Saterland Frisian language

Saterland Frisian, also known as Sater Frisian or Saterlandic (Seeltersk), is the last living dialect of the East Frisian language. It is closely related to the other Frisian languages—North Frisian, which, like Saterland Frisian, is spoken in Germany, and West Frisian, which is spoken in the Netherlands.

Old East Frisian and its decline

Old East Frisian used to be spoken in East Frisia (Ostfriesland), the region between the Dutch river Lauwers and the German river Weser. The area also included two small districts on the east bank of the Weser, the lands of Wursten and Würden. The Old East Frisian language could be divided into two dialect groups: Weser Frisian to the east, and Ems Frisian to the west. From 1500 onwards, Old East Frisian slowly had to give way in the face of the severe pressure put on it by the surrounding Low German dialects, and nowadays it is all but extinct.

By the middle of the seventeenth century, Ems Frisian had almost completely died out. Weser Frisian, for the most part, did not last much longer, and held on only until 1700, although there are records of it still being spoken in the land of Wursten, to the east of the river Weser, in 1723. It held out the longest on the island of Wangerooge, where the very last Weser Frisian speaker died in 1953. Today, the Old East Frisian language is no longer spoken within the historical borders of East Frisia; however, a large number of the inhabitants of that region still consider themselves Frisians, referring to their dialect of Low German as Freesk. In this dialect, referred to in German as Ostfriesisch, the Frisian substratum is still evident, despite heavy Germanisation.

Sater Frisian

The last remaining living remnant of Old East Frisian is an Ems Frisian dialect called Sater Frisian or Saterlandic (its native name being Seeltersk), which is spoken in the Saterland area in the former State of Oldenburg, to the south of East Frisia proper. Saterland (Seelterlound in the local language), which is believed to have been colonised by Frisians from East Frisia in the eleventh century, was for a long time surrounded by impassable moors. This, together with the fact that Sater Frisian always had a status superior to Low German among the inhabitants of the area, accounts for the preservation of the language throughout the centuries.

Another important factor might be that after the Thirty Years' War, Saterland became part of the bishopric of Münster. As a consequence, it was brought back to the Catholic Church, resulting in isolation from the principal Protestant part of East-Frisia since about 1630, so marriages were no longer contracted with people from the north.

Speakers

A bilingual sign, with the second line showing the place name in Saterland Frisian

Today, estimates of the number of speakers vary slightly. Saterland Frisian is spoken by about 2,250 people, out of a total population in Saterland of some 10,000; an estimated 2,000 people (of whom, slightly fewer than half are native speakers) speak the language well.^[4] The great majority of native speakers belong to the older generation; Saterland Frisian is thus a seriously endangered language. It might, however, no longer be moribund, as several reports suggest that the number of speakers is rising among the younger generation, some of whom raise their children in Saterlandic.

Dialects

There are three fully mutually intelligible dialects, corresponding to the three main villages of the municipality of Saterland: Ramsloh (Saterlandic: Roomelse), Scharrel (Schäddel), and Strücklingen (Strukelje). The Ramsloh dialect now somewhat enjoys a status as a standard language, since a grammar and a word list were based on it.

Status

The German government has not committed significant resources to the preservation of Sater Frisian. Most of the work to secure the endurance of this language is therefore done by the Seelter Buund ("Saterlandic Alliance"). Along with North Frisian and five other languages, Sater Frisian was included in Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by Germany in 1998. Since about 1800, Sater Frisian has attracted the interest of a growing number of linguists. During the last century, a small literature developed in it. Also the New Testament of the Bible has been translated into Sater Frisian.

Phonetics and phonology

The phonology of Saterland Frisian is regarded as very conservative in linguistic terms, as the entire East Frisian language group was conservative with regards to Old Frisian.^[5] The following tables are based on studies by Marron C. Fort.^[6]

Vowels

Chart of Saterland Frisian monophthongs, from Peters (2017:?)

