Dupont de Ligonnès murders and disappearance
| Xavier Pierre Marie Dupont de Ligonnès | |
|---|---|
| Born |
9 January 1961 Versailles, France |
| Disappeared |
15 April 2011 (aged 50) Roquebrune-sur-Argens, France |
| Status | Missing for 6 years, 4 months and 2 days |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Agnès Dupont de Ligonnès | |
|---|---|
| Born |
Agnès Hodanger 9 November 1962 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France |
| Died |
about 4 April 2011 (aged 48) Nantes, France |
| Occupation | Teaching assistant |
| Arthur Nicolas Dupont de Ligonnès | |
|---|---|
| Born | 7 July 1990 |
| Died |
about 4 April 2011 (aged 20) Nantes, France |
| Thomas Dupont de Ligonnès | |
|---|---|
| Born |
28 August 1992 Draguignan, France |
| Died |
about 4 April 2011 (aged 18) Nantes, France |
| Anne Dupont de Ligonnès | |
|---|---|
| Born |
2 August 1994 Draguignan, France |
| Died |
about 4 April 2011 (aged 16) Nantes, France |
| Benoît Dupont de Ligonnès | |
|---|---|
| Born | 29 May 1997 |
| Died |
about 4 April 2011 (aged 13) Nantes, France |
The Dupont de Ligonnès murders and disappearance involved the murder of five members of the same family in Nantes, in the département of Loire-Atlantique in north-western France, followed by the disappearance of the father of the family. Agnès Dupont de Ligonnès and her four children were murdered in early April 2011. Their bodies were found on 21 April 2011 at their home in Nantes. The father, Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès, disappeared at the same time and is considered the prime suspect in their murders. He is the subject of an international arrest warrant.
The family
The Dupont de Ligonnès family is an old French aristocratic family originally from Annonay,[1] in the Vivarais region in south-eastern France. Family members include Édouard du Pont de Ligonnès (1797-1877), who married Sophie de Lamartine, sister of the poet Alphonse de Lamartine and whose youngest son, Charles du Pont de Ligonnès, became the Bishop of Rodez.
In 2011, Xavier and Agnès lived at 55 boulevard Robert-Schuman in Nantes,[2][3][4] in a modest house in the western suburbs of the city.
The parents
Xavier, the father
Xavier Pierre Marie Dupont de Ligonnès (born 9 January 1961 in Versailles) the son of Bernard-Hubert Dupont de Ligonnès (7 November 1931 - 20 January 2011). Xavier's father was an engineer with a degree from the École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique in Poitiers, and his mother was Geneviève Thérèse Maître.[5][6] Xavier's professional activities were very vague, but he is described as a salesman by a source close to the inquiry.[7] He created several businesses, with limited success:
- SELREF, a company with a secretive and ambiguously defined purpose, based in Pornic, where he was employed as a manager. The company's 2006 accounts, accessible through a public commercial website, only show the bare minimum information, and the last data pertaining to the company was filed with the French Register of Commerce on 24 February 2004.[8] He hired six salespeople in 2003 and released them all shortly after.[9]
- The Route des Commerciaux ("Salesmen's Road", registered at the same address as SELREF[10]), a hotel and restaurant guide for travelling salesmen;[11]
- Carte Crystal ("Crystal Card", registered at the family's home address on boulevard Robert-Schuman[12]), a "project for creating a loyalty system for restaurant guests";[13] and
- Federation française de commerciaux ("Federation of French Salesmen", also registered at the family's home address and whose incorporating documents were filed in April 2004) had a stated purpose of "centralising necessary information for business education professionals, regardless of their status".[14][15]
The authorities consider him the main witness and the prime suspect in the murder of his wife and four children. After their bodies were discovered buried in the garden of the family home, the police set about searching for him, but he has never been found. According to the prosecutor, Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès's relatives say he wrote a letter to them explaining that he and his family would be absent as "he was a sort of United States secret agent and had to return to the U.S. as part of a witness protection programme to work on a drugs case."[16]
Agnès, the mother
Agnès Hodanger was born on 9 November 1962 in Neuilly-sur-Seine in the suburbs of Paris. She was an assistant at Blanche-de-Castille Catholic School in Nantes, where part of her duties involved teaching catechism. She was described as being very religious,[17] regularly attending mass with her children. Parishioners described her as being kind but strict with her children.[18] She was 48 years old at the time of her death.
