Edward Higgins White

Edward H. White II
NASA Astronaut
Nationality American
Born Edward Higgins White II
(1930-11-14)November 14, 1930
San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
Died January 27, 1967(1967-01-27) (aged 36)
Cape Kennedy, Florida, U.S.
Other occupation
 Test pilot
USMA, B.S. 1952
UMich, M.S. 1959
Rank Lieutenant colonel, USAF
Time in space
 4d 01h 56m
Selection 1962 NASA Group 2
Total EVAs
 1
Total EVA time
 36 minutes
Missions Gemini 4, Apollo 1
Mission insignia
Awards

Edward Higgins White II (November 14, 1930 – January 27, 1967), (Lt Col, USAF), was an American aeronautical engineer, U.S. Air Force officer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. On June 3, 1965, he became the first American to walk in space. White died along with astronauts Virgil "Gus" Grissom and Roger B. Chaffee during prelaunch testing for the first manned Apollo mission at Cape Canaveral. He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal for his flight in Gemini 4 and then awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor posthumously.

Biography

Early years, education and military service

White was born on November 14, 1930, in San Antonio, Texas, to parents Edward H. White, Sr. (1901–1978), who became a major general in the U.S. Air Force, and Mary Rosina White (née Haller; 1900–1983).[1] He attended school in his hometown and became a member of the Boy Scouts of America,[2] where he earned the rank of Second Class Scout.[3] After graduation from high school in 1948, he was accepted to the United States Military Academy at West Point, where in 1952 he earned his Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Air Force.[4] Then, he attended flight school, a course that takes just over a year. Following graduation from flight school in 1953, White was assigned to the 22nd Fighter Day Squadron at Bitburg Air Base, West Germany. He spent three and a half years in West Germany flying in F-86 Sabre and F-100 Super Sabre squadrons in the defense of NATO.[5][6]

After graduating from West Point, White competed for a spot on the U.S. Olympic team in the 400 meter hurdles race. He missed making the team by only 1/10 second. His hobbies included squash, handball, swimming, golf, and photography.

In 1958, White enrolled in the University of Michigan under Air Force sponsorship to study Aeronautical Engineering, where he received his Master of Science degree in 1959. Following graduation, White was selected to attend the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and following graduation in 1959, he was assigned as a test pilot at the Aeronautical Systems Division at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. During his career, White would log more than 3,000 flight hours with the Air Force, including about 2,200 hours in jets, and would ultimately attain the rank of lieutenant colonel.

In 1953, White married Patricia Finegan, whom he met while at West Point.[6] The Whites would have two children, Edward White III (born 16 September 1953) and Bonnie Lynn White (born 15 May 1956). White was a devout Methodist.[7]

NASA career

Project Gemini

Edward White during EVA. During the Gemini 4 mission, White became the first American astronaut to perform a spacewalk
Another image of Edward White during Gemini 4 performing EVA

White was one of nine men chosen as part of the second group of astronauts in 1962. Within an already elite group, White was considered to be a high-flier by the management of NASA. He was chosen as Pilot of Gemini 4, with Command Pilot James McDivitt. White became the first American to make a walk in space, on June 3, 1965. He found the experience so exhilarating that he was reluctant to terminate the EVA at the allotted time, and had to be ordered back into the spacecraft. While he was outside, a spare thermal glove floated away through the open hatch of the spacecraft, becoming an early piece of space debris in low Earth orbit, until it burned up upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. There was a mechanical problem with the hatch mechanism, which made it difficult to open and to relatch, which added to the time constraint of the spacewalk, and could have threatened the lives of both men if McDivitt had been unable to get the hatch latched, as they could not re-enter the atmosphere with an unsealed hatch.

"I'm coming back in... and it's the saddest moment of my life."
— Astronaut Edward H. White while reentering the spacecraft after his EVA, [8]

White's next assignment after Gemini 4 was as the backup for Gemini 7 Command Pilot Frank Borman. He was also named the astronaut specialist for the flight control systems of the Apollo Command/Service Module. By the usual procedure of crew rotation in the Gemini program, White would have been in line for a second flight as the command pilot of Gemini 10 in July 1966, which would have made him the first of his group to fly twice.

Apollo program

Apollo 1 crew: Grissom, White, and Chaffee

In March 1966 he was selected as senior pilot (second seat) for the first manned Apollo flight, designated AS-204, along with Command Pilot Virgil "Gus" Grissom, who had flown in space on the Mercury 4 Liberty Bell 7 mission and as commander of the Gemini 3 Molly Brown mission, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, who had yet to fly into space. The mission, which the men named Apollo 1 in June, was originally planned for late 1966 (perhaps concurrent with the last Gemini mission), but delays in the spacecraft development pushed the launch into 1967.

Death

Charred remains of the Apollo 1 Command Module, in which White was killed along with Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee

Launch of Apollo 1 was planned for February 21, 1967, when the crew entered the spacecraft on January 27, mounted atop its Saturn IB booster on Launch Pad 34 at Cape Kennedy, for a "plugs-out" test of the spacecraft, which included a rehearsal of the launch countdown procedure. Midway through the test, a fire broke out in the pure oxygen-filled cabin, killing all three men.

White's job was to open the hatch cover in an emergency, which he apparently tried to do; his body was found in his center seat, with his arms reaching over his head toward the hatch. Removing the cover to open the hatch was impossible, because the plug door design required venting normally slightly greater-than-atmospheric pressure and pulling the cover into the cabin. Grissom was unable to reach the cabin vent control to his left, where the fire's source was located. The intense heat raised the cabin pressure even more, to the point where the cabin walls ruptured. The astronauts were killed by asphyxiation and smoke inhalation.

