Duluth, Minnesota

Duluth /ˈdʌlʌθ/ is a major port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Saint Louis County. Duluth has a population of 86,110^[5] and is the second-largest city on Lake Superior's shores, after Thunder Bay, Ontario, in Canada; it has the largest metropolitan area on the lake. The Duluth MSA had a population of 279,771 in 2010, the second-largest in Minnesota.

Situated on the north shore of Lake Superior at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes, Duluth is accessible to oceangoing vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles (3,700 km) away via the Great Lakes Waterway and the Saint Lawrence Seaway.^[6]

Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior, Wisconsin, called the Twin Ports. The cities share the Duluth–Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes' largest port, transporting coal, iron ore (taconite), and grain.

A tourist destination for the Midwest, Duluth features the United States' only all-freshwater aquarium, the Great Lakes Aquarium; the Aerial Lift Bridge, which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth–Superior Harbor; and Minnesota Point (known locally as Park Point), the world's longest freshwater baymouth bar, spanning 6 miles (10 km).^[7] The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota's North Shore.^[8]

The city is named for Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, the first known European explorer of the area.

History

Pre-founding

Ojibwe people in the nineteenth century

The Anishinaabe, also known as the Ojibwe or Chippewa, have inhabited the Lake Superior region for more than 500 years. They were preceded by the Dakota, Fox, Menominee, Noquet and Gros Ventre peoples, whom they pushed out of the area. After the arrival of Europeans, the Anishinaabe found a niche as the middlemen between the French fur traders and other Native peoples. They soon became the dominant Indian nation in the region, forcing out the Dakota Sioux and Fox and winning a victory against the Iroquois west of Sault Ste. Marie in 1662. By the mid-18th century, the Ojibwe occupied all of Lake Superior's shores.^[9]^[10]^[11] For both the Ojibwe and the Dakota, interaction with Europeans during the contact period revolved around the fur trade and related activities.^[12]

Ojibwe birch bark canoe – about 1910

The Ojibwe are historically known for their crafting of birch bark canoes, use of copper arrow points, and cultivation of wild rice. In 1745, they adopted guns from the British for use against the Dakota nation of the Sioux, whom they pushed to the south. The Ojibwe Nation was the first to set the agenda with European-Canadian leaders for signing more detailed treaties before many European settlers were allowed too far west.^[13]

Duluth's name in Ojibwe is Onigamiinsing ("at the little portage"), a reference to the small and easy portage across Minnesota Point between Lake Superior and western Saint Louis Bay, which forms Duluth's harbor.^[14] According to Ojibwe oral history, Spirit Island, near the Spirit Valley neighborhood, was the "Sixth Stopping Place", where the northern and southern branches of the Ojibwe Nation came together and proceeded to their "Seventh Stopping Place" near the present city of La Pointe, Wisconsin. The "Stopping Places" were the places the Native Americans occupied during their westward migration as the Europeans overran their territory.^[15]

Exploration and fur trade (1650–1850)

Beaver-felt hat, fashionable across much of Europe from 1550 to 1850 because the soft yet resilient material could be easily combed to make a variety of hat shapes, including the familiar top hat

Several factors brought fur traders to the Great Lakes in the early 17th century. The fashion for beaver hats in Europe generated demand for pelts. French trade for beaver in the lower Saint Lawrence River had led to the depletion of the animals in that region by the late 1630s, so the French searched farther west for new resources and new routes, making alliances with the Native Americans along the way to trap and deliver their furs.

Étienne Brûlé is credited with the European discovery of Lake Superior before 1620. Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers explored the Duluth area, Fond du Lac (Bottom of the Lake) in 1654 and again in 1660. The French soon established fur posts near Duluth and in the far north where Grand Portage became a major trading center. The French explorer Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, whose name is sometimes anglicized as "DuLuth", explored the Saint Louis River in 1679.

After 1792 and the independence of the United States, the North West Company established several posts on Minnesota rivers and lakes, and in areas to the west and northwest, for trading with the Ojibwe, the Dakota, and other native tribes. The first post was where Superior, Wisconsin, later developed. Known as Fort Saint Louis, the post became the headquarters for North West's new Fond du Lac Department. It had stockaded walls, two houses of 40 feet each, a shed of 60 feet, a large warehouse, and a canoe yard. Over time, Indian peoples and European Americans settled nearby, and a town gradually developed at this point.

