Energy in Denmark

Denmark ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil.

Denmark has considerable sources of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranked as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil in 2008.[1] Denmark expects to be self-sufficient with oil until 2050.[2] However, gas resources are expected to decline, and production may decline below consumption in 2020, making imports necessary.[3] A large but decreasing proportion of electricity is produced from coal,[4][5] and hydropower and 3-4% nuclear power is imported[6][7] while wind turbines supply the equivalent of about 42% of electricity demand by 2015 (see Wind power in Denmark).[8][9]

In February 2011 the Danish government announced the "Energy Strategy 2050" with the aim to be fully independent of fossil fuels by 2050,[10] and a new government repeated the goal in 2015 despite public scepticism.[11] The European Renewables Directive set a mandatory target at 20% share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 (EU combined).[12][13] In 2012 the Danish government adopted a plan to increase the share of electricity production from wind to 50% by 2020,[14][15] and to 84% in 2035.[16]

Denmark's electrical grid is connected by transmission lines to other European countries,[17] and had (according to the World Economic Forum) the best energy security in the EU in 2013[18] although this had fallen to third in the EU by 2014.[19] Denmark imports around 12% of its energy.[20]

History

In 1972, 92% of Denmark's energy consumption came from imported oil.[21] The 1973 oil crisis forced Denmark to rethink its energy policy; in 1978 coal contributed 18%, and the Tvind wind turbine was made, along with the creation of a wind turbine industry.[22] The 1979 energy crisis pushed further change, and in 1984 the North Sea natural gas projects began.[23] The North Sea production of oil and gas made Denmark self-sufficient in 1997,[24] peaking in 2005,[25] and decreased below self-sufficiency by 2013.[26] In 2015 Denmark produced 89% of its energy consumption of 720-756 PJ.[5]

The year 2014 was the warmest on record in Denmark, with the lowest number of degree days in history. A normal year has 2,906 while 2014 saw only 2,100 degree days.[27] Since 2000, Denmark has increased Gross National Product and decreased energy consumption.[28]

Overview

External image
Danish energy flow 2014

Energy statistics

Energy in Denmark [29]
Capita Prim. energy Production Export Electricity CO2-emission
Million TWh TWh TWh TWh Mt
2004 5.40 233 361 117 35.8 50.9
2007 5.46 229 314 64 36.4 50.5
2008 5.49 221 309 54 35.5 48.4
2009 5.52 216 278 43 34.5 46.8
2010 5.55 224 271 42 35.1 47.0
2012 5.57 209 244 19 34.1 41.7
2012R 5.59 202 221 8 33.8 37.1
2013 5.61 203 196 -26 33.9 38.8
Change 2004-10 2.8% -4.1% -24.8% -63.6% 0.0% -7.7%
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh. Primary energy includes energy losses.

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

Energy taxes

2015 energy taxes per unit, in DKK[30][31][32]
Diesel Gasoline Natural gas Coal Electricity
per unit liter liter m3 MWh tonne GJ MWh
Excise 2.660 4.137 2.158 176.6 1,6051 54.5 8781
Environment 0.420 0.388 0.384 31.4 413.51 0

1Not applicable for industry

Fuel is not taxed for ships and planes to other countries. Coal and gas for electricity is not taxed.[33]

Minor taxes are called "Compulsory storage fee" and "NOx tax". Carbon dioxide tax is 0.09 DKK/kWh for electricity. Fossil fuels are taxed at about 90 DKK/ton CO2.[34]

2015 overall energy taxes, in billions DKK[35]
Oil Gasoline Natural gas Coal Electricity
Excise 9.3 7.3 3.3 2.5 11.7

Energy taxes contributed 34 billion DKK in 2015, about 12% of overall taxing revenue.[35] The money is a considerable income for the state, and changing the composition of the taxes towards a "greener" mix is difficult. According to a government official, the majority of taxes are not based on environment concerns,[36] in contrast to the DKK 5 billion per year in PSO-money for cleaner energy, paid by electricity consumers to producers of clean electricity. These tolls are not available for government consumption.[37]

Energy sources

Coal

Fossil fuel consumption in Denmark.