In 2004, seven years before the murder, she wrote prolifically on the French online medical forum Doctissimo.[19][20] Agnès described the difficulties faced by her and her husband and stated that her husband had commented to her that a group death as a family would not be a catastrophe.[21]
The children
Arthur
Arthur Nicolas Dupont de Ligonnès was born on 7 July 1990 to another father, but was recognised by Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès as being his son when Xavier married Agnès when Arthur was two years old.[22] He gained a baccaleuréat in Science, Industrial Technology and Sustainable Development at the age of 20.[23] He was studying for a technical diploma in IT at the Saint-Gabriel private college in Saint-Laurent-sur-Sèvre in the Vendée department, an hour's drive from Nantes.[24] He was also employed as a waiter in a pizzeria in Nantes. He was 20 years old at the time of his death.
Thomas
Thomas Dupont de Ligonnès was born on 28 August 1992 in Draguignan, in the south of France. He gained a baccalauréat in Literature when he was 17.[25] He was passionate about music and studied it at the Catholic University of the West in Angers. He lived in the Saint-Aubin hall of residence and was described as an "ordinary boy who was often accompanied by his family to drop him off and pick him up",[26] while several of his classmates remember him as "very discreet".[27] Thomas was 18 years old when he died.
Anne
Anne Dupont de Ligonnès was born on 2 August 1994 in Draguignan. She was in the 11th grade following an academic curriculum in Science, and was described by her friends and relatives as a girl who shared her mother's religious beliefs and was considerate and approachable.[28] Her friends became concerned when she was regularly offline and did not answer calls. Anne was 16 years old at the time of her death.
Benoît
Benoît Dupont de Ligonnès was born on 29 May 1997, Xavier and Agnès's youngest child. According to his friends and secondary-school classmates, he was popular and many girls fancied him.[29] He was an altar server at Saint-Félix Church in Nantes. He was 13 years old at the time of his death.
Timeline of events
The family's final actions
- The lease on the house had been terminated.[30]
- All bank accounts had been closed.[31]
- The children's school received a final payment settlement.[32]
- Agnès's employer was informed that she was suffering from gastroenteritis and then that she was moving to Australia.[33]
- A message was placed on their letter box: "Please return all mail to sender. Thank you."[34]
- The house had been completely emptied.[35]
March 2011
- Rifle bullets were purchased on 12 March.[36]
- Xavier registered at the Charles Des Jamonières shooting range to the north of Nantes, where he visited four times between 26 March and 1 April.[37] He obtained his firearms licence on 2 February 2011. Thomas and Benoît had also started to learn how to shoot, while Arthur was scheduled to start.[38]
- A sales receipt from a DIY store in Saint-Maur (in the Indre département in central France, approximately 320 kilometres (200 miles) from Nantes, a 3.5-hour drive away) was found at the family home. It was dated to a Wednesday at the end of March – either the 23rd or the 30th – and listed several purchases, including a roll of large bin liners and a packet of adhesive plastic paving slabs.
April 2011
Friday 1 April
- Arthur, the oldest child, leaves the college where he was studying and does not turn up at the pizzeria where he worked and where he was due to go to pick up his monthly wages. His boss is surprised by this, stating that Arthur always came to collect his wages on the first day of the month.[39]
- Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès buys cement, a shovel and a hoe.
Saturday 2 April
Sunday 3 April
- A neighbour, Fabrice, sees Agnès for the last time. Shortly after, he sees Xavier "putting large bags into his car", a Citroën C5.[41]
- The couple and three of the children dine in a restaurant in Nantes,[42] then go to the cinema.
