Essence (magazine)

Essence is a monthly magazine for African American women between the ages of 18 and 49. It is the only magazine that focuses on reaching an audience of black women, revolves around the black woman experience, and has remained for a long period of time.^[2] The magazine covers fashion, lifestyle and beauty, with an intimate girlfriend-to-girlfriend tone, and its slogan "Fierce, Fun, and Fabulous" suggests the magazine's goal of empowering African-American women. The topics the magazine discusses range from celebrities, to fashion, to point-of-view pieces addressing current issues in the African-American community. A number of its readers engage closely and personally with the publication, and it claims to be the magazine "for and about Black women".^[2]

History

Edward Lewis, Clarence O. Smith, Cecil Hollingsworth and Jonathan Blount founded Essence Communications Inc. (ECI) in 1968, and it began publishing Essence magazine in May 1970.^[3][4] Lewis and Smith called the publication a "lifestyle magazine directed at upscale African American women". They recognized that black women were an overlooked demographic and saw Essence as an opportunity to capitalize on a virtually untouched market of black women readers.^[2] Its initial circulation was approximately 50,000 copies per month, subsequently growing to roughly 1.6 million.^[5] Gordon Parks served as its editorial director during the first three years of its circulation.

In 2000, Time Inc. purchased 49 percent of Essence Communication inc, a publishing company that publishes magazines aimed at African American women, namely Essence and Suede magazines.^[6] In 2005 Time Inc. made a deal with Essence Communication Inc. to purchase the remaining 51 percent it did not already own. The deal placed the ownership of the 34-year-old Essence magazine, one of the United States' leading magazines for women of color, under white ownership.^[7]

Contents

In "Black Womanhood: Essence and its Treatment of Stereotypical Images of Black Women," professors explained that diverse images of black women are not often included in white magazines and media but that those black women can see themselves in different lights in Essence.^[2] The magazine features sections called Celebrity, Fashion, Beauty, Hair, Love, and Point-of-View.^[8] The magazine has covered topics from family, to social issues in the African-American community, African-American women in the military, and being HIV positive. Celebrities including Michelle Obama and Whitney Houston have appeared on the cover and been featured in the magazine through interviews and photo spreads.^[9] Originally launched primarily as a fashion magazine, Essence has grown to be a guideline for African-American women in many aspects of life.

Frequent contributors, including current editor-in-chief Vanessa K. De Luca, provide advice for the business-minded black woman, helping them to reach their full potential.^[10]

Format

The online version of the magazine opens with large images that also display links to main articles.^[11] Scrolling farther the down, viewers of the site will find "Top Stories", "Hot Right Now", and other sections.^[11] There are tabs to the various categories of the publication's material, including "Celebrity," "Fashion," "Beauty," "Hair," "Love," "Lifestyle," "News", and "Videos".^[11]

Several spots on the website provide links to the magazine's social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, YouTube, Instagram, and Google Plus.^[11] The bottom of the page presents a "From the Mag" section that features content from the magazine.^[11]

Imagery in advertisements

Essence issues in the early 2000s featured mostly black woman models with lighter skin complexions.^[12] The magazine then began to include a greater number of models with darker skin complexions.^[12]

In terms of hair types, long and wavy hairstyles were almost equally represented as short and curly styles.^[12] The sizes of the noses and lips of most of the models were considered average.^[12] The bodies of the models were not often displayed.^[12] When they were, thinner and average body types were more likely to be shown than fuller body types.^[12]

These observations rose out of a study titled "Race and Gender in the Media: A Content Analysis of Advertisements in Two Mainstream Black Magazines."^[12] They were then used to comment on what the image practices of Essence may say about how black media represents black people, chiefly black women, and how these representations may reflect and reveal larger truths about how black people themselves.^[12]

Circulation

• Rate base: 1,600,000^[5]
• Subscriptions: 78%
• Single-copy sales: 22%

Essence Music Festival

The Essence Music Festival^[13] is the nation's largest annual gathering of African-American musical talent, and has been going on annually for 18 years in New Orleans, bringing more than 400,000 people. The festival is a three-day event, that includes cultural celebrations, empowerment seminars, and nights of musical performances. Awards honoring prominent musicians in the African-American community are celebrated during the festival as well. The festival is held every Fourth of July weekend, and has featured some of the biggest names in entertainment, including Prince, Beyoncé, Tamia, Mary J. Blige, Lionel Richie and others.^[14]

In 2007, president Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton made special appearances at The Essence Music Festival, and in 2009 the festival was held in honor of Barack Obama's inauguration and presidency, with Beyoncé as the headliner.^[15] In 2008, after partnering with Essence to develop and tape a co-branded special presentation Black in America: Reclaiming the Dream, CNN reported live on-site throughout the Music Festival weekend.

