-report and 2013 investigations

On 5 February 2013, Essendon reported itself to the AFL and the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) over concerns about the supplements program. Two days later, the Australian Crime Commission (ACC) released a broad report entitled "Organised Crime and Drugs in Sport", the culmination of a twelve-month investigation which outlined an increase in illegal activities in sport across Australia, including drug use, match fixing, and links to organised crime; part of the report dealt with an increase in the seizure and use of steroids and illegal supplements, and included an anonymous reference to Essendon's program.[8] The timing of these events led to speculation that the AFL, having being privy to a confidential briefing on the ACC report, had tipped off Essendon and encouraged the club to self-report before the ACC report went public, but this has never been proven and has been denied by the AFL.[9] Within days, Essendon removed banners and murals from the façade at Windy Hill bearing the words "whatever it takes", which was the slogan of the club's 2013 membership drive, given the doping connotations that the slogan now carried;[10] the club has never since been able to distance itself from the bad publicity associated with that slogan in the wake of the scandal.[11]

Following Essendon's self-reporting, ASADA and the AFL launched a joint investigation into the supplement program, and conducted that investigation over the next sixteen months. During the early phase of the investigation, much attention and media speculation fell on the anti-obesity supplement AOD-9604, which had appeared on consent forms and was acknowledged to have been administered in the program, including by Essendon captain Jobe Watson during a television interview.[12] The legal status of AOD-9604 at the time of the program was uncertain: it was not explicitly listed as banned under Category S2 of the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) code, but it had not been approved for human use by the Therapeutic Goods Administration and therefore could be considered as banned under the more general Category S0, which applied to any substances not approved for human use.[13] The official position of WADA was that AOD-9604 had been considered a banned substance under Category S0 since 2011, and it clarified this publicly to ASADA on 22 April 2013.[14] After considering its legal position, ASADA ultimately determined that it would not pursue any doping cases relating to AOD-9604 use prior to 22 April 2013, determining that it would be difficult to achieve a guilty verdict for a supplement that had never explicitly been declared banned prior to that date.[15]

Parallel to the AFL-ASADA investigation, Essendon commissioned former Telstra CEO Ziggy Switkowski to conduct a full external and independent review of governance and processes of the club.[16] Switkowski's report, which was delivered on 6 May 2013, identified significant failings in governance which would later be repeated in ASADA's findings. On 23 May 2013, Essendon CEO Ian Robson resigned, agreeing with the Switkowski report's assessment that a lack of proper process had occurred in 2012.[17] In late July, Essendon chairman David Evans resigned due to health concerns, and was replaced by deputy chairman Paul Little, who had served on the board since 2011.[18]

At the same time as Essendon was being investigated, the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks club from the National Rugby League was also under investigation for its 2011 supplements program. Stephen Dank emerged as a common factor in both programs, as he had been employed at Cronulla as a sports scientist during that program; he was later banned for life from involvement in rugby league for his role in that program.[19]

August 2013 interim report and governance charges

On 2 August 2013, almost seven months into the investigation, ASADA released an interim report to the AFL and Essendon Football Club. The interim report made no clear findings regarding the legality of the supplements program, but highlighted a wide range of governance and duty-of-care failures relating to the program. On the evening of 13 August 2013, on the basis of the interim report, AFL general counsel Andrew Dillon charged Essendon with "conduct that is unbecoming or likely to prejudice the interests or reputation of the Australian Football League or to bring the game of football into disrepute, contrary to AFL Rule 1.6". The charges against Essendon included:[20]

The interim report found that Essendon had intended for the program to be an innovative program of unprecedented scale to deliver a competitive edge to the club, but that it had not done adequate research nor established clear lines of accountability for the people implementing the program.[20] The AFL Tribunal later commented that there was a "deplorable absence of records in the program relating to its administration."[21]

The AFL laid charges against the Essendon Football Club, head coach James Hird, assistant coach Mark Thompson, club doctor Bruce Reid and sports administrator Danny Corcoran. The club and the league discussed and negotiated penalties over two days in August, and on 27 August 2013, five days before the final round of the 2013 home-and-away season, the following penalties were agreed to and imposed:

As part of the agreement, Hird dropped legal action that he had raised against the charges in the Supreme Court.[24] Despite the connections between Essendon's AFL and VFL teams, the VFL team was still permitted to play in the VFL finals series.[25]

Club doctor Bruce Reid was also charged and issued a suspension, but he announced his intention to contest the charges against him in the Supreme Court of Victoria.[26] On 18 September 2013, the AFL dropped all charges against Reid, thus allowing him to continue in his role as senior medical officer at the club. The league's official statement concluded: "Reid strongly supports the AFL in its fundamental priority of looking after the health and welfare of players. He shares its concern over the serious circumstances which gave rise to the supplements saga at the Essendon Football Club ... The AFL accepts Dr Reid’s position and withdraws all charges against him, without penalty."[27]

Hird remained on the Essendon payroll and continued to receive his full salary during the suspension. The AFL initially demanded that the payments stop when they were made public in December 2013, but quickly acquiesced after determining that its legal position was weak.[28] In Hird's absence, Mark Thompson stepped up to serve as Essendon's senior coach in the 2014 season.