- At 10.37 pm, Xavier leaves a message on his sister Christine's answerphone: "we spent our Sunday evening in the cinema together, then in a restaurant, and we've just got back – I'm just calling to ask if it's too late to speak to you on the phone and now I see it's gone to voicemail. But ... I was surprised, you spoke to me about Bertram, who's getting ready for his flight!? Huh?! But ... I thought he'd only just arrived! ... So I was a bit surprised. Anyway, sending you my love ... If it's not too late, call me back or send me a text and I'll call you. OK, I'm going to put the kids to bed, say hi to everyone. See you soon! ... Maybe ...".[43]
Monday 4 April
- Anne and Benoît do not turn up at their school, La Perverie-Sacré-Cœur, "due to illness".[44][45] Anne's and Benoît's friends become concerned when they are unable to reach them.[46] They remember a rumour about the family leaving for Australia where their father had been given a job transfer, and they find it suspicious that their friends hadn't told them about this "departure". They attempt to contact Benoît and Anne online and by text.[47]
- Xavier speaks with his sister, Christine de Ligonnès, on the telephone for 20 to 30 minutes.[48] She said that everything seemed normal.[49]
- Xavier dines alone with his son Thomas at La Croix Cadeau,[50] a high-end restaurant in Avrillé, near Angers. The two waiters remember Thomas feeling unwell near the end of the meal, and that Xavier and Thomas barely spoke to each other during the meal.[51][52]
Investigators believe that Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès murdered his wife and three of his children on the night of 3 to 4 April, then murdered his son Thomas on the evening of 4 April.[53]
Tuesday 5 April
- A bailiff comes to the family home to recover a debt of 20,000 euros, but no one answers the door.[54]
- The family's neighbours dispute Agnès's stated date of death. It is claimed that she was seen in front of her house on 5 April around 12.15 or 12.30 pm, and again on 7 April.[55] The prosecutor in Nantes acknowledged that forensic experts were unable to narrow the exact date of death down to a specific day. In addition, an employee of a hairdressing salon near the house claimed on RTL to have seen Agnès on Tuesday 5 April. She stated, "I came to pick up my wages. It was a Tuesday, it was 5 April. I needed my wages. I saw her on the pavement on her phone around 12.15 or 12.30."[56]
- A friend of Thomas who studied Music with him confirmed that Thomas spent Tuesday afternoon with him at the friend's home in Angers, where they played music and watched television.[57] Thomas had planned to spend the night at his friend's house, but Xavier phoned his son, asking him to return to Nantes as his mother had been involved in a "cycling accident". Thomas eats quickly with his friend, then takes a train home at around 10 pm. The following day, the friend tries to reach Thomas but only receives brief text messages in reply, such as "I'm not coming to yours. I'm ill" and "Really ill, I'm not coming to class". Two days after Thomas's departure, his friend receives a text: "I'm out of battery, my dad's looking for a new charger for me." This is the last that Thomas's friend would hear from him or anyone else in the family.[58] Pauline, Thomas's ex-girlfriend and classmate, remembers him as a "light-hearted, cheerful and happy guy".[59] She stated that they didn't date for long and described her ex-boyfriend as "a really nice guy who always listened to what you had to say ... very close to his brothers, sister, mother and father ... passionate about music and cinema." She also stated that she had spoken to him on Facebook on Tuesday 5 April while he was at his friend's house, and that he had seemed "odd in his way of writing" when he told her his father told him his mother had been in a cycling accident and that Thomas had to return home that same evening. Furthermore, the day before (Monday 4 April), she had noticed that he seemed "lonely" and had told her that he "would skip classes on Wednesday to come to a music rehearsal," but he did not turn up at the rehearsal, which was "not like him".
- During this week, neighbours hear the family dogs howling for two consecutive nights and then never hear them again.[60]
Wednesday 6 April
- Arthur's girlfriend, who is concerned after not having heard from him, knocks on the door of the family home, where "a light was on on the first floor", but the family's two Labradors do not bark when she knocks.
