Ehrenfried Pfeiffer

Ehrenfried Pfeiffer (19 February 1899 in Munich, Germany – 30 November 1961 in Spring Valley, New York, United States) was a German scientist, soil scientist, leading advocate of biodynamic agriculture, anthroposophist and student of Rudolf Steiner.

Life

Ehrenfried Pfeiffer began work with Rudolf Steiner in 1920 to develop and install special diffuse stage lighting for eurythmy performances on the stage of the first Goetheanum.[1][2] After Steiner's death in 1925, Pfeiffer worked in the private research laboratory at the Goetheanum in Dornach, (Switzerland).[3] He became manager and director of the 800-acre (3.2 km2) experimental biodynamic Loverendale farm in Domburg in the Netherlands.[4] This farm was set up to carry out some of the agricultural studies of the Goetheanum laboratory. The work of testing and developing Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course of 1924 was an international enterprise coordinated by Pfeiffer at the Natural Science Section of the Goetheanum.[5] Pfeiffer’s most influential book 'Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening' was published in 1938 simultaneously in at least five languages, English, German, Dutch, French, and Italian.[6] The following year, and just months before the outbreak of World War II, Pfeiffer ran Britain's first biodynamics conference, the Betteshanger Summer School and Conference, at the estate of Lord Northbourne in Kent.[7] Pfeiffer's Betteshanger Conference is regarded as the 'missing link' between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming because the following year (1940) its host, [Lord Northbourne], published his manifesto of organic farming 'Look to the Land' in which he coined the term 'organic farming'.[7]

Pfeiffer first visited the U.S. in 1933 to lecture to a group of anthroposophists at the Threefold Farm in Spring Valley, New York on biodynamic farming.[1] His consulting was essential to the development of biodynamic agriculture in the U.S.

Pfeiffer developed an analytical method using copper chloride crystallization and used this technique as a blood test for detecting cancer.[8] As a result, Pfeiffer was invited to the U.S. in 1937 to work at the Hahnemann Medical College in Philadelphia[9] While in the U.S., he continued to consult with those interested in biodynamic farming and helped to form the Biodynamic Farming & Gardening Association in 1938. in 1940 he immigrated to the U.S. from Switzerland with his wife Adelheid, escaping the advance of German troops into France. They brought with them their son Christoph and daughter Wiltraud.

With the advent of World War II in Europe, Pfeiffer took his family to Kimberton, Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia), where Alaric Myrin offered Pfeiffer the opportunity to create a model biodynamic farm and training program. Starting in the late 1930s he taught biodynamic farming and gardening at the Kimberton Farm School. One of his students, Paul Keene, who worked and studied with Pfeiffer there for two years and shortly thereafter co-founded Walnut Acres, recalls: "... he helped bring all of life together for us in a definite coherent pattern" [10]

While at Kimberton, Pfeiffer led the initiative to found the Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association, and to start its journal. While at Kimberton, Pfeiffer also met J.I. Rodale, founder of Organic Gardening and Farming magazine, and of the organic movement in the USA. This relationship gave biodynamics a little-known place in the history of the American organic movement. Interpersonal difficulties - a motif of Pfeiffer's life - brought to a close the Kimberton Farms chapter.[11]

Aiming to continue his work training biodynamic farmers, Pfeiffer bought a farm in Chester, New York, where a small colony arose focused on farming, education, and the administration of the Biodynamic Association.[11]

His copper chloride sensitive crystallization theory brought him an honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine from Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital in Philadelphia in 1939.[4] He studied chemistry and became a professor of nutrition in 1956.[3] Pfeiffer wrote on the dangers of pesticides and DDT and Rachel Carson consulted with him when she was writing Silent Spring.[12]

In 1961, at his home in Spring Valley, N.Y., he suffered from a series of heart attacks, lingering for several days, but ultimately was not given the proper medical care and died. His wife subsequently took over the operation of their farm in Chester, New York.

Work

Pfeiffer was a pioneer of biodynamic agriculture in Europe, Britain,[7] and America. He is most widely known for his innovative work in composting. He conducted extensive research on the preparation and use of biodynamic compost and was the inventor of BD Compost Starter, a compost inoculant.[13] For many years Pfeiffer served as a compost consultant to municipal compost facilities, most notably Oakland, California,[4] as well as countries in the Caribbean, Europe, and the Far East.[13] A technical difficulty with the resulting compost, that it would not spread readily with the commonly used fertilizer spreader, could not be overcome and the project ultimately failed.

