Echinochloa

barnyard grass
cockspur grass
common barnyard grass
(Echinochloa crus-galli)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Tribe: Paniceae
Genus: Echinochloa
P.Beauv.
Type species
Echinochloa crus-galli
(L.) P.Beauv.
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Oplismenus sect. Echninochloa (P.Beauv.) Dumort.
  • Panicum sect. Echinochloa (P.Beauv.) Döll
  • Panicum sect. Echinochloa (P.Beauv.) Nees
  • Panicum sect. Echinochloa (P.Beauv.) Trin.
  • Panicum ser. Echinochloa (P.Beauv.) Benth.
  • Panicum subg. Echinochloa (P.Beauv.) A. Gray
  • Tema Adans.
  • Ornithospermum Durande, not validly published
jungle rice (Echinochloa colona)

Echinochloa is a very widespread genus of plants in the grass family.[3][4][5] Some of the species are known by the common names barnyard grass or cockspur grass.[6][7]

Some of whose members of the genus are millets grown as cereal or fodder crops. The most notable of these are Japanese millet (E. esculenta) in East Asia, Indian barnyard millet (E. frumentacea) in South Asia, and burgu millet (E. stagnina) in West Africa. Collectively, the members of this genus are called barnyard grasses (though this may also refer to E. crus-galli specifically), barnyard millets or billion-dollar grasses.

When not grown on purpose, these grasses may become a nuisance to farmers. In particular, common barnyard grass (E. crus-galli) is notorious as a weed.[8] It is not easily suppressed with living mulches such as velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis).[9] Early barnyard grass (E. oryzoides) is a well-known example of Vavilovian mimicry: the plants have evolved to resemble rice (Oryza), enabling them to escape weeding more easily.[10]

Among the plant pathogens that affect this genus are the sac fungus Cochliobolus sativus, which has been noted on common barnyard grass, and rice hoja blanca virus. Both affect many other grass species, in particular most important cereals, and Echinochloa weeds may serve as a reservoir. The fungi Drechslera monoceras and Exserohilum monoceras have been evaluated with some success as potential biocontrol agents of common barnyard grass in rice fields. More research is necessary, however, because they may not be host-specific enough to be of practical use.[11]

Species[2][12][13][14]
  1. Echinochloa brevipedicellata
  2. Echinochloa callopus
  3. Echinochloa chacoensis
  4. Echinochloa colona – shama grass, samo
  5. Echinochloa crus-galli – common barnyard grass, cockspur grass
  6. Echinochloa crus-pavonis – gulf cockspur grass - southwestern + south-central USA; Mexico, Honduras
  7. Echinochloa elliptica
  8. Echinochloa esculenta – Japanese millet
  9. Echinochloa frumentacea – Indian barnyard millet
  10. Echinochloa glabrescens
  11. Echinochloa haploclada
  12. Echinochloa helodes
  13. Echinochloa holciformis
  14. Echinochloa inundata
  15. Echinochloa jaliscana - Jalisco
  16. Echinochloa jubata
  17. Echinochloa kimberleyensis
  18. Echinochloa lacunaria
  19. Echinochloa macrandra
  20. Echinochloa muricata – rough barnyard grass, American barnyard grass - widespread in Canada, USA, northern Mexico
  21. Echinochloa obtusiflora
  22. Echinochloa oplismenoides - Mexico, Guatemala, Arizona
  23. Echinochloa oryzoides – early barnyard grass
  24. Echinochloa paludigena - Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico
  25. Echinochloa picta
  26. Echinochloa pithopus
  27. Echinochloa polystachya - from Texas, Louisiana, + West Indies to Argentina
  28. Echinochloa praestans
  29. Echinochloa pyramidalis
  30. Echinochloa rotundiflora
  31. Echinochloa stagnina – burgu millet
  32. Echinochloa telmatophila
  33. Echinochloa turneriana
  34. Echinochloa ugandensis
  35. Echinochloa walteri – Walter's barnyard grass - Quebec, Ontario, USA (Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, South-central, California); much of Latin America + West Indies
formerly included[2]

see Acroceras Axonopus Brachiaria Oplismenopsis Oplismenus Panicum Paspalidium Pseudechinolaena Setaria Urochloa

  • Echinochloa compressa - Axonopus compressus
  • Echinochloa cubensis - Oplismenus hirtellus
  • Echinochloa echinata P.Beauv. not (Willd.) Nakai 1952 - Pseudechinolaena polystachya
  • Echinochloa elephantipes - Panicum elephantipes
  • Echinochloa eruciformis - Brachiaria eruciformis
  • Echinochloa erythrosperma - Setaria italica
  • Echinochloa geminata - Paspalidium geminatum
  • Echinochloa hirta - Urochloa panicoides
  • Echinochloa intermedia - Setaria italica
  • Echinochloa lanceolata - Oplismenus compositus
  • Echinochloa najada - Oplismenopsis najada
  • Echinochloa nervosa - Acroceras gabunense
  • Echinochloa notabilis - Urochloa mosambicensis
  • Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Roberty 1954 not (Kunth) Hitchc. 1920- Pseudechinolaena polystachya
  • Echinochloa pulchella - Panicum pulchellum
  • Echinochloa ramosa - Brachiaria ramosa
  • Echinochloa reptans - Brachiaria reptans
  • Echinochloa setigera - Urochloa setigera
  • Echinochloa setosum - Setaria setosa
  • Echinochloa squarrosa - Pseudoraphis spinescens
  • Echinochloa subcordata - Brachiaria reptans
  • Echinochloa zizanioides - Acroceras zizanioides

References

  1. ↑ Tropicos, Echinochloa P. Beauv.
  2. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ↑ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 53 in Latin
  4. ↑ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 515 稗属 bai shu Echinochloa P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 53. 1812.
  5. ↑ Flora of Pakistan
  6. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Echinochloa
  7. ↑ US Department of Agriculture plants profile, Echinochloa P. Beauv., cockspur grass
  8. ↑ Pheng, S.; Khiev, B.; Pol, C. & Jahn, G.C. (2001): Response of two rice cultivars to the competition of Echinochloa crus-galli. International Rice Research Institute Notes 26(2): 36-37. PDF fulltext
  9. ↑ Caamal-Maldonado, J.A.; Jimenez, J.J.; Torres, A. & Anaya, A. (2001): The use of allelopathic legume cover and mulch species for weed control in cropping systems. Agronomy Journal 93(1): 27-36. PDF fulltext
  10. ↑ Barrett, S. (1983): Mimicry in Plants. Scientific American 257(3): 76-83.
  11. ↑ Huang, S.W.; Watson, A.K.; Duan, G.F. & Yu, L.Q. (2001): Preliminary evaluation of potential pathogenic fungi as bioherbicides of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in China. International Rice Research Institute Notes 26(2): 36-37. PDF fulltext
  12. ↑ The Plant List search for Echinochloa
  13. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  14. ↑ Gould, F. W., M. A. Ali & D. E. Fairbrothers. 1972. A revision of Echinochloa in the United States. American Midland Naturalist 87(1): 36–59
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