At the time of the announcement of penalties for governance failures, no charges were laid against any players, whether or not banned substances had been used was unproven, and the ASADA and AFL investigation remained open.[29]

Charges against players

2014: show-cause notices

After sixteen months of investigations, ASADA issued show cause notices to 34 players on Essendon's 2012 player list on 12 June 2014, alleging that they had been administered the peptide Thymosin beta-4, having determined that it had sufficient evidence that this was the type of thymosin used in the program. Unlike AOD-9604, it was known with legal certainty that Thymosin Beta-4 was considered banned during the period of the program. ASADA did not allege that the players had used the substances intentionally; rather, that the club had knowingly injected the players with the banned substance, but that the players were unaware that what they were being administered was illegal.[21] The notices gave the players ten days to respond, which would be followed by a tribunal hearing in which the burden of proof fell on ASADA to prove that the banned substance was administered to the players.[30] Under the anti-doping codes, players found guilty of using banned substances would receive, as a starting point, a two-year suspension; however, if the players were able to demonstrate they were unwittingly given a prohibited substance, they may receive a 50 per cent reduction on their penalty.[31] The names of the 34 Essendon players issued with show cause notices were initially suppressed under court order, and were ultimately released following the eventual guilty verdict in January 2016.

While this was progressing, Essendon performed well under Mark Thompson during the 2014 season, finishing seventh on the ladder and being eliminated in the first week of the finals. Thompson left the club altogether after the season.[32]

Shortly after the show-cause notices were issued, the Essendon Football Club and James Hird challenged the legal validity of the joint investigation that ASADA had conducted with the AFL. The club argued that although the AFL could compel its players and officials to be interviewed, ASADA had no legal right to do so – and therefore that any evidence collected by the AFL in a compulsory interview was inadmissible for an ASADA investigation.[33] The case came before the Melbourne division of the Federal Court of Australia on 27 June 2014.[34][35] The players were not required to respond to ASADA's show cause notices until the case was resolved.

Essendon appealed the legality of the AFL/ASADA joint investigation in the Federal Court of Australia

On 19 September 2014, Justice John Middleton of the Federal Court found that the ASADA investigation was lawful under the ASADA Act and that Essendon's application for the show cause notices to be scrapped was rejected. In the decision, he ruled that ASADA had indeed actively used the AFL's power to compel its players to be interviewed to overcome its own inability to do likewise; but, that this was within the rule of law and with the Essendon players' knowledge, given that all interviews were knowingly held in the presence of an ASADA representative.[36]

On 1 October 2014, Essendon announced that it would not appeal the Federal Court's ruling, stating that to do so would act against the interests of the players. Hird, however, acting in an individual capacity and "on a matter of principle", appealed the ruling to a full bench of the Federal Court. Media commentators speculated that Hird's action would result in his termination as Essendon coach,[37] and Hird himself later testified in court that he had been advised as much,[38] but this did not occur and he remained to coach in 2015.[39] Hird returned to court in early November 2014,[40] and his appeal was dismissed on 29 January 2015.[41] Hird considered a High Court appeal, but on 27 February 2015 announced that he had decided against proceeding.[42]

2014–2015: AFL Tribunal hearing against players

After Essendon's Federal Court challenge was dismissed in October 2014 (but while Hird's was still ongoing), ASADA issued fresh show-cause notices to the thirty-four players on 17 October 2014.[43] As was the case for the first issuing of show-cause notices, the players had two weeks to respond to the notices, and exercised their right not to respond. On 13 November 2014, the Anti-Doping Rule Violation Panel concluded that sufficient evidence existed against the players, and it was announced that the thirty-four players were placed on the register of findings.[44] The following day, the AFL issued infraction notices to the thirty-four players for the use of Thymosin beta-4.[45] The players faced a closed hearing of the AFL Tribunal over several sessions between December 2014 and February 2015.[46] The burden of proof fell to ASADA, and the required standard of proof to return a guilty verdict was "comfortable satisfaction".

Upon issuing of the infractions notices on November 14, most of the thirty-four players accepted provisional suspensions, meaning they would be ineligible to play AFL matches until the Tribunal hearing was finalised, but that they could continue to train in the pre-season, and that any time served during the provisional suspension would be counted as part of the final suspension if found guilty. Most players accepted the provisional suspensions immediately; Dustin Fletcher and Jobe Watson both participated in the 2014 International Rules Series test match on 22 November before beginning their suspensions;[47] Alwyn Davey and Leroy Jetta, neither of whom were on the Essendon list any longer, both opted to play the 2014/15 Northern Territory Football League season (which runs over the Australian summer), and consequently did not begin their provisional suspensions until February 2015.[48]

After the tribunal hearings were completed, it was announced that a final decision was expected in late March. This meant that the thirty-four players, including seventeen who were still at Essendon, would still be under provisional suspension during the 2015 NAB Challenge pre-season competition. It was determined that all twenty-five Essendon players who were at the club during the supplements program would receive permission to miss the series, including eight players who were not facing doping charges but were given permission to stand aside to protect their teammates' anonymity;[49] of those eight players, four elected to play.[50] Essendon was given permission to field VFL-listed players from its reserves team, and to sign players from state leagues to temporary contracts to serve as top-up players during the NAB Challenge.[51]

On 31 March, the week before the opening of the 2015 AFL season, the tribunal announced that it had found the 34 players not guilty. The tribunal confirmed that Thymosin beta-4 was a banned substance during the time of the program, but it determined that it was not comfortably satisfied that the players had been administered Thymosin beta-4. The three-member tribunal was unanimous in its decision.[52] The tribunal's verdict repeated the strong criticism of the governance of the Essendon's supplements program which had been seen in the ASADA interim report and the Switkowski report.[21]