Pfeiffer invented two anthroposophic Image forming methods, a method using a round filter chromatography (circular chromatography or chroma test) and the copper chloride crystallization method,[13] developed together with Erika Sabarth. In the latter method, a solution of copper chloride and the test solution is allowed to evaporate. The pattern of the copper chloride crystals can be "read" based on the patterns of known samples. Similarly, the patterns of the circular chromatographs can be "read" based on known samples.[8] Both methods require much practice to "read" and interpret the images.

Pfeiffer and Dr. George Miley of the Hahnemann Medical College claimed that in about a thousand tests of known cancer cases, the copper chloride crystallization of blood samples was about 83% accurate in detecting the presence of cancer, through a characteristic crystal pattern, and about 91% accurate for the absence of cancer.[14]

Pfeiffer felt that these two imaging methods showed the presence of life-forces or etheric formative forces[1] and could be used to gauge the quality or vitality in food,[13] such as would be shown in biodynamically grown food. Some proponents, as well as critics, recognize that these methods are very much dependent on the interpretive ability of the researcher.[15] Other biodynamic practitioners have found the methods useful in testing the results of their work such as in improving soil health.[16]

Honorary degree

Pfeiffer's work at Hahnemann earned him an honorary Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree from Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia on June 8, 1939 at the 91st Commencement ceremony.[17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kevin Dann, Across the Great Border Fault: The naturalist myth in America, Rutgers University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8135-2790-2
  2. ↑ Under Steiner's direction, Pfeiffer designed and constructed special diffuse stage lights, not concentrated by lenses, that would be suitable for eurythmy performances. He also designed and built a special lighting keyboard to allow the lights to be changed quickly and fluidly, a kind of "color piano". Pfeiffer, E., Autobiographical memoirs, cited in Barnes, H., Into the Heart's Land: A century of Rudolf Steiner's work in North America, 2005, pp. 232-233.
  3. 1 2 Andrew Lorand, Biodynamic Agriculture — A paradigmatic analysis, Ph.D. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 1996.
  4. 1 2 3 A. W. Martinez, "The City With Golden Garbage", Collier's Weekly Magazine, May 31, 1952. Reprint copy
  5. ↑ Paull, John (2011) "The secrets of Koberwitz: The diffusion of Rudolf Steiner’s Agriculture Course and the founding of Biodynamic Agriculture", Journal of Social Research & Policy, 2(1):19-29.
  6. ↑ Paull, John (2011) " Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924-1938", Journal of Organic Systems, 6(1): 27-41.
  7. 1 2 3 Paull, John (2011) "The Betteshanger Summer School: Missing link between biodynamic agriculture and organic farming", Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6(2):13-26.
  8. 1 2 "Cancer Progress", Time Magazine, September 25, 1939. Reprint copy
  9. ↑ Naomi Rogers, An Alternative Path: The Making and Remaking of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia, Rutgers University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-8135-2536-5, p. 200.
  10. ↑ DeLoach, Ethyl. 1961. "The story of Walnut Acres. Natural Food and Farming (Atlanta, Texas) 8(5):12-13, 34-36. Oct.
  11. 1 2 http://www.pfeiffercenter.org
  12. ↑ Paull, John (2013) The Rachel Carson Letters and the Making of Silent Spring, Sage Open, 3 (July):1-12.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Steve Diver, Biodynamic Farming & Compost Preparation, Alternative Farming Systems Guide: ATTRA, February 1999. Document text
  14. ↑ Pfeiffer, E., and Miley, G., presentation at Third International Congress on Cancer Research in Atlantic City, NJ, June 6, 1939, referenced in Time article, op. cit.
  15. ↑ William Brinton, Jr. (1997). Dynamic Chemical Processes underlying BD Horn Manure (500) Preparation. Journal of Biodynamics, 214, Nov-Dec, 1997, p. 2. Reprint copy
  16. ↑ K. Perumal and T.M. Vatsala, Utilization of Local Alternative Materials in Cow Horn Manure (BD 500) Preparations: A case study of biodynamic vegetable cultivation, report published by Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre, Tharamani, Chennai, India, not dated, pp. 16-18. Reprint copy
  17. ↑ Personal communication from Irvin Miller, archivist of Hahnemann papers at Drexel. According to the minutes of the Board of Trustees on January 27, 1939, he was approved to receive an honorary M.D. at the June commencement. The program for these ceremonies also lists his degree as a Doctor of Medicine.

Biographical resources

Books and articles by Ehrenfried Pfeiffer

Biodynamics in farming and gardening

Chromatography

Composting

Other topics

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