Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), also known as MPEG-DASH, is an adaptive bitrate streaming technique that enables high quality streaming of media content over the Internet delivered from conventional HTTP web servers. Similar to Apple's HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) solution, MPEG-DASH works by breaking the content into a sequence of small HTTP-based file segments, each segment containing a short interval of playback time of content that is potentially many hours in duration, such as a movie or the live broadcast of a sports event. The content is made available at a variety of different bit rates, i.e., alternative segments encoded at different bit rates covering aligned short intervals of play back time are made available. While the content is being played back by an MPEG-DASH client, the client automatically selects from the alternatives the next segment to download and play back based on current network conditions. The client selects the segment with the highest bit rate possible that can be downloaded in time for play back without causing stalls or re-buffering events in the playback. Thus, an MPEG-DASH client can seamlessly adapt to changing network conditions, and provide high quality play back with fewer stalls or re-buffering events.

MPEG-DASH is the first adaptive bit-rate HTTP-based streaming solution that is an international standard.[1] MPEG-DASH should not be confused with a transport protocol — the transport protocol that MPEG-DASH uses is TCP.

MPEG-DASH uses existing HTTP web server infrastructure that is used for delivery of essentially all World Wide Web content. It allows devices like Internet-connected televisions, TV set-top boxes, desktop computers, smartphones, tablets, etc. to consume multimedia content (video, TV, radio, etc.) delivered via the Internet, coping with variable Internet receiving conditions. Standardizing an adaptive streaming solution is meant to provide confidence to the market that the solution can be adopted for universal deployment, compared to similar but more proprietary solutions like Smooth Streaming by Microsoft, or HDS by Adobe.

Unlike HLS, HDS, and Smooth Streaming, DASH is codec-agnostic, which means it can use content encoded with any coding format like H.265, H.264, VP9 etc.[2]

Standardization

MPEG-DASH technology was developed under MPEG. Work on DASH started in 2010; it became a Draft International Standard in January 2011, and an International Standard in November 2011.[1][3] The MPEG-DASH standard was published as ISO/IEC 23009-1:2012 in April, 2012.

DASH is a technology related to Adobe Systems HTTP Dynamic Streaming, Apple Inc. HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) and Microsoft Smooth Streaming. DASH is based on Adaptive HTTP streaming (AHS) in 3GPP Release 9 and on HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) in Open IPTV Forum Release 2.[4][5] As part of their collaboration with MPEG, 3GPP Release 10 has adopted DASH (with specific codecs and operating modes) for use over wireless networks.[4]

The DASH Industry Forum (DASH-IF)[6] further promotes and catalyzes the adoption of MPEG-DASH and helps transition it from a specification into a real business. It consists of major streaming and media companies, including Microsoft, Netflix, Google, Ericsson, Samsung, Adobe, etc. and creates guidelines on the usage of DASH for different use cases in practice.

MPEG-DASH is integrated in other standards, e.g. MPEG-DASH is supported in HbbTV (as of Version 1.5).[7]

Overview

DASH is an adaptive bitrate streaming technology where a multimedia file is partitioned into one or more segments and delivered to a client using HTTP.[8] A media presentation description (MPD) describes segment information (timing, URL, media characteristics like video resolution and bit rates), and can be organized in different ways such as SegmentList, SegmentTemplate, SegmentBase and SegmentTimeline, depending on the use case.[9] Segments can contain any media data, however the specification provides specific guidance and formats for use with two types of containers: ISO base media file format (e.g. MP4 file format) or MPEG-2 Transport Stream.

DASH is audio/video codec agnostic. One or more representations (i.e., versions at different resolutions or bit rates) of multimedia files are typically available, and selection can be made based on network conditions, device capabilities and user preferences, enabling adaptive bitrate streaming[10] and QoE (Quality of Experience) fairness.[11] DASH is also agnostic to the underlying application layer protocol. Thus, DASH can be used with any protocol, e.g., DASH over CCN.[12]

On July 27, 2015, MPEG LA announced a call for MPEG-DASH-related patents in order to create a single patent pool for this technology.[13]

Implementations

MPEG-DASH is available natively on Android through the ExoPlayer, on Samsung Smart TVs 2012+, LG Smart TV 2012+, Sony TV 2012+, Philips NetTV 4.1+, Panasonic Viera 2013+ and Chromecast.[14] YouTube as well as Netflix already support MPEG-DASH, and different MPEG-DASH players are available.[15]

While MPEG-DASH isn't directly supported in HTML5, there are JavaScript implementations of MPEG-DASH which allow using MPEG-DASH in web browsers using the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE).[16] There are also JavaScript implementations such as the bitdash player[17] which support DRM for MPEG-DASH using the HTML5 Encrypted Media Extensions.[18] In combination with WebGL, the HTML5-based adaptive bitrate streaming of MPEG-DASH enables also the efficient streaming of 360° video for live and on-demand use cases.[19]

Clients and libraries

Servers

Note that no specific support is required from the server for DASH content, with the exception of Live Streaming.