Chart of Saterland Frisian diphthongs, from Peters (2017:?)

Monophthongs

The consonant /r/ is often realised as a vowel [ɐ̯ ~ ɐ] in the syllable coda.

Short vowels:

Semi-long vowels:

Long vowels:

Diphthongs

Consonants

Plosives

Today, voiced plosives in the syllable coda are usually terminally devoiced. Older speakers and a few others may use voiced codas.

Fricatives

Other consonants

Morphology

Personal pronouns

The subject pronouns of Saterland Frisian are as follows:^[7]

The numbers 1-10 in Saterland Frisian are as follows:^[8]

Numbers one through three in Saterland Frisian vary in form based on the gender of the noun they occur with.^[8] In the table, "m." stands for masculine, "f." for feminine, and "n." for neuter.

For the purposes of comparison, here is a table with numbers 1-10 in 4 West Germanic languages:

Sample text

Saterland Frisian: Die Wänt strookede dät Wucht uum ju Keeuwe un oapede hier ap do Sooken.
North Frisian (Mooring dialect): Di dreng aide dåt foomen am dåt kan än mäket har aw da siike.
West Frisian: De jonge streake it famke om it kin en tute har op 'e wangen.
East Frisian Low Saxon: De Jung straktde dat Wicht üm't Kinn to un tuutjede hör up de Wangen.
German: Der Junge streichelte das Mädchen ums Kinn und küsste sie auf die Wangen.
Dutch: De jongen aaide/streelde het meisje over haar/de kin en kuste haar op de wangen.
Afrikaans: Die seun streel die meisie oor haar/die ken en soen haar op die wange.
English: The youngin/boy stroked the maiden/girl on the chin and kissed her on the cheeks.

The preceding sample shows the capitalization of all nouns in Saterland Frisian, as a direct influence of High German dialects.

In the media

Newspaper

Nordwest-Zeitung, a German-language regional daily newspaper based out of Oldenburg, Germany, publishes occasional articles in Saterland Frisian. The articles are also made available on the newspaper's Internet page, under the headline Seeltersk.

Radio

As of 2004, the regional radio station Ems-Vechte-Welle broadcasts a 2-hour program in Saterland Frisian and Low German entitled Middeeges. The program is aired every other Sunday from 11:00am to 1:00pm. The first hour of the program is usually reserved for Saterland Frisian. The program usually consists of an interviews about local issues between music. The station can be streamed live though the station's Internet page.

Current Revitalization Efforts

Children's books in Saterlandic are few compared to those in German. Literacy resources for children play an important role in the successful acquisition of any language, but especially in the acquisition of an endangered language. Margaretha (Gretchen) Grosser, a retired member of the community of Saterland, has translated many children's books from German into Saterlandic. A full list of these books and when they were published can be seen on the German wikipedia page of Margaretha Grosser.

Recent efforts to revitalize Saterlandic include the creation of an app called "Kleine Saterfriesen" (Little Sater Frisians) on Google Play. According to the app's description, it aims at making the language fun for children to learn, and it should teach them Saterlandic vocabulary in many different domains (e.g. the supermarket, the farm, the church). There have been 100-500 downloads of the app since its release in December of 2016 according to statistics on Google Play.

Further reading

• Fort, Marron C. (1980): Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
• Kramer, Pyt (1982): Kute Seelter Sproakleere - Kurze Grammatik des Saterfriesischen. Rhauderfehn: Ostendorp.
• Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226 
• Stellmacher, Dieter (1998): Das Saterland und das Saterländische. Oldenburg.

See also

Saterland Frisian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

• Frisia
• Frisian Islands
• Frisian languages
• Frisians
• Saterland Frisians

References

External links

• On-line course in English
• Saterland Frisian Wikipedia (Saterland Frisian)
• Dictionary Saterfrisian-German (according to P. Kramer, Seelter Woudebouk, Ljouwert 1961; spelling modernised).
• Vocabulary German-Saterfrisian