Thursday 7 April: several witnesses claim to have seen Agnès alive
- Xavier is seen making several return trips from the house to his car, loading the car with large bags.[61] A neighbour also claims to have spoken to Agnès on this day: "On 7 April, I saw Agnès walking her dog. We spoke briefly, then I cut our chat short because I had an important appointment."[62]
- This same neighbour spoke to RTL on condition of anonymity, saying "the newspapers say the autopsies put her death on the 4th [April], but I'm almost convinced I saw her on the evening of Thursday the 7th because I know I didn't have much time to speak to her as I pick up my son from the childminder every Thursday evening."[63][64]
- A report by Anne-Sophie Martin on the programme Envoyé spécial ("Special Correspondent"), which was broadcast on the channel France 2 on 24 October 2013, stated that more than two years after the events, this neighbour was still convinced that she saw Agnes on the 7th. The report revealed another witness who agreed with this: a saleswoman friend of Agnès who stated that she saw her in her shop on either Thursday 7 or Friday 8 April.[65]
- There are similar witness testimonies on a page of a blog set up by Xavier's relatives who claim that he is innocent of the murders.[66]
Friday 8 April
- Xavier writes on the Catholic online forum cite-catholique.org.[67] According to the state prosecutor, he "went online for the last time on 8 April from the IP address of the family home in Nantes."[68]
- He sends an email to his brother-in-law (Christine's husband), saying "everything's fine, Bertram, you'll hear more detailed news soon through Christine. Bye for now. All the best, Xavier."[69]
- A message to Xavier's mother and sister is sent from the family home's IP address. After this was revealed by RTL and Le Figaro on 7 May, the family's lawyer, Stéphane Goldenstein, said "it was sent from their IP address, but what if it was written under duress? Either Xavier killed himself or he was murdered..."
Disappearance and letters to close relatives
Monday 11 April
- Anne and Benoît's school receives a letter signed by Xavier, stating that Anne and Benoît will be leaving the school and the family will be moving to Australia due to "urgent professional changes". The Catholic school where Agnès works receives a resignation letter signed by Agnès, stating the same reason for leaving. The headmaster is unable to reach her by telephone.[70]
- A typed, unsigned letter dated 11 April (the date may have been added afterwards) is sent to Xavier's immediate family. This was revealed by the press on 5 May.[71] In this letter, Xavier explains that after having worked covertly for the American Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the entire family has had to relocate to the United States as part of a Federal Witness Protection Program, and that no one will be able to contact them for a few years. He advises his relatives to circulate reports on social media that the family has in fact moved to Australia. There is no proof that this letter was written by Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès. To this day, results of DNA analysis (if any) are unknown.
- Xavier spends the night of 11 to 12 April at the Hôtel Première Classe in Blagnac, near Toulouse, in south-western France, and pays for his stay by credit card. He then leaves in his Citroën C5.
Tuesday 12 April
- Xavier spends the night of 12 to 13 April at the Auberge de Cassagne in Le Pontet in Vaucluse, in south-eastern France, under the false name of Mr Laurent Xavier. He pays €214.59 by credit card.
Wednesday 13 April
- Neighbours in Nantes become concerned and contact the police. The house's shutters have been closed for more than a week and Agnès's car has been parked outside on the street the entire time.[72]
Thursday 14 April
- Xavier withdraws €30 from an ATM in Roquebrune-sur-Argens in Var, in south-eastern France.[73]
- That evening, he sleeps at the Hotel Formule 1 in the town, where he is captured on film by a surveillance camera - the last known sighting of him.[74]
Friday 15 April
- Xavier checks out of the hotel but abandons his car there.
- 30 kilometres (18 miles) from Roquebrune-sur-Argens, Colette Deromme disappears mysteriously from her villa in Lorgues. Both her car and her keys are left behind. Her body is found a month later. Xavier and Agnès had lived in Lorgues during the 1990s, and two of their children were born there. Investigators explored a potential link between these circumstances but it was concluded that it was a coincidence and that Xavier is not connected to Deromme's disappearance and death.[75]
There has been no trace of Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès, dead or alive, since 15 April 2011.
Investigation into the disappearance; bodies discovered
Tuesday 19 April
- An investigation is opened and immediately unearths Xavier's purchase of the DIY materials.[76]
Thursday 21 April
- A "wanted" notice is issued for the whole family. During the day, investigators discover human remains under the patio in the back garden of the house.[77] The family's two Labrador dogs have also been killed and buried.