Services

Content Generators

Other

References

  1. 1 2 "MPEG ratifies its draft standard for DASH". MPEG. 2011-12-02. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  2. ↑ "MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS". 2015-03-29. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  3. ↑ ISO/IEC DIS 23009-1.2 Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH)
  4. 1 2 ETSI 3GPP 3GPP TS 26.247; Transparent end-to-end packet-switched streaming service (PSS); Progressive Download and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (3GP-DASH)
  5. ↑ Open IPTV Forum Solution Specification Volume 2a – HTTP Adaptive Streaming V2.1
  6. ↑ DASH Industry Forum
  7. ↑ HbbTV Specification 1.5
  8. ↑ Overview of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH)
  9. ↑ MPEG-DASH Overview
  10. ↑ 3GPP Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP – Standards and Design Principles by T. Stockhammer
  11. ↑ Towards Network-wide QoE Fairness using OpenFlow-assisted Adaptive Video Streaming
  12. ↑ Y. Liu, J. Geurts, J.-P. Point, S. Lederer, B. Rainer, C. Mueller, C. Timmerer and H. Hellwagner, "Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over CCN: A Caching and Overhead Analysis", In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communication (ICC) 2013 – Next-Generation Networking Symposium, Budapest, Hungary, June, 2013
  13. ↑ MPEG LA Announces Call for Patents to Organize Joint License for MPEG-DASH
  14. ↑ Device Compatibility
  15. ↑ The Status of MPEG-DASH today, and why Youtube & Netflix use it in HTML5
  16. ↑ HTML5 Media Source Extensions
  17. ↑ bitdash DRM Testarea
  18. ↑ HTML5 Encrypted Media Extensions
  19. ↑ 360° Streaming in HTML5
  20. ↑ A reference client implementation for the playback of MPEG DASH via Javascript and compliant browsers.
  21. ↑ Cimpanu, Catalin (2015-08-24). "Meet Shaka Player, Google's HTML5 Video Player for Low Bandwidth Conditions". Softpedia. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
  22. 1 2 3 DASH at ITEC, VLC Plugin, DASHEncoder and Dataset by C. Mueller, S. Lederer, C. Timmerer
  23. ↑ C. Müller and C. Timmerer, "A VLC Media Player Plugin enabling Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP", In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia 2011 , Scottsdale, Arizona, November 28, 2011.
  24. ↑ "VLC 3.0 features".
  25. ↑ HTTP Adaptive streaming with GStreamer
  26. ↑ libdash: Open-source DASH client library by bitmovin Gmbh
  27. ↑ bitdash MPEG-DASH Player Feature Details
  28. ↑ "HLS HTML5 Video Player | THEOplayer". HLS HTML5 Video Player | THEOplayer. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
  29. ↑ https://www.theoplayer.com
  30. ↑ OSMO4 Player of GPAC
  31. ↑ DASH-JS at ITEC of Klagenfurt University
  32. ↑ Radiant Media Player Compatibility Table
  33. ↑ "DASH Streaming and Playlists".
  34. ↑ MPEG-DASH in nginx-rtmp-module 1.0.8
  35. ↑ MPEG-DASH improvements in nginx-rtmp-module 1.2.0
  36. ↑ MPEG-DASH live streaming in nginx-rtmp-module
  37. ↑ bitdash MPEG-DASH player for HTML5 and Flash
  38. ↑ Introducing nginx-ts-module for HLS and MPEG-DASH live streaming
  39. ↑ MPEG-DASH support in Nimble Streamer
  40. ↑ Netview and Unified Streaming streaming DASH
  41. ↑ USP Factsheet
  42. ↑ "Amazon Elastic Transcoder Now Supports MPEG-DASH". Amazon Web Services, Inc. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  43. ↑ Akamai Announces Native MPEG-DASH and HDS Support for Live Video Workflows
  44. ↑ MPEG-DASH and streaming reference and resources
  45. ↑ bitcodin.com Supported Formats
  46. 1 2 S. Lederer, C. Mueller and C. Timmerer, "Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP Dataset", In Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia Systems Conference 2012, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, February 22-24, 2012.
  47. 1 2 GPAC Telecom ParisTech
  48. ↑ dashcast of Telecom ParisTech
  49. ↑ "MediaGoom. Essential Web Streaming.".
  50. ↑ Bento4 MPEG DASH Documentation
  51. ↑ MPEG DASH Dataset Overview
  52. ↑ S. Lederer, C. Mueller, C. Timmerer, C. Concolato, J. Le Feuvre and K. Fliegel, Distributed DASH Dataset, In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Multimedia Systems (ACM MMSys) 2013, Oslo, Norway, 2013.
  53. ↑ MPEG DASH Test Suite
  54. ↑ MPEG DASH Test Streams
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