Edward Balliol

Edward Balliol
Mid 18th century engraving of Edward Balliol
Claimant to the Scottish Kingdom
Reign	September 1332 to 1336
Born	c. 1283
Died	c. 1367 Wheatley, Doncaster
House	House of Balliol
Father	John Balliol
Mother	Isabella de Warenne
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Edward Balliol (c. 1283 – 1367) was a pretender to the Scottish throne (1314–1356). With English help, he briefly ruled parts of the country in three periods between 1332 and 1336.

Life

Seal of Edward Balliol, King of Scotland

He was the eldest son of John Balliol, erstwhile King of the Scots, and Isabella de Warenne, daughter of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Alice de Lusignan. Alice was daughter of Hugh X de Lusignan and Isabella of Angoulême, widow of John, King of England.

The death of King Robert I weakened Scotland considerably, since his son and successor David II was still a child and the two most able lieutenants, the Black Douglas and Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, both died shortly afterwards.

Taking advantage of this, Edward Balliol, backed by Edward III of England, defeated the Regent, the Earl of Mar, at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in Perthshire. He was crowned at Scone in September 1332, but three months later he was forced to flee half-naked back to England, following a surprise attack by nobles loyal to David II at the Battle of Annan.

On his retreat from Scotland, Balliol sought refuge with the Clifford family, land owners in Westmorland, and stayed in their castles at Appleby, Brougham, Brough, and Pendragon.^[1]

He was restored by the English in 1333, following the Battle of Halidon Hill. Balliol then ceded the whole of the district formerly known as Lothian to Edward and paid homage to him as liege lord. With no serious support in Scotland, he was deposed again in 1334, and restored again in 1335, and finally deposed in 1336 by those loyal to David II. All realistic hopes of Edward's restoration were lost when David II returned from France in June 1341.

He returned to Scotland after the defeat of David II at Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, raising an insurrection in Galloway, and speedily penetrated to the central parts of the kingdom. However, he gained no permanent footing.

On 20 January 1356, Balliol surrendered his claim to the Scottish throne to Edward III in exchange for an English pension. He spent the rest of his life living in obscurity. He died in 1367, at Wheatley, Doncaster, Yorkshire, England. The location of his grave is believed to be under a Doncaster Post Office.^[2]

Ancestry

References

Primary

• Ashley, W. J. (ed.) (1887). Edward III and His Wars, 1327–1360. London: D. Nutt. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
• Bain, Joseph (ed.) (1881–88). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland (4 vols. ed.). Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
• Bower, Walter (1987–98). Scotichronicon: In Latin and English. ed. D. E. R. Watt (9 vols. ed.). Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. 
• Capgrave, John (1858). The Book of the Illustrious Henries. trans. Francis Charles Hingeston. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. 
• Galbraith, V. H. (ed.) (1970) [1927]. The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1333 to 1381. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-389-03979-9. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
• Gray, Thomas (1907). Scalacronica: The Reigns of Edward I, Edward II and Edward III. trans. Herbert Maxwell. Glasgow: J. Maclehose. 
• Skene, William F. (ed.) (1872). John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. trans. Felix J. H. Skene. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
• Wilson, James (2001) [1913]. The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346. trans. Herbert Maxwell. Cribyn, Wales: Llanerch Press. ISBN 1-86143-109-0. 

Secondary

• Balfour-Melville, E. M. W. (1954). Edward III and David II. London: G. Philip. 
• Beam, Amanda (2008). The Balliol Dynasty, 1210–1364. Edinburgh: John Donald. 
• Campbell, James (1965). "England, Scotland and the Hundred Years War in the fourteenth century". In in J. R. Hale; J. R. L. Highfield; B. Smalley. Europe in the Late Middle Ages. London: Faber and Faber. 
• Dalrymple, David (1776–79). Annals of Scotland: From the Accession of Malcolm III Surnamed Canmore to the Accession of Robert I. London: J. Murray. 
• Nicholson, Ranald (1965). Edward III and the Scots: The Formative Years of a Military Career, 1327–1335. London: Oxford University Press. 
• Paterson, R. C. Edward Balliol, in Military History, April, 2003.
• Ramsay, J. H., Edward Balliol's Scottish Campaign in 1347, in English Historical Review, vol. 25 1910.
• Ramsay, James H. (1913). Genesis of Lancaster; or, The Three Reigns of Edward II, Edward III and Richard II, 1307–1399. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
• Reid, R. C., Edward de Balliol, in Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Antiquarian and Natural History Society, vol. 35 1956-7.
• Summerson, Henry; Trueman, Michael; Harrison, Stuart (1998), "Brougham Castle, Cumbria", Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society (8), ISBN 1-873124-25-2 
• Webster, B., Scotland without a King, 1329–1341, in Medieval Scotland, Crown, Lordship and Community, ed A. Grant and K. J. Stringer, 1993.
• Webster, Bruce. "Balliol, Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 

Further reading

• Chambers, Robert & Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). Baliol, Edward. A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen. 1. Glasgow: Blackie and son. pp. 121–23. 
•  "Baliol, Edward de". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.