As a result of the not guilty verdict, the provisional suspensions on the players were lifted, and all affected players became eligible to play in Round 1. ASADA and the AFL were given a window of 21 days in which they could lodge an appeal against the decision. The tribunal verdict was handed down in private, and few other details about the reasons for the decision were released.[52]

2015 season and WADA appeal

On 20 April, ASADA announced that it would not appeal the ruling of the AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal finding the 34 Essendon players not guilty. ASADA's decision then allowed the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to initiate its own review. WADA was given the opportunity to appeal the AFL Tribunal's decision,[53] and announced its intention to proceed on 11 May. The appeal was a de novo hearing of the charges in the Swiss headquartered Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). The Essendon players were permitted to continue playing throughout the appeal process.[54]

On-field, Essendon's form deteriorated dramatically in 2015 compared with previous years, and the mental impact of the WADA appeal was widely speculated to have contributed. The club held a 3–3 record prior to WADA announcing its appeal, but ultimately finished 15th with a record of 6–16. Hird resigned as coach with three weeks remaining in the season.[55] Chairman Paul Little, after chairing the club since July 2013, also stepped down after the season, and was replaced by Lindsay Tanner.[56]

CAS began to hear WADA's appeal of the AFL anti-doping tribunal's decision on 16 November 2015 in Sydney.[57] CAS's panel of arbitrators comprised English barrister Michael Beloff QC, Belgian-based barrister Romano Subiotto QC and Australian barrister James Spigelman QC.[58]

2016: Court of Arbitration for Sport verdict

On 12 January 2016, CAS handed down a guilty verdict on the thirty-four Essendon players, overturning the not-guilty verdict, after finding it was comfortably satisfied that the players were injected with Thymosin beta-4.[59] Key to the success of the appeal was the treatment of evidence: the CAS rejected the AFL Tribunal's approach, known as "links in the chain", where any given chain of evidence is dismissed if a link within it cannot be proven, and endorsed WADA's approach, known as "strands in the cable", where individual evidence chains with missing links may still be accepted if the combination of all such chains forms a sufficiently strong case. A complete account of the verdict and the arguments made by each side was released publicly.[60]

Vital to the case was the determination of whether or not the unspecified Thymosin used in the program was the banned Thymosin Beta-4 or a different, legal variety of Thymosin. A paper trail had confirmed that Dank had been dispensed Thymosin Beta-4 by the Como Compounding Pharmacy; however, no direct evidence was found that it was this Thymosin rather than a different legal Thymosin which had been administered to players, and this missing evidence link had been key to the AFL Tribunal's not guilty verdict under the 'links in the chain' evidence consideration. Part of the WADA submission to the appeal, which the CAS accepted in its comfortable satisfaction of guilt, was that Thymosin Beta-4 was the only form of Thymosin which would have had the soft tissue recovery effect that Dank had attributed to it – text messages from Dank had specifically described Thymosin as the cornerstone of the soft tissue recovery program. Two urine samples taken from Essendon players during 2012 were also found to contain elevated levels of Thymosin Beta-4; the levels were not sufficiently high to constitute a failed drug test, but they added to the cable of evidence against the players.[3]

Significantly, the CAS also determined that the players were "significantly at fault", disqualifying the players from any reduction in their penalty. This was generally considered to be a surprise, as it had been widely assumed in the press throughout the investigations that by having followed the direction of club officials, the players would be found to have had no significant fault or negligence, qualifying them for a 50% reduction in their penalty.[60] Key to this finding was the revelation that none of the eighteen different players who had been drug tested on a total of thirty occasions during the course of the program had declared the supplements injections on their doping control forms, and that some had withheld information from the club doctor on Dank's instruction, revelations which damaged the credibility of other evidence put forward by the players.[61] Consequently, the players were handed the full minimum suspensions of two years – these were backdated to 31 March 2015 (the date of the original AFL Tribunal not guilty verdict), which, with credit taken for the periods of provisional suspension already served during the 2014/15 offseason, resulted in most of the suspensions running until November 2016.[62]

2016: Federal Supreme Court appeal

Following the CAS finding, the sole remaining avenue for appeal existed through the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, under whose jurisdiction the CAS sits.[63] On 10 February, an appeal was lodged with the Federal Supreme Court on behalf of all thirty-four players, on the grounds that the CAS did not have legal grounds to conduct a de novo hearing and could have appealed the AFL Tribunal's verdict only on the basis of legal error or gross unreasonableness.[64]

During the year, lawyers for both parties submitted paperwork in German to the Federal Supreme Court.[65] The court deliberated on the written submissions, and announced on 11 October 2016 that the appeal was dismissed, upholding the guilty verdicts and the suspensions:[1]

The Swiss Federal Tribunal (SFT) has decided not to entertain the appeal filed by the players against the CAS award of 11 January 2016 imposing a 2-year ban on each player following an anti-doping rule violation. The SFT determined that since the players did not formally challenge the jurisdiction of CAS during the arbitration procedure and accepted the application of the CAS Rules (including the rule providing for a de novo hearing, i.e. for a procedure allowing the CAS to conduct a full review of the case), they had lost their right to challenge the CAS jurisdiction in appeal. The SFT added that, even if the jurisdiction of CAS had been properly challenged by the players, CAS jurisdiction in this matter would have been confirmed and the appeal would have been dismissed.
— Federal Supreme Court, in Switzerland, Ruling of the Court, English Translation[66]

