Egg case (Chondrichthyes)
An egg case or egg capsule, colloquially known as a mermaid's purse or devil's purse, is a casing that surrounds the fertilized eggs of some sharks, skates, and chimaeras. They are made of collagen protein strands.[1]
Because they are lightweight, they are commonly washed up by the sea, often found at the strandline, the farthest point of the high tide. The egg cases that wash up on beaches are usually empty, the young fish having already hatched out. Furthermore, egg cases are often found in commercial fishing gears like nets and pots, and on the sea floor during surveys using an ROV.
Sharks
Among the 9 extant orders of sharks, egg-laying is found only in three:
Bullhead sharks
The egg cases of bullhead sharks (Heterodontidae) have spiral flanges that allow them to be wedged inside crevices or into sand.
Carpet sharks
The bamboo sharks (Hemiscylliidae) and the zebra shark (Stegostomatidae) lay eggs on the bottom, while the other carpet sharks give live birth. The egg cases are oval and covered with adhesive fibers that serve to secure them to the bottom.
Ground sharks
Some catsharks (Scyliorhinidae) and the finback catsharks in the genus Proscyllium are the only members of their order that lay eggs. The egg cases of catsharks are purse-shaped with long tendrils at the corners that serve to anchor them to structures on the sea floor.
The size of egg cases vary; those of the small-spotted catshark or lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, are around 5 centimetres (2 in) long, while those of the greater spotted dogfish, S. stellaris, are around 10 centimetres (4 in). That excludes the four long tendrils found in each corner, which assist in anchorage. Egg cases from rays vary in that they have points rather than tendrils. The colours and shapes of egg cases also vary greatly from species to species.
Egg cases are deposited in pairs on the sea floor, and hatchlings are believed to emerge within 9 months.[2] Gestation can take longer, up to 12 months or more for deep sea catsharks which lay their eggs in very cold water. If an egg case is still moist (not dried out) and has no visible hole, it is probably still occupied.
Skates
The skates (Rajidae, Arhynchobatidae, Anacanthobatidae) are the only rays that are oviparous.[3] Females lay egg cases onto the sea floor after fertilization occurs in utero. While in utero, a protected case forms around the embryo which is called the egg case.[4][5] Studies have been done where egg cases were removed from gravid females to ensure proper identification in regard to skate species.[4] Egg cases have distinguishable characteristic traits that are unique to that species, thus making it a great tool for identifying a skate. The two most distinguishable features on the egg case are the keel and the absence or presence of a fibrous covering. A keel runs laterally along both sides of the outer edge of the egg case; it is a flexible structure. Keels will also run the length of the horns on some skate species. Some egg cases have broad keels (greater than 10% of the maximum egg case width) while others have narrow keels (less than 10% of the maximum egg case width).[4] Many egg cases are covered with a layer of fiber; some will have a fine layer while others have a thick layer.
Big skates
The big skate is known to be the largest skate in the eastern North Pacific Ocean.[6][7] Their maximum size has been noted as 244 cm total length (TL),[6] but the largest confirmed size is 203.9 cm TL.[8]
- The fresh egg cases of the big skate, like the one shown below, were taken from dead gravid females that were caught in commercial groundfish fisheries.
- Their egg cases are larger than most other skate egg cases; typically ranging from 210 to 280 mm in length and 110 to 180 mm in width.[4][5]
- The egg case is very smooth and lacks external fibrous material.[4] This egg case can be easily identified from all others in that it is the only one to have a steep ridge; giving the case a convex shape.[4]
- The keel on the egg case is considered very broad; representing 30-33% of the width of the egg case.[4]
- Egg cases, in utero, are found in pairs.
- Big skates are one of only two skates known to have multiple embryos inside an egg case; up to 7 embryos have been found inside a single case. But most big skate egg cases contain 3-4 embryos.[8]
- Big skate have a 70 mm difference between the smallest and largest egg cases;[4] this is uncommon in most skate species. Research is currently being conducted on whether or not a relationship exists between egg case length and the overall size of the female big skate. This may answer questions like "why does a larger disparity exist between the minimum and maximum sizes of egg case length of the big skate versus the other skate species"?
