Enfield Poltergeist

The Enfield Poltergeist is the name given to the claims of poltergeist activity at a council house in Brimsdown, Enfield, England from 1977 to 1979 involving two sisters, ages 11 and 13.[1] Some members of the Society for Psychical Research such as inventor Maurice Grosse and writer Guy Lyon Playfair believed the haunting to be genuine, while others such as professors of psychology Anita Gregory and John Beloff were "unconvinced" and found evidence the girls had faked incidents for the benefit of reporters. Members of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry including stage magicians such as Milbourne Christopher, Joe Nickell, and Bob Couttie investigated the incidents and criticised paranormal investigators for being overly credulous, identifying various features of the case as being indicative of a hoax.[2][3][4]

The story attracted considerable press coverage in British newspapers such as the Daily Mail and Daily Mirror, and has been the subject of books, featured in television documentaries, and dramatized in horror films.

Claims

In August 1977, single parent Peggy Hodgson called police to her rented home in Enfield after two of her four children claimed that furniture was moving and knocking sounds were heard on walls. The children included Margaret, age 14, Janet, age 11, Johnny, age 10 and Billy, age 7. A police constable said that she saw a chair slide on the floor and "was convinced that nobody there had touched it",[1] and later claims included allegedly demonic voices, loud noises, thrown rocks and toys, overturned chairs, and children levitating. Reports of further incidents in the house attracted considerable press attention and the story was covered in British newspapers such as the Daily Mail and Daily Mirror, until reports came to an end in 1979.[3][5][6] On Halloween 2011, BBC News featured comments from a radio interview with photographer Graham Morris, who claimed that many of the events were genuine.[7]

Paranormal investigators

Society for Psychical Research members Maurice Grosse and Guy Lyon Playfair reported "curious whistling and barking noises coming from Janet’s general direction." Although Playfair maintained the haunting was genuine and wrote in his later book This House is Haunted: The True Story of a Poltergeist (1980) that an "entity" was to blame for the disturbances, he often doubted the children's veracity and wondered if they were playing tricks and exaggerating. Still, Grosse and Playfair believed that even though some of the alleged poltergeist activity was faked by the girls, other incidents were genuine.[3][6][8] Janet was detected in trickery; a video camera in the room next door caught her bending spoons and attempting to bend an iron bar.[9][10] Grosse had observed Janet banging a broom handle on the ceiling and hiding his tape-recorder.[11] Ventriloquist Ray Alan thought Janet's male voices were simply vocal tricks. According to Playfair, one of Janet’s voices she called "Bill" displayed a "habit of suddenly changing the topic – it was a habit Janet also had".[12]

When Janet and Margaret admitted their pranks to reporters, Grosse and Playfair compelled the girls to retract their confession.[3] They were mocked by other researchers for being easily duped.[13]

The psychical researcher Renée Haynes had noted that doubts were raised about the alleged poltergeist voice at the Second International SPR Conference at Cambridge in 1978, where video cassettes from the case were examined.[14] The SPR investigator Anita Gregory stated the Enfield poltergeist case had been "overrated", characterizing several episodes of the girls' behaviour as "suspicious" and speculated that the girls had "staged" some incidents for the benefit of reporters seeking a sensational story.[3][6] John Beloff, a former president of the SPR, investigated and suggested Janet was practicing ventriloquism. Both Beloff and Gregory came to the conclusion that Janet and Margaret were playing tricks on the investigators.[15]

Criticism

In a television interview for BBC Scotland, Janet was observed to gain attention by waving her hand, and then putting her hand in front of her mouth while a claimed "disembodied" voice was heard. During the interview both girls were asked the question "How does it feel to be haunted by a poltergeist?" Janet replied "It's not haunted" and Margaret interrupted "Shut up". These factors have been regarded by sceptics as evidence against the case.[11] Sceptics have also noted that the alleged poltergeist voice that originated from Janet was produced by false vocal cords above the larynx and had the phraseology and vocabulary of a child.[11] Maurice Grosse made tape recordings of Janet, and believed that there was no trickery involved, but the magician Bob Couttie has written, "he made some of the recordings available to me and, having listened to them very carefully, I came to the conclusion that there was nothing in what I had heard that was beyond the capabilities of an imaginative teenager."[11]

Sceptic Joe Nickell examined the findings of paranormal investigators and criticised them for being overly credulous; when a supposedly disembodied demonic voice was heard, Playfair noted that, "as always Janet’s lips hardly seemed to be moving." Nickell wrote that a tape recorder malfunction that Grosse attributed to supernatural activity and Society for Psychical Research president David Fontana described as an occurrence "which appeared to defy the laws of mechanics" was merely a peculiar threading jam common to older model reel to reel tape recorders.[16]