The players did not seek an injunction against their suspensions when lodging the appeal with the Federal Supreme Court, meaning that they would have served their 2016 suspensions even if the guilty verdicts had been cleared.[64] The players did not seek injunctions due to the risk that a new two-year period of suspension might need to be served in full if the appeal were unsuccessful.[67]

Penalties

As a result of the guilty verdict from the CAS on 12 January 2016, all affected players began their suspensions immediately. The two year ineligibility period was backdated to 31 March 2015, and credit was taken for the periods of provisional suspension already served during the 2014/15 offseason. This meant that majority of players were suspended until November 2016,[62] and consequently the players missed the entire 2016 season. Alwyn Davey and Leroy Jetta, who had served shorter provisional suspensions due to their participation in the NTFL, were suspended until February 2017; this saw them miss the end of the 2015/16 NTFL season, the whole of the 2016 winter season and most of the 2016/17 NTFL season.[68]

Under the terms of the ban, in the context of their football careers, players were not permitted to:[69]

Because of the implications related to training with their clubs, the bans also covered most forms of active coaching. As such, two former players (Mark McVeigh and Henry Slattery) who were employed as non-playing coaches were suspended from their jobs, and players serving as playing-coaches in country leagues were suspended from performing either function. The full extent of the suspensions included participation in any sport administered by a signatory to the WADA code, which prevented the players from having any active involvement in almost any organised sport during 2016.[70]

Players were not completely banned from involvement with the AFL, and they were permitted to:

The thirty-four players suspended are listed in the below table, grouped by their status at the time of the CAS verdict.[71]

Status Number Players
Still at Essendon 12 Tom Bellchambers, Travis Colyer, Dyson Heppell, Michael Hibberd, Heath Hocking, Cale Hooker, Ben Howlett, Michael Hurley, David Myers, Brent Stanton, Tayte Pears, Jobe Watson
Listed at other AFL clubs 5 Jake Carlisle (St Kilda), Stewart Crameri (Western Bulldogs), Jake Melksham (Melbourne), Angus Monfries (Port Adelaide), Paddy Ryder (Port Adelaide)
Still active at lower levels 14 Alex Browne, Alwyn Davey, Luke Davis, Cory Dell'Olio, Ricky Dyson, Dustin Fletcher, Scott Gumbleton, Kyle Hardingham, Leroy Jetta, Brendan Lee, Sam Lonergan, Nathan Lovett-Murray, Brent Prismall, Ariel Steinberg
Retired from playing but still coaching 2 Mark McVeigh (Greater Western Sydney assistant coach), Henry Slattery
Retired from football 1 David Hille

On 15 November 2016, after the final avenue for appeal had been exhausted following the Federal Supreme Court appeal, the AFL Commission reviewed the 2012 Brownlow Medal, which had been won by Jobe Watson as the fairest and best player in the league during the season in which the supplements program was in effect. The commission ruled that as a result of Watson being suspended for infringements during the season, he would retrospectively be ruled ineligible for the award. Consequently, Watson was stripped of the medal, and it was awarded jointly to the players who polled the second-most votes: Trent Cotchin (Richmond) and Sam Mitchell (Hawthorn).[72] Watson had pre-empted the decision to strip him of the award, announcing his intention to hand back the medal four days earlier.[73] Watson was not stripped of his place in the 2012 All-Australian team, which was the other award presented to him by the AFL for his on-field performances during 2012.[74]

2016 AFL season

Essendon received permission to recruit ten top-up players from lower levels on contracts which would last until 31 October 2016 to make up a full playing list for the 2016 season. Essendon was limited to players who had been on an AFL list in either 2014 or 2015, with no more than one player to be taken from any state- or lower-level club; or, any VFL-listed player from its own reserves team. An allowance for the top-up players was made in Essendon's salary cap.[75] Essendon exercised its right to sign the full complement of ten, selecting: Ryan Crowley, James Kelly, Matthew Stokes, Matt Dea, James Polkinghorne, Jonathan Simpkin, Mark Jamar, Sam Grimley, Nathan Grima and Sam Michael. The four other AFL clubs with suspended Essendon players on their lists (Melbourne, Port Adelaide, St Kilda and the Western Bulldogs) were allowed to upgrade a rookie to the senior list (which would not normally be allowed to cover a suspended player), but were not granted any top-up players.[76]

The twelve suspended players still at Essendon continued to be paid approximately 95% of their salaries by the club during their suspensions. Stewart Crameri continued to be paid by the Western Bulldogs during his suspension, with the Bulldogs intending to sue Essendon to recover that cost. Melbourne, Port Adelaide and St Kilda all ceased payments to their suspended players during the period of their suspensions, with those players suing Essendon privately for their salaries.[77][78] By March 2017, the club had reached out-of-court compensation deals with all but four of the suspended players, covering potential and actual loss of earnings and mental anguish; the sizes of the deals were kept confidential, although the largest payouts were understood to have gone to Jobe Watson, who was stripped of the Brownlow Medal, and Stewart Crameri, who missed the Western Bulldogs' 2016 premiership.[79][80]

