Hobo spider

Hobo spider
Female Hobo spider
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Family: Agelenidae
Genus: Eratigena
Species: E. agrestis
Binomial name
Eratigena agrestis
(Walckenaer, 1802)[1]
Distribution in North America in green (native European distribution not shown)
Synonyms[1]
  • Aranea agrestis Walckenaer, 1802
  • Tegenaria agrestis (Walckenaer, 1841)
  • Philoica agrestis (Karsch, 1873)
  • Tegenaria rhaetica Thorell, 1875
  • Tegenaria magnacava Exline, 1936
  • Tegenaria osellai Brignoli, 1971
  • Tegenaria trinacriae Brignoli, 1971
  • Eratigena agrestis (Walckenaer, 1841)

The hobo spider (Eratigena agrestis, formerly Tegenaria agrestis) is a member of the genus of spiders known colloquially as funnel web spiders, but not to be confused with the Australian funnel-web spider. The medical significance of its bite is still poorly understood and debated. Individuals construct a funnel-shaped structure of silk sheeting and lie in wait at the small end of the funnel for prey insects to blunder onto their webs. Hobo spiders sometimes build their webs in or around human habitations.

Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1802 by naturalist Charles Athanase Walckenaer as Aranea agrestis,[1] in reference to its western European habitat in fields, woods, and under rocks.[2] In 1841, Walckenaer transferred the species to the genus Tegenaria.[1] In 2013, Tegenaria was split up, and the hobo spider was transferred to a new genus Eratigena, an anagram of Tegenaria.[1][3]

Identification

Spiders, including the hobo spider, vary considerably in appearance, and identification can be difficult. Identification relies on an examination of the spider’s anatomy. Like many species of spider the positive identification of Eratigena agrestis requires microscopic examination of the epigynum and pedipalps (the female and male sex organs respectively) and is best done by an arachnologist. However, the following characteristics can help in identification of hobo spiders in order to prevent misidentification and eradication of beneficial species with a similar general appearance:

Distribution and habitat

Eratigena agrestis is distributed from Europe to Central Asia, and is also found in the United States and Canada.[1] It is recorded in the checklist of Danish spider species,[5] and is present on the small island of Peberholm, probably having carried here by foreign trains.

It is a resident of fields, rarely entering human habitations due to the presence of major competitors, particularly the giant house spider (Eratigena atrica), which is a common resident of houses and other man-made structures in Europe. As a result, human contacts with the hobo spider are uncommon in Europe.

Toxicity and aggression

The toxicity and aggression of the hobo spider have long been debated; the current consensus is that it is not a dangerously venomous species. One common name, the aggressive house spider may arise from a misinterpretation of the Latin name agrestis, (lit. "of the fields") as "aggressive". If a Hobo spider is tending an egg sac, it may become aggressive if it perceives the egg sac as being threatened.[6] However, they generally do not bite unless forced to protect themselves.

In the United States, the hobo spider was considered to be a dangerous species based on a toxicology study on rabbits where lesions appeared after spiders were induced to bite the rabbits.[7] This laboratory study has led to the proposal that in some parts of the U.S. nearly all bites attributed to the brown recluse spider are in reality the hobo spider's bite.[8] The CDC and other U.S. government agencies[9] have also used this same study as the basis for a report claiming that the hobo spider bite causes necrosis in humans,[10] despite the absence of any confirmed cases. Subsequent attempts to replicate the study by injecting sufficient venom to ensure envenomation have failed to produce necrotic lesions, and there is even question as to whether the lesions observed in the original study were necrotic.[11] The CDC no longer considers it a dangerously venomous species.[12]

In Canada, there are scientists who claim that no hobo spider bites lead to dermal necrosis.[13] Hobo spiders are common in Europe, though bites are relatively uncommon, and other than unconfirmed reports there is no evidence of them causing necrosis despite hundreds of years of coexistence there. The only documented case of a verified hobo spider bite leading to necrotic skin lesions involves a person who had a pre-existing medical condition (phlebitis) that can also cause the appearance of skin lesions.[11]

Hobo spider bites are not known to be fatal to healthy humans. The necrosis in purported cases is similar to, but milder than, that caused by the brown recluse spider, and in severe cases can take months to heal. Other reported symptoms include intense headaches, vision abnormalities, and/or general feelings of malaise. These symptoms are not confirmed for the hobo spider bite, specifically due to lack of positive identification of the spider by an expert, and the Oregon Poison Center (affiliated with the Oregon Health & Science University) is attempting to gather definitive evidence regarding the validity of these reports as of September 2007.[14][15]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Taxon details Eratigena agrestis (Walckenaer, 1802)", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2016-01-03
  2. ↑ Faune Parisienne, vol. 2, p. 187
  3. ↑ Bolzern, Angelo; Burckhardt, Daniel; Hänggi, Ambros (2013). "Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 168: 723–848. doi:10.1111/zoj.12040.
  4. 1 2 3 Vetter, R.; Antonelli, A. "How to identify (or misidentify) the hobo spider" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-07.
  5. ↑ "Checklist of Danish Spiders (Araneae)". 26 October 2011.
  6. ↑ Crawford, Rod (10 September 2010). "Myths about "Dangerous" Spiders". Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture.
  7. ↑ Vest, D.K. (1987). "Envenomation by Tegenaria agrestis (Walckenaer) spiders in rabbits". Toxicon. 25 (2): 221–4. PMID 3576638. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(87)90244-3.
  8. ↑ Vest, D.K. (1987). "Necrotic arachnidism in the northwest United States and its probable relationship to Tegenaria agrestis (Walckenaer) spiders". Toxicon. 25 (2): 175–84. PMID 3576634. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(87)90239-X.
  9. ↑ Hobo Spider
  10. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Necrotic arachnidism- Pacific Northwest, 1988-1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996;45:433-6.
  11. 1 2 Vetter, R.S.; Isbister, G.K. (December 2004). "Do hobo spider bites cause dermonecrotic injuries?". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 44 (6): 605–7. PMID 15573036. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.016.
  12. ↑ "CDC - Venomous Spiders". The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  13. ↑ Bennett, R.G.; Vetter, R.S. (August 2004). "An approach to spider bites. Erroneous attribution of dermonecrotic lesions to brown recluse or hobo spider bites in Canada". Canadian Family Physician. 50: 1098–1101. PMC 2214648 Freely accessible. PMID 15455808.
  14. ↑ Korn, Peter (2007-09-21). "Spider bite? Drop the critter in the mail". Portland Tribune. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
  15. ↑ "OHSU Wants Your Spiders, Dead or Alive". Oregon Health & Science University. 2007-09-05. Retrieved 2007-11-02.

Bibliography

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