Edwards syndrome

Edwards syndrome
Synonyms Trisomy 18 (T18), chromosome 18 duplication,[1] trisomy E syndrome[2]
Chromosome 18
Specialty Medical genetics, pediatrics
Symptoms Small head, small jaw, clenched fists with overlapping fingers, severe intellectual disability[2]
Complications Heart defects[2]
Usual onset Present at birth[2]
Causes Third copy of chromosome 18 (usually new mutation)[2]
Risk factors Older mother[2]
Diagnostic method Ultrasound, amniocentesis[1]
Treatment Supportive care[1]
Prognosis 5-25% survive past a year old[2]
Frequency 1 per 5,000 births[2]

Edwards syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all, or part of a third copy of chromosome 18. Many parts of the body are affected. Babies are often born small and have heart defects. Other features include a small head, small jaw, clenched fists with overlapping fingers, and severe intellectual disability.[2]

Most cases of Edwards syndrome occur due to problems during the formation of the reproductive cells or during early development. The rate of disease increases with the mother's age. Rarely cases may be inherited from a person's parents. Occasionally not all cells have the extra chromosome, known as mosaic trisomy, and symptoms in these cases may be less severe.[2] Ultrasound can increase suspicion for the condition, which can be confirmed by amniocentesis.[1]

Treatment is supportive. After having one child with the condition, the risk of having a second is typically around one percent.[1] It is the second-most frequent condition due to a third chromosome at birth, after Down syndrome.[3]

Edwards syndrome occurs in around one in 5,000 live births.[2] Some studies suggest that more babies that survive to birth are female.[1] Many of those affected die before birth. Survival beyond a year of life is around 5-25%.[2] It is named after John Hilton Edwards, who first described the syndrome in 1960.[4]

Signs and symptoms

Clenched hand and overlapping fingers: index finger overlaps third finger and fifth finger overlaps fourth finger, characteristically seen in trisomy 18

Children born with Edwards syndrome may have some or all of these characteristics: kidney malformations, structural heart defects at birth (i.e., ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus), intestines protruding outside the body (omphalocele), esophageal atresia, intellectual disability, developmental delays, growth deficiency, feeding difficulties, breathing difficulties, and arthrogryposis (a muscle disorder that causes multiple joint contractures at birth).[5][6]

Some physical malformations associated with Edwards syndrome include small head (microcephaly) accompanied by a prominent back portion of the head (occiput), low-set, malformed ears, abnormally small jaw (micrognathia), cleft lip/cleft palate, upturned nose, narrow eyelid folds (palpebral fissures), widely spaced eyes (ocular hypertelorism), drooping of the upper eyelids (ptosis), a short breast bone, clenched hands, choroid plexus cysts, underdeveloped thumbs and/or nails, absent radius, webbing of the second and third toes, clubfoot or rocker bottom feet, and in males, undescended testicles.[5][6]

In utero, the most common characteristic is cardiac anomalies, followed by central nervous system anomalies such as head shape abnormalities. The most common intracranial anomaly is the presence of choroid plexus cysts, which are pockets of fluid on the brain. These are not problematic in themselves, but their presence may be a marker for trisomy 18.[7][8] Sometimes, excess amniotic fluid or polyhydramnios is exhibited.[5]

Genetics

Edwards syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the 18th chromosome, either in whole (trisomy 18) or in part (such as due to translocations). The additional chromosome usually occurs before conception. The effects of the extra copy vary greatly, depending on the extent of the extra copy, genetic history, and chance. Edwards syndrome occurs in all human populations, but is more prevalent in female offspring.[9]

A healthy egg and/or sperm cell contains individual chromosomes, each of which contributes to the 23 pairs of chromosomes needed to form a normal cell with a typical human karyotype of 46 chromosomes. Numerical errors can arise at either of the two meiotic divisions and cause the failure of a chromosome to segregate into the daughter cells (nondisjunction). This results in an extra chromosome, making the haploid number 24 rather than 23. Fertilization of eggs or insemination by sperm that contain an extra chromosome results in trisomy, or three copies of a chromosome rather than two.[10]

Trisomy 18 (47,XX,+18) is caused by a meiotic nondisjunction event. With nondisjunction, a gamete (i.e., a sperm or egg cell) is produced with an extra copy of chromosome 18; the gamete thus has 24 chromosomes. When combined with a normal gamete from the other parent, the embryo has 47 chromosomes, with three copies of chromosome 18.