Despite the top-up players on its list, the weakened Essendon team was mostly uncompetitive on the field during 2016. The club finished last on the ladder with just three wins (against Melbourne in round two, Gold Coast in round 21 and Carlton in round 23) to win the wooden spoon for the first time since 1933. The club's win-loss record of 3–19 was the second-worst in club history, better only than its 2–16 record of 1933, and its full season percentage of 61.0 was its worst ever.[81] During the season, it suffered a seventeen-game losing streak, the longest in the club's VFL/AFL history.[82] Financially, the club posted a $9.8 million uninsured operating loss for the season, with roughly half of the cost in legal fees and compensation payments to the guilty players, and with reduced receipts and the payments to top-up players also having a significant effect.[83]

Ten of the twelve suspended players re-signed with Essendon for 2017: Bellchambers, Colyer, Heppell, Hocking, Hooker, Howlett, Hurley, Myers, Stanton and Watson.[84][85] The two that didn't re-sign with the club were Michael Hibberd, who was traded to Melbourne at the end of the season,[86] and Tayte Pears, who announced his retirement from the game on 8 September.[87] Lawyers had speculated that Essendon may have been unable to prevent any players leaving to other clubs should they have wished to, arguing that Essendon's role in the scandal could have been claimed as a breach of contract, allowing the players to get out of existing contracts and bypass other player movement restrictions by qualifying as delisted free agents, but no players sought this option.[88]

Case against Stephen Dank

The AFL Tribunal also heard a case against sports scientist Stephen Dank during the summer of 2014/15, and he was found guilty of ten charges. The charges which were upheld against Dank covered a wide range of illegal supplements that he trafficked in, attempted to traffick in or was complicit in attempted trafficking in during the time he was registered by the AFL. The upheld charges were:

The AFL suspended Dank from involvement in the sport for life as a result of the guilty verdicts.[89] Dank was found not guilty of twenty-one other charges, including trafficking charges and all charges related to administering the supplements.[90] Dank appealed the ten guilty verdicts against him, but the appeals were dismissed after Dank failed to attend the session scheduled for him with the AFL appeals board in November 2016.[91] WADA lodged an appeal against the twenty-one not guilty verdicts in June 2015,[92] and these appeals remain open as of November 2016.

Other consequences

Dean Robinson, who was sacked by the club in February 2013 when it self-reported the program, brought an unfair dismissal case against the club, which was ultimately settled in October 2014 for a $1M payout.[93]

Much of the club's expenses related to the scandal, including legal bills and the payout to Robinson, were covered by Essendon's insurers, Chubb Limited.[94] Hird, however, was left with a large personal legal bill, because the insurance policy as it related to administrative staff covered only the defence of a legal action, not initiating a legal action against others. Hird unsuccessfully sued Chubb for approximately $660,000 in costs related to his 2014 actions challenging the legality of the AFL/ASADA joint investigation,[95] but it was later revealed that a benefactor who was not publicly identified stepped in to cover the costs.[38] Hird's total legal costs relating to the saga, including covering ASADA's costs in his failed cases against it, totalled $1.74M.[96]

Former player Hal Hunter, who was on the rookie list during the supplements program but was not among the thirty-four players suspended, sued the club in an attempt to obtain full documentation about what substances he was administered while at the club. After a year-long legal battle, the Supreme Court ruled in early 2016 that Essendon had already provided Hunter all documentation it had; Hunter was initially ordered to cover Essendon's legal costs for the lawsuit, but that was reversed after mediation. Similarly to the other 34 players, Hunter later received a compensation package from Essendon for involving him in the program.[80]

Following adverse findings of the program, WorkSafe Victoria performed an investigation, and in November 2015 convicted Essendon of two breaches of the state's Occupational Health and Safety Act for failing to provide the players with a workplace free of health risks. The club was fined $200,000 for the breaches.[97]

The handling of the investigation and prosecution by both the AFL and ASADA was criticised by some media personnel and other public figures. There were suggestions that a parliamentary inquiry should be held into the saga, but this was formally ruled out by Greg Hunt, Minister for Sport, in March 2017.[98]