Coal power provided 48.0% of the electricity and 22.0% of the heat in district heating in Denmark in 2008; and in total provided 21.6% of total energy consumption (187 PJ out of 864 PJ).[38] The coal is mainly imported from outside Europe.[39] Consumption of coal was more than halved over the 10 years between 2004-2014.[4][5] Coal constituted 41% of the mass fuels (not wind and sun) in 2015, and is expected to decrease to 14% in 2025, mostly replaced by biofuels.[40][41]

Oil

Production

The production of crude oil fell from 523 PJ in 2010 to 470 PJ in 2011. As of May 2014, Denmark produced an average of 172 kbpd.[42] Danish oil companies donate DKK 1 billion over 10 years to Technical University of Denmark to increase production. Danish oil reserves are expected to run out around 2047.[43]

Consumption

Consumption fell from 315 to 306 PJ during 2011.[44] Official statistics estimate 231,000 residences heated by oil in 2014 (down from 328,000 in 2013), but only 87,000 actually purchased oil during 2014.[45]

Natural gas

The production of natural gas fell from 307 PJ in 2010 to 265 PJ in 2011. Consumption fell from 187 to 157 PJ.[44]

CO2 emissions from energy production fell from 49.4 to 44.3 million tons, from 2010 to 2011,[44] a decline of 10%.[46]

Biomass

Denmark consumed 2.1 million tonnes of wood pellets in 2014, expected to increase by 1.2 million tonnes as more coal is replaced. They are mainly imported from the Baltic states and Russia. Denmark also burns wood chips and straw, mostly for heating.[47]

Solar

Denmark had 790 MW of photovoltaic capacity in late 2015,[48] and already reached its year 2020 governmental goal of installing 200 MW in 2012.[49] As of 2013, the total PV capacity from 90,000 private installations amounts to 500 MW.[50] Danish energy sector players estimate that this development will result in 1000 MW by 2020 and 3400 MW by 2030.[49]

Solar heating is installed in some homes,[51] and also used in district heating.[52]

Geothermal

Denmark has three geothermal district heating plants; a 7 MW in Thisted started in 1988, a 14 MW in Copenhagen started in 2005, and a 12 MW in Sønderborg in 2013.[53][54] They may combine with biomass burning, but produce no electricity, as temperatures are too low.[55]

Electricity

The electricity sector relies on fossil, nuclear and renewable energy: wind power, biogas, biomass and waste. No hydro power is produced domestically and other countries' hydro and thermal power is used for buffering Denmark's renewable generation. The average consumption of electricity per person was 0.8 GWh less than EU 15 average in 2008. Denmark invested in the wind power development in the 1970s and has been the top wind power country of the world ever since. Danish consumption of wind electricity has been highest in the world per person: 1,218 kWh in 2009. Denmark produced more wind power per person in 2009 than Spain or the UK produced nuclear power.

Denmark has mediocre electricity costs (including about DKK 5 billion in costs for cleaner energy)[37] in EU for industries at 9 eurocent/kWh,[56][57][58][59] but general taxes increase the household price to the highest in Europe at 31 eurocent/kWh.[56][60]

Transmission costs are around 1c/kWh, and support regimes cost 2½ c/kWh in 2014.[61]

Wind power

Wind provided 39% of the electricity generated in Denmark in 2014,[9][62][63] and 42.1% of Denmark's total electricity consumption in 2015.[8][64] Denmark is a long-time leader in wind energy, and as of May 2011 Denmark derives 3.1 percent of its Gross Domestic Product from renewable energy technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion).[65][66]

To encourage investment in wind power, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity within their own or an adjoining commune. While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more often families purchased shares in wind turbine cooperatives which in turn invested in community wind turbines. By 2004 over 150,000 Danes were either members of cooperatives or owned turbines, and about 5,500 turbines had been installed, although with greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to 75%.