A small percentage of cases occur when only some of the body's cells have an extra copy of chromosome 18, resulting in a mixed population of cells with a differing number of chromosomes. Such cases are sometimes called mosaic Edwards syndrome. Very rarely, a piece of chromosome 18 becomes attached to another chromosome (translocated) before or after conception. Affected individuals have two copies of chromosome 18 plus extra material from chromosome 18 attached to another chromosome. With a translocation, a person has a partial trisomy for chromosome 18, and the abnormalities are often less severe than for the typical Edwards syndrome.

Prognosis

In 2008/2009, 495 diagnoses of Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) were made in England and Wales, 92% of which were made prenatally, resulting in 339 abortions, 49 stillbirths/miscarriages/fetal deaths, 72 unknown outcomes, and 35 live births.[11] Because about 3% of cases with unknown outcomes are likely to result in a live birth, the total number of live births is estimated to be 37 (2008/09 data are provisional). Major causes of death include apnea and heart abnormalities. It is impossible to predict an exact prognosis during pregnancy or the neonatal period.[9] Half of the infants with this condition do not survive beyond the first week of life.[12] The median lifespan is five to 15 days.[13][14] About 8-12% of infants survive longer than 1 year.[15][16] One percent of children live to age 10,[9] though a retrospective Canadian study of 254 children with trisomy 18 demonstrated ten year survival of 9.8%.[16]

Epidemiology

Edwards syndrome occurs in about one in 5,000 live births, but more conceptions are affected by the syndrome because the majority of those diagnosed with the condition prenatally will not survive to birth.[2] Although women in their 20s and early 30s may conceive babies with Edwards syndrome, the risk of conceiving a child with it increases with a woman's age. The average maternal age for conceiving a child with this disorder is 32½.[17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Trisomy 18". Orphanet. May 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "trisomy 18". GHR. March 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  3. ↑ Jorde, Lynn B.; Carey, John C.; Bamshad, Michael J. (2009). Medical Genetics (4 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 109. ISBN 0323075762.
  4. ↑ "Edwards syndrome (John Hilton Edwards)". WhoNamedIt.com. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  5. 1 2 3 "What is Trisomy 18?". Trisomy 18 Foundation. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  6. 1 2 "Trisomy 18". Medline. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  7. ↑ Hurt K, Sottner O, Záhumenský J, et al. (2007). "[Choroid plexus cysts and risk of trisomy 18. Modifications regarding maternal age and markers]". Ceska Gynekol (in Czech). 72 (1): 49–52. PMID 17357350.
  8. ↑ Papp C, Ban Z, Szigeti Z, Csaba A, Beke A, Papp Z (2007). "Role of second trimester sonography in detecting trisomy 18: a review of 70 cases". J Clin Ultrasound. 35 (2): 68–72. PMID 17206726. doi:10.1002/jcu.20290.
  9. 1 2 3 Chen, MD, Harold. "Introduction to Trisomy 18". EMedicine. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  10. ↑ For a description of human karyotype see Mittleman, A., ed. (1995). "An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomeclature". Archived from the original on 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2006-06-04.
  11. ↑ "National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register Annual Reports 2008/09". Archived from the original on 2010-04-15.
  12. ↑ "Trisomy 18: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". Nlm.nih.gov. 2011-12-14. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
  13. ↑ Rodeck, Charles H.; Whittle, Martin J. (1999). Fetal Medicine: Basic Science and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 0-443-05357-X.
  14. ↑ Zoler, Mitchel L. (March 1, 2003). "Trisomy 13 survival can exceed 1 year". OB/GYN News. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  15. ↑ "Trisomy 13 survival can exceed 1 year | OB/GYN News". Find Articles. 2003-03-01. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
  16. 1 2 "Survival and Surgical Interventions for Children With Trisomy 13 and 18". Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  17. ↑ "Prevalence and Incidence of Edwards Syndrome". Diseases Center-Edwards Syndrome. Adviware Pty Ltd. 2008-02-04. Retrieved 2008-02-17. mean maternal age for this disorder is 32½
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