Ruins of old Fond du Lac trading post, as they appeared in 1907

In 1808, the American Fur Company was organized by German-born John Jacob Astor. The company began trading at the Head of the Lakes in 1809. In 1817, it erected a new headquarters at present-day Fond du Lac on the Saint Louis River. There, portages connected Lake Superior with Lake Vermillion to the north, and with the Mississippi River to the south. After creating a powerful monopoly, Astor got out of the business about 1830, as the trade was declining. But active trade was carried on until the failure of the fur trade in the 1840s. European fashions had changed and many American areas were getting over-trapped, with game declining.

Two Treaties of Fond du Lac were signed by natives with the United States in the present neighborhood of Fond du Lac in 1826 and 1847, by which the Ojibwe ceded land to the American government. As part of the Treaty of Washington (1854) with the Lake Superior Band of Chippewa, the United States set aside the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation upstream from Duluth near Cloquet, Minnesota. The Ojibwe population was moved there.

Permanent settlement

Minnesota Point from the hill above Duluth in 1875

View in the city of Duluth, Minnesota—Superior Street, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views ~ Circa 1885

As European Americans continued to settle and encroach on Ojibwe lands, the U.S. government made a series of treaties, executed between 1837 and 1889, that expropriated vast areas of tribal lands for their use and relegated the Native American peoples to a number of small reservations.^[12] Interest in the area was piqued in the 1850s by rumors of copper mining. A government land survey in 1852, followed by a treaty with local tribes in 1854, secured wilderness for gold-seeking explorers, sparked a land rush, and led to the development of iron ore mining in the area.^[16]

Around the same time, newly constructed channels and locks in the East permitted large ships to access the area. A road connecting Duluth to the Twin Cities was also constructed. Eleven small towns on both sides of the Saint Louis River were formed, establishing Duluth's roots as a city.

By 1857, copper resources were scarce and the area's economic focus shifted to timber harvesting. A nationwide financial crisis, the Panic of 1857, caused most of the city's early pioneers to leave. A history of Duluth written in 1910 relates, "Of the handful remaining in 1859 four men were unemployed and one of those was a brewer. Capital idea; build a brewery. The absence of malt and hops and barley did not at all embarrass those stout-hearted settlers."^[17] The water for brewing was obtained from a stream that emptied into Lake Superior that came to be called Brewery Creek, as it is still known today. While the brewery “was not a pecuniary success”, a few decades later it became the Fitger Brewing Company.^[18]

The opening of the canal at Sault Ste. Marie in 1855 and the contemporaneous announcement of the railroads' approach had made Duluth the only port with access to both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Soon the lumber industry, railroads and mining were all growing so quickly that the influx of workers could hardly keep up with demand, and storefronts popped up almost overnight. By 1868, business in Duluth was booming. In a Fourth of July speech Dr. Thomas Preston Foster, the founder of Duluth's first newspaper, coined the expression "The Zenith City of the Unsalted Seas".

A statue of Jay Cooke by Henry Shrady is located in Jay Cooke Plaza near the intersection of 9th Avenue East and Superior Street in Duluth, Minnesota.

In 1869–70, Duluth was the fastest-growing city in the country and was expected to surpass Chicago in only a few years. When Jay Cooke, a wealthy Philadelphia land speculator, convinced the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad to create an extension from St. Paul to Duluth, the railroad opened areas due north and west of Lake Superior to iron ore mining. Duluth's population on New Year's Day of 1869 consisted of 14 families; by the Fourth of July, 3,500 people were present to celebrate.

