Ems (river)

Ems
Eems (Dutch, Low German), Iems (Westfalian), Oamse (Saterland Frisian), Amisia (Latin)
River
The Ems near Lingen
Name origin: tamesis, indo-european for dark, as in dark river
Countries Germany, Netherlands (part of watershed)
Bundesland Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia
Region Emsland
Tributaries
 - right Leda, Hase
Cities Rheda-Wiedenbrück, Gütersloh, Warendorf, Rheine, Lingen, Meppen, Papenburg, Leer, Emden
Source
 - location Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock
 - elevation 134 m (440 ft)
 - coordinates 51°51′21″N 8°41′55″E / 51.85583°N 8.69861°E / 51.85583; 8.69861
Mouth Dollart Bay/North Sea
 - location Emden
 - elevation 0 m (0 ft)
 - coordinates 53°19′32″N 7°14′41″E / 53.32556°N 7.24472°E / 53.32556; 7.24472Coordinates: 53°19′32″N 7°14′41″E / 53.32556°N 7.24472°E / 53.32556; 7.24472
Length 371 km (231 mi)
Basin 17,934 km2 (6,924 sq mi)
Discharge for Emden
 - average 80 m3/s (2,825 cu ft/s)
River system of the Ems

The Ems (German: Ems; Dutch: Eems) is a river in northwestern Germany. It runs through the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony, and discharges into the Dollart Bay which is part of the Wadden Sea. Its total length is 371 kilometres (231 mi). The state border between the Lower Saxon area of East Friesland (Germany) and the province of Groningen (Netherlands), whose exact course is the subject of a border dispute between Germany and the Netherlands, runs through the Ems estuary.

Course

The source of the river is in the southern Teutoburg Forest in North Rhine-Westphalia. In Lower Saxony the brook becomes a comparatively large river. Here the swampy region of Emsland is named after the river. In Meppen the Ems is joined by its largest tributary, the Hase River. It then flows northwards, close to the Dutch border, into East Frisia. Near Emden it flows into the Dollart bay (a national park) and then continues as a tidal river towards the Dutch city of Delfzijl.

Between Emden and Delfzijl, the Ems forms the border between the Netherlands and Germany and is subject to mild dispute: the Dutch believe that the border runs through the geographical centre of the estuary, whereas the Germans claim it runs through the deepest channel (which is close to the Dutch coast). As the parties are now friendly states with an open border, the argument goes no further than an agreement to disagree.

It became an active issue in late July, 1914, when the Imperial German government began plans to mine the whole of the estuary that they claimed, in preparation for the launching of the Great War. The Dutch envoy in Berlin, Wilem Alexander Frederik Baron Gevers tactfully announced the boundary was uncertain, and that the dispute was "opgeschort", which could mean either 'suspended' or 'resolved', depending on the context. The Dutch government endorsed the ambiguous declaration, thus relieving itself of an obligation to declare war on Germany for violating its neutrality. After the war, the dispute was resumed.[1]

Past Delfzijl, the Ems discharges into the Wadden Sea, part of the North Sea. The two straits that separate the German island of Borkum from its neighbours Rottumeroog (Netherlands) and Memmert (Germany) continue the name "Ems", as they are called Westere(e)ms and Osterems (West and East Ems).

Tourism

The Ems only a few hundred yards from its spring in Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock

The Ems is accompanied and crossed by different long-distance bicycle routes:

Cities and municipalities

Ems near Telgte
Ems in Meppen
Ems near Leer

Tributaries

History

The Ems was known to several ancient authors: Pliny the Elder in Natural History (4.14), Tacitus in the Annals (Book 1), Pomponius Mela (3.3), Strabo and Ptolemy, Geography (2.10). Ptolemy's name for it was the Amisios potamos, and in Latin Amisius fluvius. The others used the same, or Amisia, or Amasia or Amasios. The identification is certain, as it always is listed between the Rhine and the Weser, and was the only river leading to the Teutoburg Forest.

The Amisius flowed from the Teutoburg Forest, home of the Cherusci, with the Bructeri and others bordering the river. These tribes were among the initial Franks. The Romans were quite interested in adding them to the empire, and to that end built a fort, Amisia, at the mouth of the Ems. As the river was navigable to their ships, they hoped to use it to access the tribes at its upper end.

Surrounding the river for most of its length, however, were swamps, bogs and marshes. The Romans found they had no place to stand, could not pick the most favourable ground, because there was none, and could not in general follow the strategies and tactics developed by the Roman army. They were stopped at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, 9 AD, and were checked again 6 years later. The Ems became a road leading nowhere for them, nor were they ever able to bridge the swamps satisfactorily with causeways.

Construction of canals in more modern times connected the Ems to other waterways, opening it as a highway of industrial transportation.

References

  1. ↑ Collected Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War pp. 326-332, 379, 381-382. pub. His Majesty's Stationery Office -London 1915
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