Timeline of major events

Date Event
November 2011 A new supplements program, administered by biochemist Stephen Dank, begins at the Essendon Football Club.
January 2012 Concerns about the program are raised to club management by doctor Bruce Reid.
May 2012 Club administrators direct Dank to cease the injection program, but this request is not followed.
September 2012 Dank is dismissed from Essendon.
5 February 2013 Essendon self-reports over concerns that illicit substances were administered during the supplements program.
7 February 2013 The Australian Crime Commission releases the findings of a 12-month investigation into the integrity of Australian sport and the relationship between professional sporting bodies, prohibited substances and organised crime.
7 February 2013 The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) and the AFL initiate a joint investigation into the Essendon supplements program.
27 February 2013 Essendon announced an independent review to be conducted by former Telstra boss Ziggy Switkowski into the governance of its supplements program.[99]
22 April 2013 The World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) officially clarifies its position that AOD-9604 is a banned substances; ASADA later determines that it will not prosecute cases of its use prior to this date.
6 May 2013 Switkowski's independent review into the governance of Essendon's supplements program was released to the public. It highlighted governance failures and uncontrolled changes to the way in which the club's player conditioning program was operated after August 2011.[100]
2 August 2013 ASADA releases its interim report on Essendon's supplements program to the AFL.[101]
13 August 2013 The AFL announced that the Essendon Football Club, senior coach James Hird and other parties were to be charged over governance and duty-of-care breaches related to the program.[102]
22 August 2013 James Hird lodged an action against the charges in the Supreme Court of Victoria.[24]
27 August 2013 Following talks between the AFL and the accused parties resumed,[103] the AFL announces that the Essendon Football Club would be ineligible to play in the 2013 AFL finals series, would lose first and second round draft picks in the 2013 and 2014 AFL drafts and receive a $2 million fine. Penalties for individuals included suspensions for both senior coach James Hird (12 months, backdated to 25 August 2013) and football operations manager Danny Corcoran (four months, starting 1 October 2013, and a further two months withheld) and a $30,000 fine for assistant coach Mark Thompson. Hird drops his Supreme Court action.
12 June 2014 ASADA issues show cause notices to 34 players on Essendon's 2012 player list, alleging the use of banned peptide Thymosin Beta-4.[30][31]
13 June 2014 Essendon and James Hird each launched a Federal Court application challenging the legality of the AFL/ASADA joint investigative process.[31][34]
19 September 2014 Justice John Middleton ruled that the AFL/ASADA's joint investigation was lawful.[104]
17 October 2014 ASADA issues fresh show cause notices to the thirty-four players for use of thymosin beta-4.[43]
13 November 2014 The Anti-Doping Rule Violation Panel placed the 34 players on the register of findings.[44]
14 November 2014 the AFL issued infraction notices to the thirty-four players for use of Thymosin beta-4. Most players immediately accept provisional suspensions until their AFL Tribunal hearing (some defer the start of their suspensions until later).[45]
Dec 2014 – Feb 2015 The AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal hearing for the thirty-four players takes place over several sessions.[46]
31 March 2015 The AFL Tribunal announces that all 34 past and present Essendon players were found not guilty of using a banned supplement.[105]
20 April 2015 ASADA announces that it will not appeal the AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal's ruling finding all 34 past and present Essendon players not guilty.[53]
11 May 2015 WADA announces it will appeal the tribunal's not guilty decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.[106]
26 June 2015 Stephen Dank is found guilty and handed a lifetime ban for his role in the saga.[107]
16 November 2015 WADA's appeal of the AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal's not guilty decision begins being heard at the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Sydney.[58]
12 January 2016 CAS upholds WADA's appeal and finds the 34 Essendon footballers guilty of doping code violations.[59] The players were suspended for two years backdated to 31 March 2015.[62]
10 February 2016 The thirty-four players lodged an appeal against the CAS finding in the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland.[64]
11 October 2016 The Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland dismisses the players' appeal against the CAS guilty verdict.[1]
28 November 2016AFL Anti-Doping Appeal Board dismissed Stephen Dank's appeal against his life ban for multiple doping offences after he failed to provide detailed evidence for his absence from his hearing on 21 November 2016.[108]

