ELP4
Elongation protein 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae), also known as ELP4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ELP4 gene.[3][4][5]
Function
This gene encodes a component of the six subunit elongator complex, a histone acetyltransferase complex that associates directly with RNA polymerase II during transcriptional elongation. The human gene can partially complement sensitivity phenotypes of yeast ELP4 deletion mutants. Alternatively spliced variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described but the full-length nature of only one has been determined.[3]
Clinical significance
In a study published in February 2009, researcher linked this gene to the most common form of human epilepsy, namely Rolandic epilepsy.[6] This is the first gene to be linked with rolandic epilepsy.
Background
It has been found that children with Rolandic epilepsy have a mutation of gene coding for the Elongator Protein Complex 4, which is involved in transcription and tRNA modification. Furthermore, Elp4 is needed for histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity which makes DNA more accessible for transcription. The lack of the Elp4/5/6 led to no HAT activity. The importance of HAT activity is the initiation of transcription as well as its assistance of RNA polymerase II in transcription elongation through chromatin and acetyl-CoA dependent pathways.[7] Although Rolandic epilepsy (RE), which has been observed as autosomal dominant with high penetrance,[8] develops around age 3 and disappears by age 12 there are serious problems that need to be addressed that occur while a child has RE. One of the major problems that can arise from RE is cognitive impairment. Though the cognitive impairment seen in Rolandic Epilepsy is of unclear etiology, one contributing factor may be increased glucose uptake in cortical areas, most notably in the associative cortex.[9] These changes in glucose uptake may somehow disrupt the learning process and prevents the child from making the associations necessary to learn new things, which is how most human learning is achieved. Other factors which may contribute to cognitive impairment include seizure frequency, abnormal electrical activity in between seizures, and medication side effects, to only name a few.
The Elongator Protein Complex (ELP) is what regulates the growth of cortical projection neurons. This means that it helps cortical neurons to exhibit dendrite branching and radial migration of neurons to form the close knit neural network of the cerebral cortex.[10] If ELP is not working properly or is not being expressed at the correct levels (too low) then the neurons in that region in particular would not be properly situated in relation to each other for proper brain activity. The expression of ELP and the fourth sub-unit (ELP4) in particular is the cause of Rolandic epilepsy and possibly other cognitive impairment later in life if the condition is severe enough or if it is not treated effectively.
References
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
- ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
- 1 2 "Entrez Gene: ELP4 elongation protein 4 homolog (S. cerevisiae)".
- ↑ Winkler GS, Petrakis TG, Ethelberg S, Tokunaga M, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Svejstrup JQ (August 2001). "RNA polymerase II elongator holoenzyme is composed of two discrete subcomplexes". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (35): 32743–9. PMID 11435442. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105303200.
- ↑ Kleinjan DA, Seawright A, Elgar G, van Heyningen V (February 2002). "Characterization of a novel gene adjacent to PAX6, revealing synteny conservation with functional significance". Mamm. Genome. 13 (2): 102–7. PMID 11889558. doi:10.1007/s00335-001-3058-y.
- ↑ Strug LJ, Clarke T, Chiang T, et al. (January 2009). "Centrotemporal sharp wave EEG trait in rolandic epilepsy maps to Elongator Protein Complex 4 (ELP4)". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17 (9): 1171–81. PMC 2729813
. PMID 19172991. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.267. - ↑ Winkler GS, Kristjuhan A, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Svejstrup JQ (March 2002). "Elongator is a histone H3 and H4 acetyltransferase important for normal histone acetylation levels in vivo". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (6): 3517–22. PMC 122555 . PMID 11904415. doi:10.1073/pnas.022042899.
- ↑ Bali B, Kull LL, Strug LJ, Clarke T, Murphy PL, Akman CI, Greenberg DA, Pal DK (December 2007). "Autosomal Dominant Inheritance of Centrotemporal Sharp Waves in Rolandic Epilepsy Families". Epilepsia. 48 (12): 2266–72. PMC 2150739 . PMID 17662063. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01221.x.
- ↑ Strug LJ, Clarke T, Chiang T, Chien M, Baskurt Z, Li W, Dorfman R, Bali B, Wirrell E, Kugler SL, Mandelbaum DE, Wolf SM, McGoldrick P, Hardison H, Novotny EJ, Ju J, Greenberg DA, Russo JJ, Pal DK (January 2009). "Centrotemporal sharp wave EEG trait in rolandic epilepsy maps to Elongator Protein Complex 4 (ELP4)". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17 (9): 1171–81. PMC 2729813 . PMID 19172991. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.267.
- ↑ Creppe C, Malinouskaya L, Volvert ML, Gillard M, Close P, Malaise O, Laguesse S, Cornez I, Rahmouni S, Ormenese S, Belachew S, Malgrange B, Chapelle JP, Siebenlist U, Moonen G, Chariot A, Nguyen L (February 2009). "Elongator controls the migration and differentiation of cortical neurons through acetylation of alpha-tubulin". Cell. 136 (3): 551–64. PMID 19185337. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.043.
Further reading
- Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA Cloning Using In Vitro Site-Specific Recombination". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. PMC 310948 . PMID 11076863. doi:10.1101/gr.143000.
- Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, et al. (2001). "Toward a Catalog of Human Genes and Proteins: Sequencing and Analysis of 500 Novel Complete Protein Coding Human cDNAs". Genome Res. 11 (3): 422–35. PMC 311072 . PMID 11230166. doi:10.1101/gr.GR1547R.
- Winkler GS, Petrakis TG, Ethelberg S, et al. (2001). "RNA polymerase II elongator holoenzyme is composed of two discrete subcomplexes". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (35): 32743–9. PMID 11435442. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105303200.
- Hawkes NA, Otero G, Winkler GS, et al. (2002). "Purification and characterization of the human elongator complex". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (4): 3047–52. PMID 11714725. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110445200.
- Kim JH, Lane WS, Reinberg D (2002). "Human Elongator facilitates RNA polymerase II transcription through chromatin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (3): 1241–6. PMC 122174 . PMID 11818576. doi:10.1073/pnas.251672198.
- Kleinjan DA, Seawright A, Elgar G, van Heyningen V (2002). "Characterization of a novel gene adjacent to PAX6, revealing synteny conservation with functional significance". Mamm. Genome. 13 (2): 102–7. PMID 11889558. doi:10.1007/s00335-001-3058-y.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. PMC 139241 . PMID 12477932. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899.
- Li F, Han QJ, Luo DH, et al. (2004). "[The Elp4 subunit of human Elongator complex partially complements the growth defects of yeast ELP4 deletion strain]". Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 31 (7): 668–74. PMID 15473317.
- Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, et al. (2004). "From ORFeome to Biology: A Functional Genomics Pipeline". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2136–44. PMC 528930 . PMID 15489336. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704.
- Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, et al. (2006). "The LIFEdb database in 2006". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. PMC 1347501 . PMID 16381901. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139.