In the first Duluth Minnesotian printed on August 24, 1869, the editor placed the following notice on the editorial page:

"Newcomers should comprehend that Duluth is at present a small place, and hotel and boarding room accommodation is extremely limited. However, lumber is cheap and shanties can be built. Everyone should bring blankets and come prepared to rough it at first."^[19]

In 1873, Cooke's empire crumbled and the stock market crashed, and Duluth almost disappeared from the map. But by the late 1870s, with the continued boom in lumber and mining and with the railroads completed, Duluth bloomed again. By the turn of the century, it had almost 100,000 inhabitants, and was again a thriving community with small-business loans, commerce and trade flowing through the city. Mining continued in the Mesabi Range and iron was shipped east to mills in Ohio, a trade continuing into the 20th century.

Panoramic view, c. 1898

"The Untold Delights of Duluth"

Early doubts about the Duluth area's potential were voiced in "The Untold Delights of Duluth," a speech U.S. Representative J. Proctor Knott of Kentucky gave in the U.S. House of Representatives on January 27, 1871. His speech opposing the St. Croix and Superior Land Grant lampooned Western boosterism, portraying Duluth as an Eden in fantastically florid terms. The speech has been reprinted in collections of folklore and humorous speeches and is regarded as a classic.^[20] The nearby city of Proctor, Minnesota, is named for Knott.

Duluth's unofficial sister city, Duluth, Georgia, was named by Evan P. Howell in humorous reference to Knott's speech. Originally called Howell's Crossroads in honor of his grandfather, Evan Howell, the town had just had a railroad completed to it in 1871 and the "Delights of Duluth" speech was still popular.

Proctor Knott is sometimes credited with characterizing Duluth as the "zenith city of the unsalted seas," but the honor for that coinage belongs to journalist Thomas Preston Foster, speaking at a Fourth of July picnic in 1868.^[21]

Twentieth century

Superior Street, Circa 1900

Chester Terrace, built in 1890

During the 20th century, the Port of Duluth was for a time the busiest port in the United States, surpassing even New York City in gross tonnage.^[22] Lake freighters carried iron ore through the Great Lakes to processing plants in Illinois and Ohio. Ten newspapers, six banks and an 11-story skyscraper, the Torrey Building, were founded and built.^[23] As of 1905, Duluth was said to be home to the most millionaires per capita in the United States.^[24]

In 1907, U.S. Steel announced that it would build a $5 million plant in the area. Although steel production did not begin until 1915, predictions held that Duluth's population would rise to 200,000–300,000. Along with the Duluth Works steel plant, US Steel developed Morgan Park, as a company town for steel workers. It is now a city neighborhood within Duluth.

The Diamond Calk Horseshoe Company was founded in 1908 and later became a major manufacturer and exporter of wrenches and automotive tools. Duluth's huge wholesale Marshall Wells Hardware Company expanded in 1901 by opening branches in Portland, Oregon, and Winnipeg, Manitoba; the company catalog totaled 2,390 pages by 1913. The Duluth Showcase Company, which later became the Duluth Refrigerator Company and then the Coolerator Company, was established in 1908. The Universal Atlas Cement Company, which made cement from the slag byproduct of the steel plant, began operations in 1917.

Immigration

Because of its numerous jobs in mining and industry, the city was a destination for large waves of immigrants from Europe during the early 20th century. It became the center of one of the largest Finnish communities in the world outside Finland.^[25] For decades, a Finnish-language daily newspaper, Päivälehti, was published in the city; it was named after the former Grand Duchy of Finland's pro-independence leftist paper. The Finnish community of Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) members published a widely read labor newspaper Industrialisti. From 1907 to 1941, the Finnish Socialist Federation and then the IWW operated Work People's College, an educational institution that taught classes from a working-class, socialist perspective. Immigrants from Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Ireland, England, Italy, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine, Romania, and Russia also settled in Duluth.^[26]Today, people of Scandinavian descent constitute a strong plurality of Duluth's population, accounting for more than one third of the residents identifying European ancestry.