- During the night of 21 to 22 April, the metallic-blue Citroën C5 with registration 235 CJG 44 is found in the car park of the Formula 1 Hotel in Roquebrune-sur-Argens by police equipped with an automatic number plate recognition system.[78][79] The whereabouts of a Pontiac, which was also being sought, remain unknown to this day.[80]
- Investigators turn towards a line of inquiry involving a monastery. It is speculated that Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès could have withdrawn to a monastery, where he would be afforded discretion.[81]
Autopsies, funeral and cremation
22 April: autopsies
- According to the autopsies, the victims were drugged and then shot dead with a .22 Long Rifle as they slept.[82] Xavier has a weapon of this calibre, which he inherited from his father three weeks before the murders.[83]
- The prosecutor in Nantes states that he will allow the victims to be buried in the next few days.[84] The surprising speed of this procedure, combined with the fact that relatives were advised not to view the bodies, leads Xavier's relatives to believe that the bodies recovered are not those of Agnès and her children.[85]
- An international arrest warrant is issued to locate Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès, in order to obtain witness testimony from him with regard to the murders.[86]
28 April: funeral
- The family's funeral was held at 2.30 pm at Saint-Félix Church in Nantes. The Dupont de Ligonnès family regularly attended this church, and Benoît was an altar server there. 1,400 people attended the funeral.[87] The family requested a simple ceremony with neither flowers nor wreaths. Significant security was provided for the event. The bodies were cremated after the funeral. The victims were buried on Saturday 30 April at 10.30 am in Noyers-sur-Serein in the Yonne département in east-central France, the place of origin of Agnès's family.[88]
Hunt for Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès
On 29 April, a search was carried out in Var.[89] On 10 May, an international arrest warrant was issued for Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès.[90]
On 23 June, caving experts searched 40 natural caves in a 15-kilometre (10-mile) radius around Roquebrune-sur-Argens.[91]
Media coverage and "cyber-investigation"
Following the disappearance of Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès, and based on elements of the police investigation reported by the media, "hundreds of French Internet users, fascinated by this curious crime, became improvised cyber-investigators and gained great excitement from recreating every digital trace left by Agnès and Xavier" on Facebook.[92]
According to an AFP press release in Le Monde, "administrators of a Catholic website, classified as fundamentalist by the episcopacy, confirmed that Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès was a member of their forum, where in 2010 he asked about the meaning of "sacrifice" and he recently became "aggressive"". Xavier was involved in various theological discussions under several different online identities on the Christian forum La Cité catholique.[93] He was eventually banned from the forum.[94][95] According to a source close to Xavier, he "never stepped foot inside a church".[96] A study published by Bernard Blandre in Mouvements Religieux ("Religious Movements") and later put online states that if Xavier is the murderer, his motives were not religious.[97]
Lines of enquiry
The investigation has been running since 2011 and has led to more than 800 tips, as well as searches that have led to dead ends.
His friends
- Before his disappearance, Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès attempted to regain contact with several old friends. The police in Nantes, under the orders of Judge Robert Tchailian, spent more than two years looking for Claudia, a German woman whom Xavier almost married in the early 1980s, and with whom he had kept in contact.
- On 27 February 2013, German police had planned to launch an appeal for witnesses on the German programme Aktenzeichen XY ungelöst ("Reference Number XY Unsolved") on the German public channel ZDF.[98] This appeal was abandoned when Xavier's sister and brother-in-law noticed that the file included their email addresses, contrary to Germany's very strict privacy laws.[99] According to French prosecutor Brigitte Lamy, information from Germany was handed to French investigators on 16 April 2013 but "added nothing to the file".[100]
American investigation
Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès created Netsurf Concept LLC, a company which was catalogued onto the commercial register in Florida, United States. His advisor was Gérard Corona, a French immigrant and manager of the company Strategy Netcom, which was founded in 1998. Corona specialises in assisting foreigners with administrative and legal procedures in the United States. He also helps his clients to open foreign bank accounts and to obtain anonymous bank cards allowing them to withdraw money anywhere in the world without leaving a trace. It has been theorised that Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès could have used these services in order to disappear.[101]
Searches in the Massif des Maures
- On 9 April 2013, an operation was conducted to find the body of Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès. This led to a major search effort. Investigators, assisted by cave divers, searched the old Pic Martin lead mines in Cannet-des-Maures in Var.[102][103] It was here that Jacques Massié and his family were found murdered in 1981.
