Eadnoth the Younger

Eadnoth
Bishop of Dorchester

Miniature of a bishop and an abbot from the 14th-century Ramsey Psalter, thought to be Oswald (left) and his kinsman Eadnoth (right)
Province Canterbury
Diocese Dorchester
Installed Between 1007 and 1009
Term ended 1016
Predecessor Ælfhelm
Successor Æthelric
Other posts Previously Abbot of Ramsey (c. 992—1007 x 1009)
Personal details
Parents Æthelstan Mannessune and unknown (kinswoman of Archbishop Oswald)
Profession Monk
Sainthood
Feast day 18 October
Patronage Ramsey Abbey
Shrines Ely Cathedral (medieval)
Cult suppressed See Dissolution of the Monasteries

Eadnoth the Younger or Eadnoth I was a medieval monk and prelate, successively Abbot of Ramsey and Bishop of Dorchester. From a prominent family of priests in the Fens, he was related to Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, Archbishop of York and founder of Ramsey Abbey. Following in the footsteps of his illustrious kinsman, he initially became a monk at Worcester. He is found at Ramsey supervising construction works in the 980s, and around 992 actually became Abbot of Ramsey. As abbot, he founded two daughter houses in what is now Cambridgeshire, namely, a monastery at St Ives and a nunnery at Chatteris. At some point between 1007 and 1009, he became Bishop of Dorchester, a see that encompassed much of the eastern Danelaw. He died at the Battle of Assandun in 1016, fighting Cnut the Great.

Family

Eadnoth the Younger was the son of Æthelstan Mannessune by a kinswoman of Oswald, Bishop of Worcester and Archbishop of York.[1] His father came from family of hereditary Fenland priests from in or around the Isle of Ely.[1] Æthelstan had lands in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire and Bedfordshire, with "outlying" [Hart] estates in Norfolk and Lincolnshire.[2] Eadnoth is styled "the Younger", Iunior, to distinguish him from Eadnoth "the Elder", Senior, the follower of Oswald who served as prior of the monastery of Ramsey in the years before Eadnoth the Younger became abbot.[3]

Eadnoth the Younger had one brother, Godric (died 1013), and at least two sisters, Ælfwaru (died 1007) and Ælfwyn, all of whom inherited estates (in addition to a fishery) from their father.[4] Eadnoth, by contrast, became a monk at Worcester Abbey, where his mother's kinsman Oswald was bishop, and thus could not inherit anything.[5] Eadnoth appears for the first time in the 980s when, according to the Liber Benefactorum Ecclesiae Ramesiensis, he supervised the repair of the western tower of Ramsey Abbey.[6] Eadnoth became Abbot of Ramsey in 992,[7] having probably already taken over Eadnoth the Elder's duties as prior from at least 991, if not earlier.[8]

Abbot of Ramsey

The Liber Benefactorum calls Eadnoth the Younger the "first abbot of Ramsey".[9] It says that he was elected according to the Benedictine Rule by the monks of Ramsey, after Ealdorman Æthelwine had given Germanus enough money to found a new monastery at Cholsey.[10] Ramsey had had two communities of monks, those who had been moved by Oswald there from Westbury on Trym in the 960s, and those who had fled there in the 980s from Winchcombe because of the anti-monastic reaction in Mercia; until 992, Oswald, who died in 992, had been titular abbot of the former with Eadnoth the Elder as his prior, while the Winchcombe monks had Germanus as their abbot.[11]

According to historian Cyril Hart, "there is no shred of doubt" that Eadnoth the Younger obtained this office through the influence of Oswald.[12] Although such nepotism contradicted the usual spirit of the Benedictine revival in England at the time, Oswald himself had similarly advanced because of family connections.[12] As abbot Eadnoth founded a nunnery on his family lands at Chatteris, and his younger sister Ælfwyn became its first abbess.[13] In 1007 Chatteris nunnery received the lands of Over and Barley, following the death of their sister Ælfwaru.[14]

Eadnoth also founded a monastery at St Ives, Cambridgeshire. Established as a daughter-house of Ramsey (like Chaterris), the monastery's entire endowment consisted of Slepe (what became St Ives) as well as part of Elsworth and Knapworth.[15] All of these lands (including their churches) had been the property of Eadnoth's father Æthelstan.[15] Elsworth had been left to Ramsey in the will of Eadnoth's sister Ælfwaru.[15] On 24 April 1002, soon after founding St Ives, he translated its eponymous saintly resident—discovered by a ploughing peasant a year before— to Ramsey Abbey.[16]

