Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation

Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation

Total population
(Enrolled members: 920 [1])
Regions with significant populations
United States Connecticut
Languages
English, formerly Pequot
Religion
Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Mashantucket Pequot

The Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation is a Native American group based in southeastern Connecticut, descended from the historic Pequot tribe who dominated southeastern New England in the seventeenth century. It is one of five tribes recognized by the state of Connecticut.

In 2002 the Secretary of the Interior granted recognition to the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation (EPTN) after approving a union between the Eastern Pequot and Paucatuck Eastern Pequot, groups who had submitted separate petitions for recognition. It said their documentation showed through genealogy and history they had been one tribe, and only recently were divided over a dispute. The tribes agreed.

In 2005, the Department of Interior revoked recognition after Bureau of Indian Affairs review. This action followed the re-election of George W. Bush in 2004. A civil suit had been filed to challenge the recognition and an internal review, with a background of strong lobbying against federal recognition by the Connecticut state government, Congressional delegation, and certain anti-gaming interests. That year, the Bush administration had already revoked federal recognition of the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation, which it had approved in 2004.

These were the first actions since the 1970s in which the federal government terminated recognition of any tribes. In 2012, the ETPN filed a federal lawsuit seeking to overturn the BIA/Department of Interior revocation.

History

In the 21st century, all Pequot people are descended from the tribe that was the dominant power in southeastern New England in the 1600s. Following the Pequot War in 1637, in which hundreds were killed by the English and their Indian allies, many surviving Pequots were assigned to the supervision of tribes who had been English allies: the Mohegan in the west and Narragansett in the eastern part of the region.^[2] These tribes also spoke various related Algonquian languages.

As the Bureau of Indian Affairs said in 2002, "Those Pequots whom the colonial government removed from the supervision of the Eastern Niantic sachem Ninigret in 1654 were subsequently governed by two Indian rulers: Harmon Garrett and Momoho. The Colony of Connecticut purchased the Lantern Hill land for Momoho's Pequots in 1683. Since then there has been an unbroken history of state recognition and a reservation for this tribe."^[3]

The Eastern Pequot are descended from those Pequots who escaped from the Narragansett and returned to their traditional territory, joining free members. In 1683, they were given a reservation on Lantern Hill in North Stonington by the colonial government. Today it is approximately 224 acres.

Those Pequot who returned from Mohegan supervision in the west were led by Harmon Garrett. The colony gave them a reserve near Ledyard and they became known as the Western Pequot, or Mashantucket Pequot.^[3] Both groups intermarried with members of other ethnic groups through the centuries, but maintained cultural continuity through their practices of traditional crafts and customs. Most residents lived on the reservations, and they continued a matrilineal kinship system, in which inheritance and descent passed through the maternal lines. Children born to Pequot mothers were raised as and considered Pequot. By the 20th century, most descendants were multi-racial, with African-American and European-American ancestry added to Pequot, while fully identifying as Pequot.

By the 1920s and 1930s, the tribe began to be divided over questions of identity, aggravated by competition for resources and limited space on the Eastern Pequot Reservation.^[2] There were racially based conflicts between darker and lighter-skinned descendants among both the Eastern Pequot and the Mashantucket Pequot in this period.^[2]

Among the Eastern Pequot, a chief in the 1930s challenged the right of dark-skinned descendants of Tamar Brushel, an early 19th-century resident of the reservation, to claim membership. Others said that dark-skinned descendants of Emmanuel Sebastian, a mulatto immigrant from the Portuguese Cape Verde Islands,^[4][5] should not be allowed membership.^[2] Both men had married Pequot women in the 19th century and their descendants were considered tribal members, living on the reservation.

Quest for federal recognition

In a period of rising Indian activism, the Eastern Pequot started seeking federal recognition in 1979. With the membership dispute still in force, in 1990 about 150 members initiated a separate petition for federal recognition as the Paucatuck Eastern Pequot.^[2] Most members of both groups have continued to live on the 224-acre reservation.^[6]

The Eastern Pequot contended they satisfied federal criteris:

• they had maintained identification within the larger community as an Indian tribe;
• have been a distinct community;
• maintained political authority over members;
• current members are descended from members of a historical Indian tribe; and
• a majority of members lived on or near the reservation and had family ties.^[2]

In 1998 the Bureau of Indian Affairs was reviewing both petitions together. Ronald Wolf Jackson, the treasurer of the Eastern Pequot, characterized the groups' differences as a "leadership dispute" and said he thought a "fair review" of their petitions would demonstrate there was one tribe. Some supporters of the Paucatuck contended the Eastern Pequot wanted a casino gaming deal; both groups denied interest in a casino. A spokesman for the Paucatuck Eastern Pequot said that Sebastian descendants had taken over the "true" Pequot. At the time, a Sebastian descendant was tribal chair of the Eastern Pequot.^[2]

In March 2000, the BIA recommended recognition of the tribes in its preliminary finding. Mary Sebastian, chair of the 770-member Eastern Pequot Nation, and James A. Cunha, Jr., chair of the Paucatuck Eastern Pequots, who had about 150 members, were both delighted.^[1] During its final review, the BIA encouraged the two groups to reunite, noting that the historical evidence showed they were members of one tribe, with common ancestors and history on the shared reservation.^[3] Their political disputes were relatively recent.

In June 2002 the Secretary of the Interior granted recognition to the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation. By October of that year, the Attorney General of Connecticut had filed an appeal with the Interior Board of Indian Appeals, a court of the Department of Interior. It could not overturn a decision, but recommend more review by the department. Worried about the tribe developing a third gaming casino in the state, Connecticut officials contended the BIA had erred in granting recognition to the united tribe.^[6]

In 2005, after additional internal review, the BIA revoked recognition of the EPTN. That year, it had earlier revoked recognition of the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation in Connecticut, which it had recognized in 2004.^[7]

In January 2012, the Eastern Pequot filed a lawsuit in the US District Court in Washington, DC, seeking to overturn the BIA's revocation of its recognition. State and local leaders met in February to discuss the issues. They had opposed recognition because they believe the tribe would develop a large casino, and they were concerned about the adverse effects of such operations on local communities. The Eastern Pequot's reservation is near the Foxwoods Resort operated by the Mashantucket Pequot.^[8]

In 2015, the Bureau of Indian Affairs issued new rules saying that tribes which have previously been denied federal recognition cannot re-petition.^[9][10]

References

• "Easterns Welcome Union Membership for Possible Casino", The Westerly Sun, 4 September 2004

External links

• Official Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation Website