- On 2 May 2013, a search was carried out by 50 police officers and firefighters from a unit specialising in searching in dangerous and hard-to-access locations. The search proved fruitless.[104]
Investigators' conclusions
Prosecutor Brigitte Lamy has not reconsidered Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès's status as a suspect and leans towards the belief that he committed suicide. If his body is found and there is no other suspect, the investigation will be closed "by default".[105]
In June 2013, a body was found 20 kilometres (12 miles) from where Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès was last seen. An autopsy was carried out and did not completely exclude the possibility of the body being that of Xavier.[106] The prosecutor in Draguignan, Danielle Drouy-Ayral, stated "at this moment in time, it is not the body of Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès", without providing any more details to explain this declaration.[107]
Bones discovered
On the evening of Tuesday 28 April 2015, a walker discovered bones in a forest in Bagnols-en-Forêt, near Fréjus on the south coast of France, close to where Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès was last seen.[108]
The police made a link with Xavier's disappearance and analysed what appeared to be a survival camp where other objects were discovered, including an empty wallet, a lighter, a pair of glasses, a sleeping bag, a magazine and a bill dating from 2011.[109] A medical pin was also allegedly found in the unknown decedent's forearm. However, as far as the police are aware, Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès did not wear a medical pin in his forearm, even though it is not impossible that he may have been operated on after his disappearance.[110] The magazine that was found seems to date from 2010, preceding Xavier's disappearance in 2011.
On 1 May 2015, the RTL.fr website reported that "DNA obtained from the personal effects around the body discovered on the evening of 28 April in Bagnols-en-Forêt is not that of Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès, but that of another man whose identity is currently unknown."[111]
Note sent to journalist
In mid-July 2015, a Nantes journalist received a photograph, on the back of which is a handwritten note "I'm still alive". The picture shows two of the Dupont de Ligonnès children – Arthur, the oldest and Benoît, the youngest – sitting at a kitchen table. It is not known who took and who sent the picture.[112]
Challenges to the official theory
Emigration theory
Even though Christine de Ligonnès initially doubted the authenticity of the letter of 11 April 2011 (while still claiming her brother's innocence),[113] she began stating to the media in March 2012 that "basically, Xavier and his family left for the United States because their safety was threatened in France. The bodies found under the patio can't be those of Agnès and the children." She believes that "the information leaked to the media originates from sources with an interest in making the family disappear".[114] In 2013, in the blog that she created with her husband, Bertram de Verdun, she mentions an email that her brother wrote to two friends in July 2010. He wrote of "accidents" which may befall his family, and ended with the words: "So I hope that, even after a police investigation, my parents, brothers and sisters will never be led to believe that I intentionally caused these accidents (even if the evidence is strong)."[115]
The family's lawyer's views on the investigation
According to Mr Goldstein (the lawyer for Geneviève Dupont de Ligonnes, the suspect's mother; Christine, his sister; and Bertram de Verdun, Christine's husband), "we don't even know when the victims were killed. The autopsy points to a death between 10 and 21 days before their discovery. Such imprecision is truly astonishing. [...] In reality, nothing is certain in this affair, other than the fact that some bodies were found at 55 boulevard Schuman. [...] Investigations were carried out, but all that they have allowed us to ascertain is that the bodies share the same DNA. No analysis has compared this common DNA with that of Agnès Hodanger. Furthermore, my client confirms that the bodies' heights and weights do not correspond to the known dimensions of the family members. In my opinion, this constitutes negligence during the autopsy. But the autopsy allows Christine and Geneviève to step into the breach. [...] What I also know is that one man alone cannot dig that hole under the patio, even a man blinded by rage and hatred: 2.5 cubic metres [35 cubic feet] of earth were displaced. The affair is based around the idea that Xavier Dupont killed his family before burying them. No other line of inquiry has been explored. I don't know who killed this family. Nothing about their lives helps me understand what could have led them to this situation. That is the conclusion of my clients. Since no one could have killed them, the fact is that they are not dead."[116]
Televised documentaries
At least five documentaries and special reports exploring the case have been aired on French television.