Duluth lynchings

In September 1918, at the beginning of U.S. involvement in the Great War, a group calling itself the Knights of Liberty dragged Finnish immigrant Olli Kinkkonen from his boarding house, tarred and feathered him, and lynched him. Kinkkonen did not want to fight in World War I and had planned to return to Finland. His body was found two weeks later hanging in a tree in Duluth's Lester Park.^[27]

Another lynching in Duluth occurred on June 15, 1920, when three innocent black male circus workers: Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie, were attacked by a white mob and hanged after allegedly raping a teenage white girl. The Duluth lynchings took place on First Street and Second Avenue East. In the late 20th century, journalist Michael Fedo wrote The Lynchings in Duluth (1970), which began to raise awareness of the event. Community members from many different groups began to come together for reflection and education. The men's unmarked graves were located and in 1991, gravestones were erected with funding from a local church. Vigils were held at the intersection where the men were lynched. In 2000, a grassroots committee was formed, and began to offer speakers to groups and schools. It decided to commemorate the event with a memorial. The Clayton Jackson McGhie Memorial, which includes a corner wall and plaza, was dedicated in 2003. It includes three 7-foot (2.1 m)-tall bronze statues of the three men. The CJMM Committee continues to work for racial justice through educational outreach, community forums, and scholarships for youth.^[28]

1918 Cloquet Fire

In 1918, the Cloquet Fire (named for the nearby city of Cloquet) burned across Carlton and southern Saint Louis counties, destroying dozens of communities in the Duluth area. The fire was the worst natural disaster in Minnesota history in terms of the number of lives lost in a single day. Many people died on the rural roads surrounding the Duluth area, and historical accounts tell of victims dying while trying to outrun the fire. The News Tribune reported, "It is estimated that 100 families were rendered homeless by Saturday's fire in the territory known as the Woodland District... In most cases, families which lost their homes also lost most or all of their furniture and personal belongings, the limited time and transportation facilities affording little opportunity for saving anything but human life."^[29] The National Guard unit based in Duluth was mobilized in a heroic effort to battle the fire and assist victims, but the troops were overwhelmed by the enormity of the fire.

Retired Duluth News Tribune columnist and journalist Jim Heffernan^[30] writes that his mother "recalled an overnight vigil watching out the window of their small home on lower Piedmont Avenue with her father, her younger sisters having gone to sleep, ready to be evacuated to the waterfront should the need arise. The fire never made it that far down the hill, but devastated what is now Piedmont Heights, and, of course, a widespread area of Northeastern Minnesota."^[31] In the fire's aftermath, tens of thousands of people were left injured or homeless; many of the refugees fled into the city for aid and shelter.^[32]

Continued growth

Duluth Ore Docks and freighters circa 1900 - 1915

The Aerial Bridge, ca.1920 (before it was converted to an aerial lift bridge)

For the first half of the 20th century, Duluth was an industrial port boom town dominated by its several grain elevators, a cement plant, a nail mill, wire mills, and the Duluth Works plant. Handling and export of iron ore, brought in from the Mesabi Range, was integral to the city's economy, as well as to the steel industry in the Midwest, including in manufacturing cities in Ohio.

The Aerial Lift Bridge (earlier known as the "Aerial Bridge" or "Aerial Ferry Bridge") was built in 1905 and at that time was known as the United States' first transporter bridge--only one other was ever constructed in the country.^[33] In 1929–30, the span was converted to a vertical lift bridge (also rather uncommon). The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

In 1916, after Europe had entered the Great War (World War I), a shipyard was constructed on the Saint Louis River. A new workers neighborhood, today known as Riverside, developed around the large operation. Similar industrial expansions took place during the Second World War, as Duluth's large harbor and the area's vast natural resources were put to work for the war effort. Tankers and submarine chasers (usually called "sub-chasers") were built at the Riverside shipyard. The population of Duluth continued to grow in the postwar decade and a half, peaking at 107,884 in 1960.

Economic decline

Canal Park with approaching ship and lift bridge in background

Economic decline began in the 1950s, when high-grade iron ore ran out on the Iron Range north of Duluth; ore shipments from the Duluth harbor had been critical to the city's economy. Low-grade ore (taconite) shipments continued, boosted by new taconite pellet technology, but ore shipments were lower overall.