See also

Notes

    References

    1. 1 2 3 Thompson, Matt; Ryan, Peter (11 October 2016). "Swiss court dismisses Essendon 34's appeal against doping bans". AFL.com.au. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
    2. ↑ Wilson, Caroline (29 August 2010). "Matthew Knights Sacked". The Age. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "CAS 2015/A/4059 World Anti-Doping Agency v. Thomas Bellchambers et al., Australian Football League, Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority" (PDF). 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
    4. 1 2 3 Carly Crawford (27 March 2015). "Essendon drugs saga: How Stephen Dank ran the controversial supplement program". Herald Sun. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
    5. ↑ Grant Baker (1 April 2014). "AFL ushers in new drugs code, officially banning controversial drug AOD-9604". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
    6. ↑ Jon Pierik (10 March 2016). "Essendon saga: Four who escaped bans were investigated, insists ASADA". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
    7. ↑ "Essendon supplements saga: the story so far". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 13 August 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
    8. ↑ Lundy, Kate. "Drugs in Australian sport findings". KateLundy.com.au. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
    9. ↑ "'Demetriou tip-off' a key factor in Essendon self-reporting, Hird writ states". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
    10. ↑ Wilson, Caroline (8 February 2013). "War on sports scientists". Newcastle Herald. Newcastle, NSW. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
    11. ↑ Gullan, Scott (13 November 2014). "Bombers saga sparks apparel business". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
    12. ↑ I took banned drug: Watson
    13. ↑ Al Paton (25 June 2016). "Essendon drug defence hangs on whether AOD-9604 is an illegal substance". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
    14. ↑ "WADA says AFL-linked drug AOD-9604 is banned". The Australian. Melbourne, VIC. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
    15. ↑ Jon Ralph (20 June 2014). "Former Melbourne skipper Jack Trengove cleared by ASADA over alleged use of AOD-9604". Herald Sun. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
    16. ↑ Lane, Samantha (2 May 2013). "Dank not interviewed for Switkowski report into Bombers". The Age. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
    17. ↑ Brodie, Will; Niall, Jake (23 May 2013). "Robson quits Essendon". The Age. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
    18. ↑ "New Essendon chairman Paul Little reiterates Bombers' support of embattled coach James Hird". News Ltd, 29 July 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
    19. ↑ "Stephen Dank banned for life by NRL over involvement in Cronulla Sharks supplements scandal". Fox Sports. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
    20. 1 2 Dillon, Andrew (13 August 2013). "Australian Football League Notice of Charge" (PDF). Retrieved 15 November 2014.
    21. 1 2 3 "ASADA boss Ben McDevitt to front media in wake of AFL verdict clearing 34 past and present Essendon players". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
    22. ↑ "All the charges against Essendon, James Hird, Mark Thompson and Danny Corcoran". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. 27 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
    23. ↑ Caroline Wilson (25 November 2014). "Bombers pay bulk of Mark Thompson's AFL fine". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
    24. 1 2 James Hird begins legal action against the AFL for breach of due process following Essendon charges, ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), 22 August 2013.
    25. ↑ Guthrie, Ben (27 August 2013). "Essendon's VFL team free to play finals". AFL. Telstra Big Pond. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
    26. ↑ "Essendon club doctor Bruce Reid wants Supreme Court to rule on case after failing to reach resolution with AFL". News.com.au. News Corp. 29 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
    27. ↑ Baker, Grant; Warner, Michael (19 September 2013). "The AFL has dropped all charges against Bruce Reid". Herald Sun. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
    28. ↑ Michael Warner; Carly Crawford (13 December 2013). "James Hird will be paid his $1 million annual salary in a lump sum". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
    29. ↑ "Essendon, Hird charged with bringing game into disrepute". The Age. 13 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
    30. 1 2 Le Grand, Chip (12 June 2014). "ASADA moves on Bombers players over 2012 supplements allegations". The Australian. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
    31. 1 2 3 "Essendon mounts Federal Court challenge to doping notices issued to 34 past players". ABC News. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
    32. ↑ Wilson, Caroline (12 November 2014). "Don and dusted: Mark Thompson and Essendon to part ways". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
    33. ↑ Nathan Schmook (1 July 2014). "AFL-ASADA investigation broke confidentiality and denied players their rights, James Hird alleges". Australian Football League. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
    34. 1 2 Vaughan, Roger; McKay, Ben (13 June 2014). "Hird takes own legal action against ASADA". Ninemsn. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
    35. ↑ Essendon Football Club v The Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (Federal Court of Australia)
    36. ↑ Federal Court decision finds in favour of ASADA.
    37. ↑ Hird facing the axe at Thursday board meeting
    38. 1 2 Mark Russell (16 February 2016). "Mystery benefactor paid off James Hird's $750,000 legal debt". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
    39. ↑ 'Nothing to announce': Bombers to wait on Hird call, AFL.com.au official website, 2 October 2014
    40. ↑ "James Hird appeal: No date set for decision on Essendon coach's Federal Court case". ABC. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
    41. ↑ Chip le Grand (30 January 2015). "Essendon supplements saga: James Hird loses court appeal". The Australian. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 13 February 2015. See also "Hird v Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority [2015] FCAFC 7". AustLII. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
    42. ↑ Jom Pierik; Samantha Lane (27 February 2015). "Essendon supplements saga: James Hird decides against High Court appeal". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
    43. 1 2 Warner, Michael; Panahi, Rita; Baker, Grant (17 October 2014). "ASADA issues Essendon players with fresh show-cause notices". Herald Sun. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
    44. 1 2 Niall, Jake (13 November 2014). "Infraction notices imminent for Essendon players, hearings to follow". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
    45. 1 2 Niall, Jake (14 November 2014). "Essendon supplements saga: 34 players hit with infraction notices". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
    46. 1 2 Jason Phelan (29 January 2015). "Dons supplement saga closer to resolution". The West Australian.
    47. ↑ Jon Pierik (14 February 2015). "Essendon supplements saga: Irish series will impact on Bombers duo". The Age. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
    48. ↑ Michael Warner; Grant Baker (28 November 2014). "AFL approves former Essendon players to play in Northern Territory". Herald Sun. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
    49. ↑ Michael Warner; Bruce Matthews (13 February 2015). "Essendon agrees to play in NAB Challenge using top-up players to replace players on 2012 list". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
    50. ↑ "Essendon players break ranks to play in NAB Challenge despite being at the club during 2012 supplements saga". Herald Sun. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
    51. ↑ "AFL statement on Essendon list concessions". Australian Football League. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
    52. 1 2 Callum Twomey (31 March 2015). "Thirty-four present and former Bombers cleared of all drug charges". Australian Football League. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
    53. 1 2 "ASADA will not appeal AFL anti-doping tribunal's decision on Essendon supplements saga". ABC News. 20 April 2015.
    54. ↑ "WADA appeals against Essendon doping decision". AFL.com.au. 11 May 2015.
