Entourage effect

Entourage effect is a phrase that was introduced in cannabinoid science in 1998 by S. Ben-Shabat, with Raphael Mechoulam, to represent a novel endogenous cannabinoid molecular regulation route. Biological activity assayed together with inactive compounds. References whole plant and whole person caregiver synergy treatments over isolated compound pharmacological dosages. Other cannabinoids, terpenoids and flavonoids contribution to clinical cannabis effects has been espoused as an “entourage effect”. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Refers to the compounds supposedly working in concert to create “the sum of all the parts that leads to the magic or power of cannabis”, according to Chris Emerson. There is scant conventional science; although, cannabis breeders develop distinct varieties to make that process precise and efficient. That botanical cannabis creates a synergistic chemical effect is a contention to many scientists. Proponents argue cannabinoid receptors are affected in different ways. Russo's 2011 review article in the British Journal of Pharmacology gave evidence; however, most are anecdotal as is often the case with cannabis. Russo maintains the belief.[10]

According to Wagner and Ulrich-Merzenich, for phytopharmaceuticals synergy in successful herbal drug combinations, such as cannabis within traditional medicine, there are four basic theoretical ability mechanisms:[11][12]

  1. affect multiple targets within the body
  2. improve active ingredients absorption
  3. overcome bacterial defense mechanisms
  4. minimize adverse side effects.

Enhanced Cannabinoid Activity

Endogenous 2-acyl-glycerols can increase 2-Arachidonoylglycerol biological activity, which alone shows no significant activity. This entourage effect may represent a novel endogenous cannabinoid activity molecular regulation route.[13] The synergistic effects achieved when tetrahydrocannabinolic acid is administered along with the phytocannabinoids entourage found in cannabis, especially cannabidiol and terpenes, cannabinoids combinations can in certain circumstances be more effective than alone.[14] Apparent under conditions when the minor component activity complements the major activity, such as diminishing the adverse event profile, or otherwise contributing to a stability or efficacy.[15] The entourage effect is considered a cannabinoid system modulator and is achieved in pain management through increasing receptors affinity to enhance endogenous anandamide activity and/or reducing enzymatic anandamide degradation.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Russo, EB (2003). "Cannabis is more than simply Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Letter to the Editors" (PDF). Psychopharmacology. 165: 431–432. doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1348-z.
  2. ↑ Lee, Martin A. (Sep 13, 2013). Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana-Medical, Recreational and Scientific. Scribner. p. 465. ISBN 978-1439102619.
  3. ↑ Ben-Shabat, Shimon (July 17, 1998). "An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity". European Journal of Pharmacology. 353 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00392-6.
  4. ↑ Andersson, Karl-Erik (Feb 4, 2011). Urinary Tract. eBook: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 438.
  5. ↑ Newnes (March 5, 2010). Comprehensive Natural Products II: Chemistry and Biology:. eBook: Google. p. 220.
  6. ↑ Guy, Geoffrey William (July 1, 2004). The Medicinal Uses of Cannabis and Cannabinoids (1st ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0853695172.
  7. ↑ Castle, David (May 27, 2004). Marijuana and Madness: Psychiatry and Neurobiology. eBook: Google. p. 8.
  8. ↑ Russo, Ethan B (Aug 2011). "Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects". Br J Pharmacol. 163 (7): 1344–1364. PMC 3165946 Freely accessible. PMID 21749363. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x.
  9. ↑ Gardner, Fred (2011). "Terpenoids, 'minor' cannabinoids contribute to 'entourage effect' of Cannabis-based medicines". The Journal of Cannavis in Clinical Practice: 1.
  10. ↑ Chen, Angus (20 April 2017). "Some of the Parts: Is Marijuana’s Entourage Effect" Scientifically Valid?". Scientific American. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  11. ↑ Wagner, H (March 2009). "Synergy research: approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals.". Phytomedicine. 16 (2-3): 97–110. PMID 19211237. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  12. ↑ Burnett, Dr. Malik. "Medical Marijuana: Much More Than Just THC and CBD". Medical Jane. Medical Jane. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  13. ↑ Ben-Shabat, Shimon (17 July 1998). "European Journal of Pharmacology Volume 353, Issue 1, 17 July 1998, Pages 23–31 Cover image An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity". European Journal of Pharmacology. 353 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00392-6.
  14. ↑ Sanchez-Ramos, Juan (2015). "The Entourage Effect of the Phytocannabinoids" (PDF). American Neurological Association: 1. doi:10.1002/ana.24402.
  15. ↑ Russo, Ethan (14 September 2016). "Current Therapeutic Cannabis Controversies and Clinical Trial Design Issues". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 309 (7). doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00309.
  16. ↑ Jerome, Bouaziz (April 1, 2017). "The Clinical Significance of Endocannabinoids in Endometriosis Pain Management". All IssuesUp Arrow In This IssueDown Arrow Left ArrowPrevious Article Next ArticleRight Arrow Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 2 (1). doi:10.1089/can.2016.0035. Retrieved 8 May 2017.


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