In 2013, the Essence Music Festival rebranded to the Essence Festival to showcase the event as more than a music festival.

In 2016, the first ever sister event to the Essence Festival was announced – Essence Festival Durban – set to take place in Durban, South Africa on November 8–13. Essence President Michelle Ebanks commented at the time, "This is a milestone year for the Essence brand as we get ready to bring one of our most beloved events to the heart of South Africa in the coastal city of Durban which represents an exciting mix of cultures. This inaugural Essence Festival Durban will bring together voices of influence and power from the continent of Africa, the U.S. and across the globe to connect communities and empower women spanning the diaspora."^[16]

• 2017^[17]

Activism

In January 2005 Essence launched a 12-month initiative to combat misogyny in hip hop culture.^[5] The campaign, entitled "Take Back the Music", was intended to inspire public dialogue about the portrayal of black women in rap music.^[18] Essence also works to empower women through the magazine, instilling confidence in full-figured African-American women, and giving tips on how to love their hair, and their body, by holding a Young Women's Leadership Conference, and releasing a book in 2009 entitled Essence Presents: The Black Woman's Guide to Healthy Living.^[19]

Awards

Essence magazine holds a number of award ceremonies annual. These include:

• Black Women In Hollywood Awards - This ceremony annually honors black women who have achieved success in Hollywood.
• Black Men In Hollywood Awards - This ceremony annually honors black men who have achieved success in Hollywood.
• Essence Literary Awards - The first-annual Essence Literary Awards in New York City on February 7, 2008 to celebrate both emerging and established African-American authors in nine categories: Fiction, Memoir, Inspiration, Non-fiction, Current Affairs, Photography, Children's Books, Poetry and Storyteller of the Year.

Reception

In 2008, Essence won 12 New York Association of Black Journalists awards in the Investigative, General Feature, International, Business/Technology, Science/Health, Arts and Entertainment, Personal Commentary, Public Affairs and Online categories. The same year, Essence also won an American Magazine Vanguard Award (AVMA), recognizing the magazines that are innovating beyond just the printed word.^[19]

The 2005 purchase of Essence Communications Inc. marked the first time an African-American magazine would be owned by a white man, sparking controversy because of the company's 34 years under African-American ownership.^[7]

The magazine also started controversy in 2011 when the editor-in-chief Constance C. R. White announced that the magazine's new managing editor was a white male by the name of Michael Bullerdick. White assured readers that Bullerdick has no control over the content of the magazine and is only to oversee the day-to-day operations of the magazine.^[20] In April 2012, Bullerdick parted ways with the magazine after politically conservative views that run counter to what Essence has historically stood for were discovered on his private Facebook page.^[21]

Impact

There is a question of whether Essence promotes the freedom of the black woman from the world's oppressive images of her as a member of the minority or affirms the stereotypes that attempt to define her.^[2] An article in the Journal of Black Studies analyzed how Essence depicts images of black women throughout its pages.^[2] The authors of the study hypothesized that the magazine would include more images that dismantled the stereotypes than images that validated them, and the results of their analysis supported their hypothesis. ^[2]

Editors

• Ruth Ross (1975)
• Ida Lewis (1970–1971)
• Marcia Ann Gillespie (1971–1980)
• Susan L. Taylor (1981–2000)
• Monique Greenwood (2000)^[22]
• Diane Weathers (2000–2005)^[23][24]
• Angela Burt-Murray (2005–2010)
• Constance C. R. White (2011–2013)
• Vanessa K. De Luca (2013–present)

See also

• Ebony

References

Further reading

• Audrey Edwards (June 1980). "The Essence of Sweet Success". Black Enterprise. Earl G. Graves, Ltd: 134–138. ISSN 0006-4165. Retrieved January 13, 2013. 

External links

• Official website