The fire's ignition source was determined to be a spark that jumped from a wire on the far left of the spacecraft, under Grissom's seat,[9] but their deaths were attributed to a wide range of lethal hazards in the early Apollo Command Module design and workmanship and conditions of the test, including the highly pressurized 100% oxygen pre-launch atmosphere, many wiring and plumbing flaws, flammable materials used in the cockpit and the astronauts' flight suits, and a hatch which could not be quickly opened in an emergency.[10] After the incident, these problems were fixed, and the Apollo program carried on successfully to reach its objective of landing men on the Moon.

White was buried with full military honors at West Point Cemetery while Grissom and Chaffee are both buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

In 1997, White was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. White was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1993[11] and the National Aviation Hall of Fame on July 18, 2009.[12][13]

White's wife Patricia remarried and continued to reside in Houston. On September 7, 1983 she committed suicide after surgery earlier in the year to remove a tumor.[14][15]

Organizations

He was a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots; associate member of Institute of Aerospace Sciences; Tau Delta Phi (Engineering Honorary); and Sigma Delta Psi (Athletic Honorary).[16]

Awards and honors

Memorials

Schools

Many schools have been named in honor of Lt Colonel White:

Other sites

One of two Apollo 1 memorial plaques at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34
Ed White III touches his father's name engraved in the Space Mirror Memorial at the KSC Visitor Complex.
Launch Complex 34 Plaque

In space

Voyager golden record 112 astronaut

Philatelic

Accomplishments in Space Commemorative Issue of 1967

In media

White was played by Steven Ruge in the 1995 film Apollo 13, by Chris Isaak in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, and by Matt Lanter in the 2015 ABC TV series The Astronaut Wives Club.

Physical description

See also

References

  1. ↑ Edward Higgins White, II at Find a Grave
  2. ↑ "Astronauts and the BSA". Fact sheet. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved March 20, 2006.
  3. ↑ Edward Higgins White at scouting.org Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ Prior to the first graduating class from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1959, a certain percentage of officers in the U.S. Air Force were drawn from West Point and from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. In any case, the vast majority of officers in the U.S. Armed Forces are educated and trained at the three kinds of R.O.T.C. programs at hundreds of other institutes and universities across the country.
  5. ↑ "Astronaut Bio: Edward H. White II". Jsc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  6. 1 2 3 "The Official Site of Edward White II". Cmgww.com. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  7. ↑ Burgess, Colin and Doolan, Kate, with Vis, Bert (2003). Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon, Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6212-4
  8. ↑ Composite Air-to-ground and Onboard Voice Tape Transcription of the GT-4 Mission (U) (PDF), NASA, 31 August 1965, p. 54
  9. ↑ Kluger, Jeffrey, Apollo 8: The Thrilling Story of the First Mission to the Moon (Henry Holt & Co., 2017), p. 94. "At precisely 6:31 p.m., a spark jumped from a wire on the far left of the spacecraft, beneath Gus Grissom's seat. The wire ran beneath a little storage compartment with a metal door that had been opened and closed many times without anybody noticing that each time the door moved, it abraded a little more of the wire's insulation, finally leaving the wire free to spark at will. When the wire sparked during the plugs-out test, it ignited a small fire that stayed small for only a second or two. Accelerated by the pure oxygen, the flames climbed along the left-hand wall of the spacecraft, feeding on fabric and netting used for storage. That was the worst possible place for a fire to erupt, since it presented Grissom from reaching a latch that would have opened a valve and vented the high-pressure atmosphere, thus slowing the flames."
  10. ↑ "Findings, Determinations And Recommendations". Report of Apollo 204 Review Board. NASA. April 5, 1967. No single ignition source of the fire was conclusively identified.
  11. ↑ Ed White inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
  12. ↑ Kaplan, Ron (December 17, 2008). "National Aviation Hall of Fame reveals names of "Class of 2009" inductees". National Aviation Hall of Fame web site. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
  13. ↑ Hannah, James (July 19, 2009). "Ed White, Jimmy Stewart inducted in Aviation Hall". Washington Post.
  14. ↑ UPI (1983-09-08). "Pat White's obituary in New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  15. ↑ "PBS's "Race to the Moon" site on Pat White's suicide". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  16. ↑ Ed White's memberships
  17. ↑ White's decorations
  18. ↑ "Edward White Elementary Career Academy". Chicago Public Schools. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
  19. ↑ "Edward H. White Middle School". San Antonio, Texas: North East Independent School District. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
  20. ↑ "Ed White Elementary School". Clear Creek ISD. Retrieved July 20, 2009. Our school opened in 1965 as El Lago Elementary. The name was changed in 1967 to Edward H. White II Elementary in honor of the life and accomplishments of Edward Higgins White II -- the first American to walk in space.
  21. ↑ "Ed H. White Elementary". Clear Creek Independent School District. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
  22. ↑ "North Scott Community School District". Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  23. ↑ "Bay Area Charter Schools". Retrieved July 20, 2009.
  24. ↑ "Edward H. White". Duval County Public Schools. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
  25. ↑ "Ed White Middle School". Huntsville (Ala.) City Schools official site.
  26. 1 2 Jaques, Bob (June 6, 2002). "First spacewalk by American astronaut 37 years ago" (PDF). Marshall Star. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. p. 5.
  27. ↑ "Ed White Memorial Youth Center". Ed White Memorial Youth Center. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
  28. ↑ "City of Fullerton - List of Parks". Ci.fullerton.ca.us. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  29. ↑ Michael Robert Patterson. "Fallen Astronaut". Arlingtoncemetery.net. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  30. ↑ "pdf of City of Long Beach Economic Zones". Archived from the original on July 13, 2010. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  31. ↑ "Gemini Space Walk". Sky Image Lab. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
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