Nuclear power

The production of nuclear energy has been banned in Denmark since 1985. In 2014 and 2015, (imported) nuclear power was 3-4% of electricity consumption in Denmark.[6] An average of 10% of domestic energy consumption comes from imports from neighboring countries Sweden and Germany, which both generate nuclear power.[67] In Sweden, about 40% of the energy is generated by nuclear power[68] and in Germany less than 20% by nuclear power.[69] In 2011, with imports of 2.9 TWh from Germany and 5.2 TWh from Sweden, about 3.5TWh used was from countries that generate nuclear power – nearly 11% of total final consumption. This fluctuates year to year, mainly due to NordPool prices, and Energinet.dk analysis showed 1% from countries that generate nuclear power in 2010, 7% in 2011 and 14% in 2012.[67]

District heating

Danish district heating plants use 100 Petajoule/year,[70] mostly waste heat from thermal power plants burning coal, natural gas and biomass, but a small part of this consumption is from electrode boilers[71] or heat pumps.[72][73] Expansion of wind powered district heating is calculated to be economically efficient without taxes.[74][75] The peak thermal load of district heating in Copenhagen is 2.5 GWth, and simulations suggest a potential heat pump would run 3,500 load-hours per year using sewage water as the heat reservoir.[76]

In 2013, Denmark imported 158,000 ton garbage for incineration in 10 district heating plants,[77] increasing to 323,963 ton in 20 plants in 2015, about 10% of burnt waste.[78]

The pipe heat loss is 17%, at a value of DKK 150 million. New pipes have a heat loss of 6.5%. There are 60,000 km of pipes, serving 1.6 million households.[79] Several towns use central solar heating, some with storage.[52][80]

Transport

Denmark aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.[81]

Tax revenue from vehicles was 28 billion DKK in 2014.[35]

Cities

Copenhagen has a target to be carbon-neutral by 2025,[82] and has burned more biomass and less coal during 2004-2014.[83]