See also
Related articles
- Murder
- Missing person
- United States Federal Witness Protection Program
- List of people who disappeared mysteriously
- John List
References (in French unless otherwise stated)
- ↑ "Dupont de Ligonnès". www.diesbach.com. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Dupont de Ligonnès: la maison du massacre toujours en vente". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès: 55 boulevard Schuman". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes. Le père s'entraînait au tir avec une carabine munie d'un silencieux". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Dupont de Ligonnès". www.diesbach.com. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Geneviève de Ligonnès "était très froide, très directive"". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier de Ligonnès, un profil professionnel très flou". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier de Ligonnès, un profil professionnel très flou". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Le crâne rasé de Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier de Ligonnès, un profil professionnel très flou". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Les métamorphoses de Xavier de Ligonnes". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier de Ligonnès, un profil professionnel très flou". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès, la trajectoire d'un touche-à-tout". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier de Ligonnès, un profil professionnel très flou". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès avait "des revenus relativement faibles"". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier de Ligonnès, un profil professionnel très flou". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Une famille si discrète". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Wikiwix's cache". archive.wikiwix.com. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ RMC. "Votre radio d’opinions : émissions politiques, de société et de sport". RMC. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes. Un internaute découvre que la mère confiait son mal-être sur le web". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Un expert dresse le portrait de Xavier de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ Ané, Claire. "Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès, portraits en famille". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Resultat BAC 2010 Nantes page 141 pour le BAC S, BAC L, BAC ES, BAC STI, BAC SMS, BAC STG, BAC STL, BAC STT, BAC Hotellerie et BAC professionnel. Résultats gratuits et sans inscription - Bankexam.fr". www.bankexam.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes : Arthur, le fils aîné, était étudiant en Vendée". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Resultat BAC 2009 Nantes page 161 pour le BAC S, BAC L, BAC ES, BAC STI, BAC SMS, BAC STG, BAC STL, BAC STT, BAC Hotellerie et BAC professionnel. Résultats gratuits et sans inscription - Bankexam.fr". www.bankexam.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tragédie de Nantes: à Angers, la police s'est rendue au foyer du fils cadet". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Nantes: les Dupont de Ligonnès, une famille sans histoire". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Une famille si discrète". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Le Matin newspaper".
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Drame de Nantes : "Cinq exécutions méthodiques"". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Drame de Nantes : cinq corps exhumés, le père localisé". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Affaire Ligonnès : l'étau se resserre autour du père". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ Zemouri, Marie-Sandrine Sgherri, Aziz. "Les vies cachées d'un voisin si convenable". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Drame de Nantes : "Cinq exécutions méthodiques"". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Le scénario de la tuerie de Nantes se dessine peu à peu". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie à Nantes: le parcours du père se précise". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes. Le père s'entraînait au tir avec une carabine munie d'un silencieux". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Drame de Nantes : le père fréquentait un stand de tir". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "French news website".
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes. Interpol sur la piste de Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Le Monde" (in French).
- ↑ "EXCLU RTL - Le message vocal de Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès à sa soeur". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes : les dates clés de l'affaire". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Des témoignages éclairent les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "La soeur de Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès lui dit de "se rendre à la police"". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Christine Dupont de Ligonnès, seule contre tous à croire en l'innocence de son frère". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Drame de Nantes: dîner père-fils le 4/4". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Drame de Nantes: dîner père-fils le 4/4". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes. Le 4 avril, Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès a dîné avec son fils Thomas, près d’Angers". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Le Figaro article".