- Big skates egg cases are approximately 15% of the overall length of the female skate.[4]
- The color of the egg case is olive green when fresh, and it turns to a dark brown as it ages. Dried egg cases often turn black and wrinkle up.
Other skate species
The longnose skate, Raja rhina, is considered a larger skate species; reaching a maximum size range of 145 cm TL.[8] Although their egg cases are smaller than that of the big skate, their cases are considered large too; ranging 93–102 mm in length.[4]
- Egg cases contain a single embryo.
- Longnose skate egg case's smallest to largest size in length varies by only 9 mm;[4] this is common for most skate species which have a 1–16 mm spread in egg case length.
- Longnose skate egg cases found in the field are brown in color. The external side is covered with a fibrous material, which is thicker on the top side and thinner on the bottom side of the case. The case is smooth underneath the fibrous material.[4]
The roughtail skate, Bathyraja trachura, is a medium-size skate, with a maximum size of 91 cm TL.
- Egg cases contain a single embryo.
- Roughtail skate egg cases are of medium size, previously recorded as having a maximum size up to 78 mm in length.[4]
- This egg case, shown on the measuring strip depicting centimeter measurements, exceeds the maximum recorded size and measures 85 mm in length. This egg case was found in the field; caught in commercial fishing gear.
- The Roughtail skate egg case's smallest to largest size in length varies by 16 mm in length.[4]
- The egg cases are smooth and lack external fibrous material.[4] The keels are very wide, and a great characteristic for identifying it to this species.[4]
Applications
Relevance of knowing skate egg case identification features and size:
- Knowledge of egg case morphology can be used to identify which skate species it belongs to, as well as aid in finding new skate species.[4]
- Researchers have been able to identify skate species, not previously known to reside in a geological area, by finding egg cases not belonging to all verified known species living within that region.[4]
- The presence of egg cases can assist researchers in gaining knowledge about skate distribution,[4] behavior of the species and their preferred habitat, such as nursery areas.
- These identification features aid in narrowing down the choice of the likely possible species, and in many cases makes it easier to accurately identify a species.[4]
Chimaeras
The egg cases of chimaeras are spindle- or bottle-shaped with fins on the sides. They are laid on the bottom of the sea floor. Chimaeras (subclass Holocephali), some sharks, and skates are among the 43% of known Chondrichthian species to exhibit oviparity.[9] However, there are some key morphological differences that are specific to chimaeras. The spotted ratfish chimaera is also known as Hydrolagus colliei. There are currently 11 holocephalan fossil species that were found throughout the United States, Canada, Germany, and Russia.[9] The holocephalan egg capsule, or egg case, has a bulbous center flanked laterally by flattened collagen tissue. The flattened collagen tissue joins on the anterior end of the egg capsule to form a tail.[9] Sharp projections located on the anterior and posterior end of the egg case serve to better secure the egg case in between rocks, as well as protection against potential predators.[10]
References
- ↑ Evans, David H. (June 1981). "The egg case of the oviparous elasmobranch, Raja Erinacea, does osmoregulate" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 92.
- ↑ "Big skate (Raja binoculata) description". Wildscreen Arkive.
- ↑ "Most Commonly Asked Questions". Florida Museum of Natural History.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ebert, David A., Davis, Chante D. (2007). "Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific". Zootaxa 1393: 1-18.
- 1 2 "Raja binoculata (Big Skate, Big Skate)". Zipcodezoo.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008.
- 1 2 "FishBaseSearch Common Name Big skate and Longnose skate". FishBase: A Global Information System on Fishes. 2001. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
- ↑ "Raja binoculata" (PDF). Discoverylife.org. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- 1 2 3 Ebert, D.A., Smith, W.D., and Cailliet, G.M. (2008). "Reproductive biology of two commercially exploited skates, Raja binoculata and R. rhina, in the western Gulf of Alaska". Fisheries Research, 94:48-57. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2008.06.016
- 1 2 3 Fischer, Jan, Martin Licht, Jürgen Kriwet, Jörg W. Schneider, Michael Buchwitz, and Peter Bartsch. "Egg capsule morphology provides new information about the interrelationships of chondrichthyan fishes." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12.3 (2013): 389-99.
- ↑ Klimley, A. Peter (2013). The Biology of Sharks and Rays. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 286–288. ISBN 0226442497.
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