Aarhus aims to be carbon-neutral by 2030.[84]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "EIA – International Energy Data and Analysis for Denmark". Tonto.eia.doe.gov. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  2. ↑ Unforeseen billions from North Sea Maritime, 4 December 2011. Accessed: 8 December 2011.
  3. ↑ Andersen, Christian Meiniche. Gas supply 2011-2013 page 17 Energinet.dk. Accessed: 8 December 2011.
  4. 1 2 Energy statistics, 2014 page 12
  5. 1 2 3 ENERGISTATISTIK 2015, page 3. Quote: "2015 var præget af stor nettoelimport, hvilket hovedsageligt betød et kraftigt fald i forbruget af kul på 35,8%"
  6. 1 2 "Rekord lav CO2-udledning fra elforbrug i 2015" Energinet.dk, 1 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "More nuclear power flowing through Danish outlets". cphpost.dk. 3 September 2013.
  8. 1 2 "New record-breaking year for Danish wind power". Energinet.dk. 15 January 2016.
  9. 1 2 Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 " Energinet.dk, 6 January 2015. Accessed: 6 January 2015.
  10. ↑ "Release of Danish Energy Strategy 2050". Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  11. ↑ Danmark er længere med den grønne omstilling end danskerne ved Danish Energy Agency, 1 October 2015. Accessed: 24 January 2016.
  12. ↑ "Deal secured on ambitious EU renewables law". EurActiv.com. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09.
  13. ↑ EU law - as measured in gross final consumption of energy
  14. ↑ Danish Wind Industry Association, Wind energy Denmark, n.d.
  15. ↑ The Guardian: "Denmark aims to get 50% of all electricity from wind power", 26 March 2012
  16. ↑ Lindboe, page 3
  17. ↑ Gellert, Bjarne Christian. Electricity interconnections Energinet.dk, 22 August 2011. Accessed: 6 December 2011.
  18. ↑ "Danish security of supply is number one in the EU" Energinet.dk, 11 December 2013. Accessed: 26 December 2013.
  19. ↑ "Global Rankings", Accessed: 30 April 2015.
  20. ↑ "INFOGRAPHIC: Can Germany’s Energiewende ensure supply security?". EurActiv.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  21. ↑ "Energiomstilling 2050 : 1972". Danish Energy Agency.
  22. ↑ "Energiomstilling 2050 : 1978". Danish Energy Agency.
  23. ↑ "Energiomstilling 2050 : 1984". Danish Energy Agency.
  24. ↑ "Energiomstilling 2050 : 1997". Danish Energy Agency.
  25. ↑ "Energiomstilling 2050 : 2005". Danish Energy Agency.
  26. ↑ David Roberts (12 March 2016). "Got Denmark envy? Wait until you hear about its energy policies.". Vox. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  27. ↑ Bernth, Martin. "Mildt vejr skærer 20 procent af varmeregningen" Ingeniøren, 5 January 2015. Accessed: 5 January 2015.
  28. ↑ Rasmus Tengvad. Det danske energiforbrug på rekordlavt niveau Dansk Energi, 30 January 2015
  29. ↑ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
  30. ↑ ENERGY PRICES AND TAXES, COUNTRY NOTES, 3rd Quarter 2015 Archived January 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., page 26. International Energy Agency, 2015
  31. ↑ "CO2-afgiftsloven - Bekendtgørelse af lov om kuldioxidafgift af visse energiprodukter". retsinformation.dk. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  32. ↑ "Kulafgiftsloven". Danish Ministry of Taxation. 9 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  33. ↑ "SKAT: E.A.4.5.8 Afgiftsfritagelse og afgiftsgodtgørelse". Retrieved 13 September 2016. uden CO2-afgift til brug om bord i skibe i udenrigsfart, fiskerfartøjer .. Jetfuel kan leveres uden CO2-afgift til brug i luftfartøjer .. fuelolie/naturgas / stenkul, der anvendes til fremstilling af elektricitet i kraftværker og kraftvarmeværker
  34. ↑ "Environmental Taxes in Denmark". Confédération Fiscale Européenne. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  35. 1 2 3 Afgifter - provenuet af afgifter og moms 2009-2016, Danish Ministry of Taxation, 2015
  36. ↑ "Derfor er omlægning af energiafgifter en svær øvelse". Ingeniøren. Retrieved 17 April 2016. The main part of tolls are not based on environment concerns
  37. 1 2 "Fremskrivning af PSO-udgifter" page 6+17. Danish Energy Agency, 19 May 2014. Retrieved: 17 January 2015.
  38. ↑ "Energy Statistics 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-22.
  39. ↑ Hansen, Jens Morten. "Dänemark - Produktion und Kommunikation - Energie" (in German). The Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  40. ↑ "Fuels". Energinet.dk. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  41. ↑ Fuel composition diagram, 1990-2025