Bishop of Dorchester

At some point between 1007 and 1009, Eadnoth became Bishop of Dorchester.[17] Dorchester was a sprawling diocese based far to the south of most of its territory in the eastern Danelaw, at Dorchester on Thames.[18] It was roughly equivalent to the pre-Viking east Mercian diocese of Leicester, and after Eadnoth's episcopate came to include the Diocese of Lindsey too.[19] In the Norman era the bishopric's seat returned north, and became the well-known bishopric of Lincoln.[20]

Little is known of Eadnoth's episcopate. His first appearance as bishop is as a witness to a charter of 1009, issued by King Æthelred to a thegn named Morcar; the last notice of Eadnoth's predecessor as bishop, Ælfhelm, occurs in a similar document of 1007.[21] Eadnoth subsequently subscribes at least another eight royal charter before his death, all between 1011 and 1013, with a possible further subscription in 1016.[22] On 18 October 1016, Bishop Eadnoth fought and was martyred at the battle of Assandun in Essex, alongside Wulfsifge, his successor as abbot of Ramsey, and Æthelweard son of Ealdorman Æthelwine [of East Anglia].[23] He was fighting on behalf of Edmund Ironside against Cnut, the Danish invader who was claiming the English crown.[24]

Eadnoth's body was taken north into the Fenlands, heading back to Ramsey. According to the Liber Eliensis, the guards of the body stopped at Ely Abbey and got drunk, during which the Ely monks seized and hid the body.[25] The plot was led by Ælfgar, formerly Bishop of Elmham.[25] Thereafter the body remained at Ely, where Eadnoth the Martyr was venerated as a saint.[25]

It is thought that Abbot Eadnoth is the abbot depicted alongside a bishop (his kinsman Bishop Oswald) in one of the miniatures in the 14th-century Ramsey Psalter (not to be confused with British Museum MS Harley 2904).[26] Below Bishop Oswald is a ram, after the first element of the place-name Ramsey, and below Eadnoth a bull, in reference to the foundation legend of the abbey.[27]

Citations

  1. 1 2 Wareham, "St Oswald's Family", pp. 49–50
  2. ↑ Hart, "Eadnoth I", p. 615
  3. ↑ Lapidge (ed.), Byrhtferth, pp. xvii–xviii, xxv–xxvi
  4. ↑ Wareham, "St Oswald's Family", pp. 49–51
  5. ↑ Wareham, "St Oswald's Family", p. 51
  6. ↑ Lapidge (ed.), Byrhtferth, pp. xxv–xxvi
  7. ↑ Lapidge, "Abbot Germanus", p. 409; Knowles, Brook and London, Heads of Religious Houses, p. 61, give 993
  8. ↑ Lapidge (ed.), Byrhtferth, p. 180, n. 144
  9. ↑ Lapidge, "Abbot Germanus", pp. 409, 413; Sandler, "Historical Miniatures", p. 607; Wareham, "St Oswald's Family", p. 51; some other modern authorities list Oswald and Germanus as his predecessors in this office, as in Knowles, Brook and London, Heads of Religious Houses, p. 61
  10. ↑ Lapidge (ed.), Byrhtferth, pp. 64–65, n. 58; see also Lapidge, "Abbot Germanus", p. 409, nn. 94–96
  11. ↑ Lapidge (ed.), Byrhtferth, pp. 64–65, n. 58
  12. 1 2 Hart, "Eadnoth", p. 621
  13. ↑ Lapidge (ed.), Byrhtferth, pp. 180–81, n. 144; Wareham, "St Oswald's Family", pp. 51–52
  14. ↑ Wareham, "St Oswald's Family", pp. 51–52
  15. 1 2 3 Hart, "Eadnoth I", pp. 617–18
  16. ↑ Lapidge (ed.), Byrhtferth, pp. 180–81, n. 144
  17. ↑ Wareham, "St Oswald's Family", p. 52, gives 1008, while Lapidge, "Abbot Germanus", p. 409; Lapidge, Byrhtferth, pp. 180–81, n. 144, and Keynes, Atlas, Table LXb (1 of 2), shows that it was no earlier than 1007 and no later than 1009
  18. ↑ Hill, Atlas, pp. 147–148
  19. ↑ Hill, Atlas, p. 148; Whitelock, "Dealings", pp. 74–75
  20. ↑ Fryde, Greenway and Porter, Handbook of British Chronology, p. 255
  21. ↑ Sawyer 917; Sawyer 922; Keynes, Atlas, Table LXb (1 of 2); Lapidge, Byrhtferth, pp. 180–81, n. 144
  22. ↑ Sawyer 923; Sawyer 924; Sawyer 926; Sawyer 927; Sawyer 929; Sawyer 931; Sawyer 935, plus two unlisted by Sawyer; Keynes, Atlas, Table LXb (2 of 2)
  23. ↑ Lawson, Cnut, p. 117; Whitelock (ed.), English Historical Documents, p. 250
  24. ↑ Lawson, Cnut, p. 28
  25. 1 2 3 Blair, "Handlist", pp. 528–29; Fairweather (ed.), Liber Eliensis, p. 169
  26. ↑ Sandler, "Historical Miniatures", p. 607, depicted p. 609, figure 46; image lies in Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, MS M. 302, fol. 4v
  27. ↑ Sandler, "Historical Miniatures", p. 606