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes : Dieu et le 22 long rifle". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Exclu RTL : une autre riveraine a vu Agnès le 5 avril". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Dupont de Ligonnès : Tuerie de Nantes: les certitudes et les zones d'ombre - Société - MYTF1News". MYTF1NEWS. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes : le troublant témoignage d'un ami de Thomas". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Des témoignages éclairent les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Nantes : une ex-petite amie d'un des fils témoigne". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Famille disparue : le père a été vu avec "de gros sacs"". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ Nantes, Marie Quenet, envoyée spéciale à. "Contre-enquête sur l'énigme Ligonnès - leJDD.fr". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Exclu RTL : une autre riveraine a vu Agnès le 5 avril". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Dupont de Ligonnès : Tuerie de Nantes: les certitudes et les zones d'ombre - Société - MYTF1News". MYTF1NEWS. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Envoyé spécial du jeudi 24 octobre 2013". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès: Agnès vue du voisinage après sa "mort officielle"". xavierdupontdeligonnes.blogspot.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes : Ligonnès surfait sur un forum catholique intégriste". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Affaire de Ligonnès : le Sud passé au peigne fin". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Un e-mail de Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès oublié par la police". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "PDF of letter" (PDF).
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Nantes : la voiture du père retrouvée". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Mort de Colette Deromme : la piste du conflit familial et financier". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Nantes : la mère et les quatre enfants exécutés dans leur sommeil". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Le détail de la cavale du père jusque dans le Var". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes : le père s'est-il réfugié dans un monastère ?". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Disparus de Nantes: les derniers jours de la famille Dupont de Ligonnès". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes : les dates clés de l'affaire". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Dupont de Ligonnès : Drame de Nantes : les obsèques devraient avoir lieu jeudi - Société - MYTF1News". MYTF1NEWS. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Et si l'affaire Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès était une vaste supercherie ?". www.midilibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Un mandat d'arrêt international est lancé contre Xavier de Ligonnès". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Press article".
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Drame de Nantes : important dispositif pour les obsèques". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Affaire Dupont de Ligonnès: saura-t-on un jour la vérité?". www.nicematin.com. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Un mandat d'arrêt international est lancé contre Xavier de Ligonnès". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Affaire Dupont de Ligonnès: saura-t-on un jour la vérité?". www.nicematin.com. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Les Inrocks - Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès, la traque sur Facebook". Les Inrocks. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes : Ligonnès surfait sur un forum catholique intégriste". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Tuerie de Nantes : Ligonnès surfait sur un forum catholique intégriste". Le Monde.fr (in French). ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Les obsessions mystiques de Xavier de Ligonnès mises au Net". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Le crâne rasé de Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Accueil Interassociation". www.interassociation.org. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Affaire Dupont De Ligonnès. La piste de Claudia, l'ancienne amante". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Ligonnès : les enquêteurs ont entendu son ex-amie allemande à Munich". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Affaire Dupont de Ligonnès: l'audition de Claudia "n'a rien donné"". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "L'"ami américain" de Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès : de nouveaux repérages dans le Var - Société - MYTF1News". MYTF1NEWS. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Dupont de Ligonnès : reportage sur le site des prochaines fouilles [Photos]". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Affaire Dupont de Ligonnès: Les nouvelles recherches dans le Var n'ont rien donné". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Affaire Dupont de Ligonnès: Les nouvelles recherches dans le Var n'ont rien donné". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès : un corps découvert dans le Var [CARTE]". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ BFMTV. "Le corps retrouvé dans le Var ne serait pas Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "Affaire Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès : des ossements trouvés près de Fréjus...". MidiLibre.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Des ossements découverts près du lieu où s'est volatilisé Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Des ossements découverts près du lieu où s'est volatilisé Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "INFO RTL - L'ADN sur les affaires trouvées n'est pas celui de Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "L'affaire "Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès" relancée par une photo?". Le Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "EXCLU RTL - La soeur de Xavier Dupont de Ligonnès parle sur RTL". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ "French news article".
- ↑ "Affaire Dupont de Ligonnès : La version de la sœur du suspect". Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ↑ Sgherri, Marie-Sandrine. "Affaire Dupont de Ligonnès - Stéphane Goldenstein : "Dans ce dossier, il n'y a aucune certitude"". Retrieved 2015-09-14.