    55. ↑ Jake Niall (18 August 2015). "The Essendon crisis: Club and senior coach James Hird part ways". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
    56. ↑ "Essendon Football Club chairman Paul Little resigns, replaced by former Federal MP Lindsay Tanner". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
    57. ↑ "Appeal into AFL anti-doping tribunal's decision on Essendon players to be heard on November 16". ABC News. 26 August 2015.
    58. 1 2 "WADA set to start appeal against Essendon players in Court of Arbitration of Sport". ABC News. 16 November 2015.
    59. 1 2 Travis King (12 January 2016). "Guilty: court bans the Essendon 34 for 2016". Australian Football League. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
    60. 1 2 Andrew McGarry (13 January 2016). "Essendon supplements saga: CAS judgement shows players fatal errors contributed to their own downfall". ABC. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
    61. ↑ Lauren Wood (12 January 2016). "Essendon drugs saga: Players only have themselves to blame, says ASADA chief". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
    62. 1 2 3 "Essendon drug scandal: CAS verdict on Bombers live coverage". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
    63. ↑ Matt Thompson (3 February 2016). "Swiss court hasn't heard from lawyers for Essendon 34". Australian Football League. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
    64. 1 2 3 Matt Thompson; Nathan Schmook (11 February 2016). "Essendon 34 appeal confirmed as players seek to clear their names". Australian Football League. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
    65. ↑ Sam Landsberger (3 August 2016). "Lost dog bone". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. pp. 80, 77.
    66. ↑ "Judgment reveals appeal success not even 'entertained'". Fairfax Media. 12 October 2016.
    67. ↑ Jon Pierik (5 February 2016). "Essendon saga: Players to appeal to Swiss court against Court of Arbitration for Sport verdict". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
    68. ↑ Grey Morris (12 January 2016). "Essendon supplements saga comes back to haunt NTFL club Palmerston Magpies". NT News. Darwin, NT. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
    69. ↑ Eliza Sewell (13 January 2016). "Essendon guilty verdict: banned players advised of what they can and can’t do". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
    70. ↑ Jake Niall; Michael Gleeson (17 February 2016). "School's out for Bombers". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. pp. 55–56.
    71. ↑ "The Essendon 34: Where are they now?". Australian Football League. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
    72. ↑ "AFL Commission statement on 2012 Brownlow Medal". Australian Football League. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
    73. ↑ King, Travis (11 November 2016). "Jobe Watson to hand back 2012 Brownlow Medal". AFL.com.au. Bigpond. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
    74. ↑ Sam McClure (17 November 2016). "All-Australian honour remains". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. p. 43.
    75. ↑ Eliza Sewell (15 January 2016). "Essendon given rules around selection and signing of top-up players for 2016". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
    76. ↑ Michelangelo Rucci (5 February 2016). "AFL rejects Port Adelaide, Western Bulldogs, Melbourne and St Kilda bids for top up players". Adelaidenow. Adelaide, SA. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
    77. ↑ Caroline Wilson (29 February 2016). "Essendon saga: Suspended ex-Bombers warned to keep options open on compensation". The Canberra Times. Canberra, ACT. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
    78. ↑ "Silver lining emerges for clubs with suspended ex-Essendon recruits". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
    79. ↑ Jon Ralph (10 February 2017). "Essendon has finalised drug ban compensation claims with all current players". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
    80. 1 2 Caroline Wilson (2 March 2017). "Bombers facing impasse". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. p. 44.
    81. ↑ "Essendon - Season Summary". AFL Tables. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
    82. ↑ Travis King (24 July 2016). "Match report: Lions roar away from wooden spoon". Australian Football League. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
    83. ↑ Travis King (15 November 2016). "Bombers' disastrous year ends in massive financial loss". Australian Football League. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
    84. ↑ "Brent Stanton agrees to one-year deal with Essendon". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
    85. ↑ Navaratnam, Dinny (23 September 2016). "Star Bomber confirms he'll play in 2017". AFL.com.au. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
    86. ↑ "Michael Hibberd tells Essendon he wants to play at another club". The Age. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
    87. ↑ Navaratnam, Danny (8 September 2016). "Banned Don Pears retires to join fire brigade". AFL.com.au. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
    88. ↑ Mark Robinson (10 March 2016). "Banned Essendon players could be convinced to walk out on club with rivals circling". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
    89. ↑ Michael Warner (26 June 2015). "Stephen Dank cops life ban from AFL anti-doping tribunal". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
    90. ↑ Michael Warner; Grant Baker (17 April 2015). "Stephen Dank found guilty by anti-doping tribunal — but not on all charges". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
    91. ↑ Lauren Wood (28 November 2016). "Stephen Dank appeal dismissed by AFL Anti-Doping Appeals Board". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
    92. ↑ "WADA appeals Stephen Dank anti-doping tribunal ruling". The Age. Melbourne VIC. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
    93. ↑ Grant Baker; Michael Warner (2 October 2014). "Dean "The Weapon" Robinson settles wrongful dismissal claim with Essendon for about $1 million". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
    94. ↑ Michael Warner (18 November 2014). "Essendon will post a $700,000 profit in 2014 despite ongoing costs of supplements saga". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
    95. ↑ Padraig Murphy (3 May 2016). "James Hird ordered to pay legal bill over Essendon drug saga action". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
    96. ↑ Michael Warner (18 December 2016). "James Hird left with $1.74 million legal bill after drugs war against AFL". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
    97. ↑ Mark Dunn (28 January 2016). "Essendon Bombers fined $200,000 for workplace safety breaches over supplements saga". Herald Sun. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
    98. ↑ "Statement on Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority investigation into doping at the Essendon Football Club". Dept. of Health website. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
    99. ↑ Essendon doping saga: Questions and key dates surrounding the ASADA investigation, ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), 26 July 2013
    100. ↑ "Dr Ziggy Switkowski report". essendonfc.com.au. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
    101. ↑ "ASADA report has landed", The Age.
    102. ↑ "AFL announces charges against Essendon over ASADA interim report", ABC Grandstand Sport (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), 13 August 2013.
    103. ↑ League, Bombers in stalemate, AFL.com.au website, 26 August 2013.
    104. ↑ ASADA vs Essendon: Anti-doping agency's probe of AFL club supplements program lawful, court rules (ABC News)
    105. ↑ Chalkley-Rhoden, Stephanie (31 March 2015). "Essendon ASADA investigation: Players not guilty of using banned peptide, AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal finds". ABC News. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
    106. ↑ "Statement on AFL cases". World Anti-Doping Agency. 11 May 2015.
    107. ↑ "Stephen Dank handed lifetime ban from AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal following Essendon supplements saga". ABC Grandstand Sport (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 26 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
    108. ↑ "Stephen Dank's appeal against lifetime ban for doping offences dismissed by AFL". ABC News. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.

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