Enderby Island

Enderby Island

A view along the coast of Enderby Island

Topographical map of the Auckland Islands
Geography
Coordinates 50°29′45″S 166°17′44″E / 50.49583°S 166.29556°E / -50.49583; 166.29556Coordinates: 50°29′45″S 166°17′44″E / 50.49583°S 166.29556°E / -50.49583; 166.29556
Archipelago Auckland Islands
Administration
New Zealand

Enderby Island is part of the Auckland Islands archipelago, south of and belonging to New Zealand. It is situated just off the northern tip of Auckland Island, the largest island in the archipelago.

History

A New Zealand sea lion nursing on the beach

Evidence has been found of Polynesian settlement in the 13th and 14th centuries. This was at Sandy Bay, in a sheltered and relatively less inhospitable location, accessible to seal colonies.[1]

On 20 March 1887, the Derry Castle, an iron barque registered in Boston, Massachusetts, ran aground off Enderby Island nine days into its journey. The ship was en route from Geelong, Victoria to Falmouth, Cornwall and was manned by a crew of twenty-three. It carried one passenger and a cargo of wheat. The Derry Castle was owned by P. Richardson & Co. and was under the command of Captain J. Goffe.

The surviving members of the Derry Castle crew found a castaway depot at Sandy Bay on Enderby Island. They proceeded to construct some further crude shelters around this depot. On a cliff overlooking the water, they buried the bodies of their fellow crew members that had washed ashore. The grave was marked with the ship's figurehead.

After 192 days the Derry Castle was officially posted as missing by Lloyd's of London. On 21 September 1887, a 45-ton steamer, the Awarua, arrived in Hobson's Bay, Victoria, Australia, returning from an illegal sealing expedition in the Auckland Islands. On board the Awarua were the remaining eight survivors from the Derry Castle.

The Derry Castle grave site was maintained for many years by the New Zealand government until it sank into the ground. However, during World War II, the ship's figurehead was resurrected by coastwatchers stationed on the islands in the Cape Expedition programme. The figurehead can now be viewed (along with other items from the wreck) at the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, New Zealand. In its place, a tombstone now marks the site of the sailors' graves.

Fauna

An Auckland shag on Enderby Island

Important Bird Area

Enderby Island was cleared of introduced species, such as cattle, pig, rabbit and rat in 1994, and by 2015 the abundance of wildlife was notable compared with Auckland Island.[2] The island is part of the Auckland Island group Important Bird Area (IBA), identified as such by BirdLife International because of the significance of the group as a breeding site for several species of seabirds as well as the endemic Auckland shag, Auckland teal, Auckland rail and Auckland snipe.[3]

Other fauna include the brown skua, New Zealand pipit, New Zealand sea lion, northern giant petrel and yellow-eyed penguin. Dominant vegetation include rata forest and megaherbs such as the Campbell Island carrot.[2]

Rabbits

A distinct variety of rabbit lived on Enderby Island.[4] Rabbits are not indigenous to the island; their ancestors were brought from Australia in October 1865 to serve as food for shipwreck survivors.[4] Following their introduction, the population was isolated for almost 130 years.[4] The rabbits were eradicated from the island in the early 1990s, though some were rescued and the breed survives in captivity. Enderby Island rabbits are predominantly silver-grey in colour but a recessive gene ensures that a small percentage is cream or beige.[4]

Cattle

As with rabbits, cattle were introduced to Enderby Island in the late 19th century.[5] Shorthorn cattle were brought to the island by whalers in 1894 where they proceeded to survive on kelp and other island flora, becoming a distinctive wild variety.[5] By the mid-1980s, the cattle had nearly denuded Enderby Island of its growth, a problem that came to the attention of New Zealand's Department of Conservation.[5] In response, efforts were made to eradicate cattle on the island.[5] By the mid-1990s, only one cow, 'Lady', remained. Lady was taken to mainland New Zealand in February 1993. Since then she has been the subject of intense efforts to save the variety, efforts that have included cloning.[5] Lady died in May 2009, aged more than twenty years.

Geology

A view of the Enderby Island coastline, showing its volcanic composition (and an Auckland shag on the rocks).

Enderby Island is perched on the Campbell Plateau and is composed of eroding volcanic remains from eruptions that occurred between 25 and 10 million years ago.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Macnaughtan, Don (2001). "The Auckland Islands, The Snares, Campbell, Bounty and the Antipodes Islands". Eugene, Oregon 97405: Lane Community College Library. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  2. 1 2 Simms, Oliver. "Birding abroad Christmas Day on Enderby Island". BirdLife. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  3. ↑ BirdLife International. (2012). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Auckland Islands. Downloaded from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 2013-01-11. on 2012-01-23.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand Incorporated (2006) Enderby Island rabbits
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Rare Breeds Conservation Society of New Zealand Incorporated (2006) Enderby Island cattle

Further reading

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