Gray ratsnake
| Gray ratsnake | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | Pantherophis |
| Species: | P. spiloides |
| Binomial name | |
| Pantherophis spiloides (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron, & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) | |
| Synonyms | |
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The gray ratsnake or gray rat snake (Pantherophis spiloides),[1] also commonly known as the central ratsnake, chicken snake, midlands ratsnake, or pilot black snake, is a species of nonvenomous snake in the genus Pantherophis in the subfamily Colubrinae. The gray ratsnake is one of about ten species within the Pantherophis genus of American rat snakes.
Description
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A medium to large serpent, gray rat snakes typically reach an adult size of 99–183 cm (39–72 in); however, the record is 215 cm (85 in). Unlike other Pantherophis, whose conspicuous juvenile pattern fades into adulthood, gray ratsnakes in the southern part of their range do not undergo drastic ontogenetic changes in color or markings. These snakes retain the juvenile pattern of dark elongate dorsal blotches separated by four, or more, pale gray body scales, a light gray crown with dark striping that forms an anteriorly facing spearpoint, and a solid band which covers the eyes and extends rearward to the posterior upper labial scales. However, in the northern part of their range they are black in adulthood, like P. alleghaniensis and P. obsoletus. The venter is usually off-white or pale gray with darker irregular blotches, and a double row of black spots behind the divided anal plate of the vent. The dorsal scale rows around midbody are usually weakly keeled. Because the gray ratsnake shares its range with other members of its genus, hybrids of midlands x eastern ratsnakes are not uncommon.
Geographic range and habitat
Native to North America, Pantherophis spiloides is commonly found in the forests of eastern and central United States. It occurs relatively continuously throughout the major part of the eastern half of the United States, along the western edge of the Appalachian Mountains, from southwestern New England to the Gulf of Mexico, westward to the Mississippi River, and northward from northern Louisiana to southwestern Wisconsin.
In Canada, this species is known to occur in two disjunct regions of southern Ontario: the Carolinian forest region along the north shore of Lake Erie in the southwest, and the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence region in the southeast.[2][3]
Behavior
An agile climber, gray ratsnakes are at home from the ground to the tree tops in many types of hardwood forest and cypress stands, along tree-lined streams and fields, and even barns and sheds in close proximity to people. Within its range, almost any environment rich in rodents, and vertical escape options, proves a suitable habitat for the gray ratsnake. As scent-hunters these powerful constrictors feed primarily on rodents, birds, and their eggs as adults, while neonates and juveniles prefer a diet of frogs and lizards. When startled, this species, like other ratsnakes, stops and remains motionless with its body held in a series of wave-like kinks. The gray ratsnake will defend itself by raising its head and bluffing a strike. If handled, these snakes will musk a victim by releasing the foul-smelling contents of their cloaca, and will bite if necessary. However, the gray ratsnake is less likely to bite than other members of its genus, and wounds from a bite rarely require more than a small bandage.
Reproduction
Breeding in P. spiloides takes place from April to July. Females deposit 5 to 27 eggs around mid-summer, and the 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) hatchlings usually emerge in September.
Conservation status
The gray ratsnake is considered common across much of its range, but is listed as "of special concern" in Michigan [4] and is also listed as rare in Wisconsin.[5] Gray ratsnakes are listed federally in Canada as "endangered" (Carolinean population) and "threatened" (Great Lakes/St Lawrence population).[6] In the state of Georgia, all indigenous, nonvenomous snakes are illegal to kill or capture, and are considered to be in the custody of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.[7]
References
- ↑ Pantherophis Fitzinger, 1843—North American Ratsnakes". in Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, With Comments Regarding Confidence In Our Understanding. Edition 6.1 Last updated: 24 May 2011.
- ↑ Species at Risk Public Registry – Species Profile (Gray Ratsnake). Sararegistry.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
- ↑ Gray Ratsnake, Ontario Nature
- ↑ Gray ratsnake, Michigan Department of Natural Resources
- ↑ Gray ratsnake, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
- ↑ Canada Species At Risk Act
- ↑ Georgia Wildlife.org Keeping Georgia Wildlife as Pets. georgiawildlife.org
Further reading
- Duméril A-M-C, Bibron G, Duméril A[-H-A] (1854). Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Première partie. Comprenant l'histoire des serpents non venimeux. Paris: Roret. xvi + 780 pp. (Elaphis spiloides, new species, pp. 269–270). (in French).
- Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Pantherophis spiloides, pp. 389-390 + Figure 161 on p. 334 + Plate 36 on p. 335 + Map on p. 385 + Figure 180 on p. 386).
- Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides, pp. 249–253, Figure 77 + Map 24 on p. 235).
External links
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