Nickell states that a remote-controlled still camera (the photographer was not present in the room with the girls) timed to take a picture every 15 seconds that supposedly "recorded poltergeist activity on moving film for the first time" was shown by investigator Melvin Harris to reveal the girls' pranks. A photo allegedly depicting Janet "levitating" in mid air actually shows her bouncing on the bed as if it were a trampoline. Harris called the photos examples of common "gymnastics", and said "It's worth remembering that Janet was a school sports champion!" Nickell also wrote that demonologist Ed Warren was "notorious for exaggerating and even making up incidents in such cases, often transforming a "haunting" case into one of "demonic possession". In an interview with the Daily Mail, the adult Janet admitted that she and her sister had faked "2 percent" of the phenomena, prompting Nickell to comment in another publication, "the evidence suggests that this figure is closer to 100 percent."[3][6]

As "a magician experienced in the dynamics of trickery" Nickell examined Playfair's account as well as contemporary press clippings. He noted that the supposed poltergeist "tended to act only when it was not being watched" and concluded that the incidents were best explained as children’s pranks. According to Nickell:

Time and again in other 'poltergeist' outbreaks, witnesses have reported an object leaping from its resting place supposedly on its own, when it is likely that the perpetrator had secretly obtained the object sometime earlier and waited for an opportunity to fling it, even from outside the room—thus supposedly proving he or she was innocent.

American magician Milbourne Christopher investigated, failed to observe anything that could be called paranormal, and was dismayed by what he felt was suspicious activity on the part of Janet. Christopher would later conclude that "the poltergeist was nothing more than the antics of a little girl who wanted to cause trouble and who was very, very, clever."[3] In 2015, Deborah Hyde commented that there was no solid evidence for the Enfield poltergeist: "... the first thing to note is that the occurrences didn’t happen under controlled circumstances. People frequently see what they expect to see, their senses being organised and shaped by their prior experiences and beliefs."[4]

An article by psychology professor Chris French in 2016 described five reasons why the case was a hoax.[17]

References

  1. 1 2 Storr, Will. (2015). "The Real Story of the Enfield Haunting". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  2. ↑ Couttie, Bob. (1988). Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox. Lutterworth Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-7188-2686-4 "The case remains very controversial. Grosse, Playfair, Hasted and others believe it was genuine, Anita Gregory and other members of the SPR were unconvinced. Magicians and ventriloquists came to the conclusion that Janet was cheating."
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nickell, Joe. "Enfield Poltergeist, Investigative Files". August 2012. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  4. 1 2 The Enfield ‘Poltergeist’: A Sceptic Speaks. The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  5. ↑ "Zoe Brennan. What IS the truth about the Enfield Poltergeist? Daily Mail 28 October 2011". Daily Mail. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Joe Nickell (3 July 2012). The Science of Ghosts: Searching for Spirits of the Dead. Prometheus Books. pp. 281–. ISBN 978-1-61614-586-6.
  7. ↑ "Photographer Graham Morris recalls ghostly encounter" http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15524459
  8. ↑ Playfair, Guy Lyon (1980). This House is Haunted: The True Story of a Poltergeist. Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-7387-1867-5.
  9. ↑ Guiley, Rosemary (1994). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 109. ISBN 978-0851127484
  10. ↑ Clarkson, Michael. (2006). Poltergeists: Examining Mysteries of the Paranormal. Firefly Books. p. 135. ISBN 978-1554071593 "Anita Gregory, of the Society for Psychical Research, who had spent just a short time at the Hodgson home, said the mysterious men's voices were simply the result of Janet and Margaret putting bed sheets to their mouths. In addition, Gregory said that a video camera had caught Janet attempting to bend spoons and an iron bar by force and “practicing” levitation by bouncing up and down on her bed."
  11. 1 2 3 4 Couttie, Bob. (1988). Forbidden Knowledge: The Paranormal Paradox. Lutterworth Press. pp. 62-64. ISBN 978-0-7188-2686-4
  12. ↑ Hyde, Deborah. "Science: The Enfield ‘Poltergeist’: a sceptic speaks". theguardian.com. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  13. ↑ Carlson, H. G. (1994). Mysteries of the Unexplained. Contemporary Books. p. 46. ISBN 978-0809234974
  14. ↑ Haynes, Renée. (1982). The Society for Psychical Research 1882-1982: A History. MacDonald & Co. p. 112. ISBN 978-0356078755
  15. ↑ Clarkson, Michael. (2006). Poltergeists: Examining Mysteries of the Paranormal. Firefly Books. p. 131. ISBN 978-1554071593
  16. ↑ Nickell, Joe. "The Haunted Tape Recorder". September 1995. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  17. ↑ "Five reasons why London’s most famous poltergeist case is a hoax". Chris French.
  18. ↑ Jagodzinski, Jan (2004). Youth Fantasies: The Perverse Landscape of the Media. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4039-6164-8.
  19. ↑ Penman, Danny (5 March 2007). "Suburban poltergeist: A 30-year silence is broken". London: Daily Mail.
  20. ↑ Morgan, Maybelle (10 April 2015). "Petrified estate agents get the fright of their lives in haunted house practical joke (and the men have the most hysterical reactions)". London: Daily Mail.
  21. ↑ Hawkes, Rebecca. "What did the Enfield Haunting have to do with Ed and Lorraine Warren?". Telegraph.co.uk. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 September 2016.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.