  42. ↑ Danish Production of Oil, Gas and Water for May 2014 Danish Energy Agency, May 2014. Accessed: 26 June 2014.
  43. ↑ "Teknologisk spredehagl skal klemme den sidste olie ud af Nordsøen". Ingeniøren. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  44. 1 2 3 Main energy statistics 2011 Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy, 20 March 2012. Accessed: 20 March 2012.
  45. ↑ Wittrup, Sanne. "Halvdelen af landets oliefyr er forsvundet " Ingeniøren, 9 April 2015. Accessed: 9 April 2015.
  46. ↑ Dal, Peter. Large drop in energy and CO2 Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy, 20 March 2012. Accessed: 20 March 2012. Quote: ""
  47. ↑ http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/dokumenter/nyheder/filer/det_danske_traepillemarked_2014_2.pdf
  48. ↑ http://ing.dk/artikel/kaempe-solcelleparker-slar-bunden-ud-af-energiforlig-181991
  49. 1 2 Denmark reaches 2020-goal for solar energy before time 12.09.2012
  50. ↑ "Follow the solar cells" Energinet.dk, 18 December 2013. Accessed: 26 December 2013.
  51. ↑ EurObserv'ER: Solar thermal and concentrated solar power barometer - May 2014 Archived 2014-11-25 at WebCite
  52. 1 2 Wittrup, Sanne (14 June 2015). "Verdens største damvarmelager indviet i Vojens". Ingeniøren.
  53. ↑ "Geotermisk energi". Geotermisk energi.
  54. ↑ Allan Mahler & Jesper Magtengaard, Proceeding World Geothermal Congress 2005, Geothermal Development in Denmark, Country Update WGC 2005
  55. ↑ "Geothermal Energy Use 2015 Country Update for Denmark" (PDF).
  56. 1 2 Electricity prices for industrial consumers Eurostat, October 2015
  57. ↑ Electricity prices (table) Eurostat, October 2015
  58. ↑ "Energistyrelsen". Danish Energy Agency.
  59. ↑ Forbedring af den nationale elprisstatistik for erhverv page 7. Danish Energy Agency, 30 June 2015. Note: correction to statistics
  60. ↑ Electricity Prices for Households Energy information administration
  61. ↑ "Energinet.dk holds tariffs down - PSO tariff rises" Energinet.dk, 11 December 2013. Accessed: 26 December 2013.
  62. ↑ Energy_statics_2006
  63. ↑ En visionær dansk energipolitik frem til 2025
  64. ↑ "Denmark breaks its own world record in wind energy". EurActiv - EU News & policy debates, across languages.
  65. ↑ "Denmark Invests the Most in Clean Energy per GDP". yourolivebranch.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  66. ↑ Rank-1 in Clean Energy
  67. 1 2 "Nuclear Energy in Denmark". World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  68. ↑ "A nuclear update for a Swedish energy summit". Energycentral. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  69. ↑ "Die Verantwortung wächst". Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  70. ↑ Lindboe, page 29
  71. ↑ Wittrup, Sanne. "Dong: Vores kraftværker bruger allerede billig vindmøllestrøm i elpatroner" Ingeniøren, 15 January 2015. Retrieved: January 2015.
  72. ↑ Blarke, Morten Boje. "Liste over el-drevne varmepumper i fjernvarmen" SmartVarme.dk, 12 February 2014. Retrieved: January 2015.
  73. ↑ Capion, Karsten. "Analyse nr. 9 - Mulighederne for den fremtidige fjernvarmeproduktion i decentrale områder" Danish Energy, 15 January 2014. Retrieved: 15 January 2015.
  74. ↑ Lindboe, page 7
  75. ↑ Blarke, Morten Boje. "Store eldrevne varmepumper" Aalborg University, 17 April 2013. Retrieved: January 2015.
  76. ↑ Bach, Bjarne. "Integration of Heat Pumps in Greater Copenhagen" Technical University of Denmark, March 2014. Retrieved: January 2015.
  77. ↑ Klimaråd: Affaldsimport vil belaste dansk CO2-regnskab 27 November 2015.
  78. ↑ Mads Lorenzen (19 April 2016). "20 ud af 26 forbrændingsanlæg fylder ovnene med importeret affald". Ingeniøren. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  79. ↑ "Fjernvarmeværkerne har barberet ledningstabet kraftigt ned".
  80. ↑ Current data on Danish solar heat plants
  81. ↑ "Plug-in and Electrical Vehicles". EnergyMap.dk. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  82. ↑ Copenhagen's ambitious push to be carbon-neutral by 2025 Guardian 12 April 2013
  83. ↑ Udviklingen i miljødeklaration for fjernvarme 1990-2014 CTR
  84. ↑ "Climate Target 2030". Go Green with Aarhus, City of Aarhus. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
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