References

  • Blair, John (2002), "A Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Saints", in Thacker, Alan; Sharpe, Richard, Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 495–565, ISBN 0-19-820394-2 
  • Fairweather, Janet, ed. (2005), Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth, compiled by a Monk of Ely in the Twelfth Century, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, ISBN 1-84383-015-9 
  • Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1986), Handbook of British Chronology, Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks, No. 2 (3rd ed.), London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society, ISBN 0-86193-106-8 
  • Hart, Cyril (1992) [1964], "Eadnoth I of Ramsey and Dorchester", in Hart, Cyril, The Danelaw, London: Hambledon Press, pp. 613–23, ISBN 1-85285-044-2 , originally published in Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society: 61–67, 1964 
  • Hill, David (1981), An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-11181-6 
  • Keynes, Simon (2002), An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c. 670–1066, ASNC Guides, Texts, and Studies, 5, Cambridge: Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic Studies, University of Cambridge, ISBN 0-9532697-6-0, ISSN 1475-8520 
  • Knowles, David; Brooke, C. N. L.; London, C. M, eds. (2001), The Heads of Religious Houses : England and Wales. 1, 940—1216 (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80452-3 
  • Lapidge, Michael (1993), "Abbot Germanus, Winchcombe, Ramsey and the Cambridge Psalter", in Lapidge, Michael, Anglo-Latin Literature, 900–1066, London: The Hambledon Press, pp. 387–17, ISBN 1-85285-012-4 , originally published as Korhammer, M., ed. (1992), Words, Texts, and Manuscripts: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Culture Presented to Helmut Gneuss on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, London: Boydell and Brester, pp. 99–129, ISBN 0-85991-363-5 
  • Lapidge, Michael, ed. (2009), Byrhtferth of Ramsey: The Lives of St Oswald and St Ecgwine, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-955078-4 
  • Lawson, M. K. (2004), Cnut: England's Viking King (2nd ed.), Stroud: Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-2964-7 
  • Miller, Sean, New Regesta Regum Anglorum, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 2010-01-03 
  • Sandler, Lucy Freeman (1969), "The Historical Miniatures of the Fourteenth-Century Ramsey Psalter", The Burlington Magazine, The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd., 111 (799): 605–611 
  • Wareham, Andrew (1996), "St Oswald's Family and Kin", in Brooks, Nicholas; Cubitt, Catherine, St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence, London: Leicester University Press, pp. 46–63, ISBN 0-7185-0003-2 
  • Whitelock, Dorothy (1959), "The Dealings of the Kings of England with Northumbria", in Clemoes, Peter, The Anglo-Saxons: Studies in some Aspects of their History and Culture presented to Bruce Dickins, London: Bowes & Bowes, pp. 707–88 
  • Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1979), English Historical Documents. [Vol.1], c.500–1042, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, ISBN 0-19-520101-9 
Christian titles
New title Abbot of Ramsey
c. 992–1006x1008 		Succeeded by
Wulfsige
Preceded by
Ælfhelm		 Bishop of Dorchester
1007 x 1009–1016 		Succeeded by
Æthelric

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