In the 1970s America experienced a steel crisis, a recession in the global steel market, and like many American cities Duluth entered a period of industrial restructuring. In 1981, US Steel closed its Duluth Works plant, a blow to the city's economy whose effects included the closure of the cement company, which had depended on the steel plant for raw materials (slag). More closures followed in other industries, including shipbuilding and heavy machinery. By decade's end, unemployment rates hit 15 percent. The economic downturn was particularly hard on Duluth's West Side, where ethnic Eastern and Southern European workers had lived for decades.

Duluth and the surrounding area from the Enger Tower in 2004.

Canal Park Lakewalk carriage ride in May

With the decline of the city's industrial core, the local economic focus gradually shifted to tourism. The downtown area was renovated to emphasize its pedestrian character: streets were paved with red brick; and skywalks and retail shops were added. The city and developers used the unique architectural character, converting old warehouses along the waterfront into cafés, shops, restaurants, and hotels. These changes developed the new Canal Park as a trendy tourism-oriented district. The city's population, which had been declining since 1960, has stabilized at around 85,000.

At the beginning of the 21st century, Duluth has become a regional epicenter for banking, retail shopping, and medical care for northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and northwestern Michigan. It is estimated that more than 8,000 jobs in Duluth are directly related to its two hospitals. Arts and entertainment offerings, as well as year-round recreation and the natural environment, have contributed to expansion of the tourist industry. Some 3.5 million visitors each year contribute more than $400 million to the local economy.

Geography

Minnesota Point or Park Point

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 87.43 square miles (226.44 km²); 67.79 square miles (175.58 km²) is land and 19.64 square miles (50.87 km²) is water.^[1] It is Minnesota's second-largest city by land area, surpassed only by Hibbing. Of its 87.3 square miles (226 km²), 68 square miles (180 km²), or 77.89%, is land and 19.3 square miles (50 km²), or 22.11%, is water. Duluth's canal connects Lake Superior to the Duluth–Superior harbor and the Saint Louis River. It is spanned by the Aerial Lift Bridge, which connects Canal Park with Minnesota Point ("Park Point").^[34] Minnesota Point is about 7 miles long, and when included with adjacent Wisconsin Point, which extends 3 miles from the city of Superior, Wisconsin, is the largest freshwater baymouth bar in the world at a total of 10 miles.^[35]

Steep First Avenue East viewed from the Lakewalk in Canal Park

Minnesota Point from Incline Railway, Ca 1900

Duluth's topography is dominated by a steep hillside that climbs from Lake Superior to high inland elevations. Duluth has been called "the San Francisco of the Midwest," alluding to San Francisco's similar water-to-hilltop topography. This similarity was most evident before World War II, when Duluth had a network of streetcars and an inclined railroad, the 7th Avenue West Incline Railway, that, like San Francisco's cable cars, climbed a steep hill. The change in elevation is illustrated by Duluth's two airports. The weather station at Sky Harbor Airport on Park Point has an elevation of 607 feet (185 m), while Duluth International Airport, atop the hill, is 820 feet higher at 1,427 feet (435 m).^[36]

Even as the city has grown, its populace has tended to hug Lake Superior's shoreline, so Duluth is primarily a southwest–northeast city. The considerable development on the hill has given Duluth many steep streets. Some neighborhoods, such as Piedmont Heights and Bayview Heights, are atop the hill with scenic views of the city. Skyline Parkway is a scenic roadway that extends from Becks Road above the Gary – New Duluth neighborhood near the western end of the city to the Lester Park neighborhood on the east side. It crosses nearly Duluth's entire length and affords views of Lake Superior, the Aerial Lift Bridge, Canal Park, and the many industries that inhabit the largest inland port.

A rapidly developing part of the city is Miller Hill Mall and the adjacent big-box retailer shopping strip "over the hill" along the Miller Trunk Highway corridor. The 2009–10 road reconstruction project in Duluth's Miller Hill area improved movement through the U.S. Highway 53 corridor from Trinity Road to Maple Grove Road. The highway project reconstructed connector roads, intersections, and adjacent roadways. A new international airport terminal was completed in 2013 as part of the federal government's Stimulus Reconstruction Program.

Geological history

Lake Superior agate found on the shore of Lake Superior in Duluth

The geology of Duluth demonstrates the Midcontinent Rift, formed as the North American continent (Laurentia) began to split apart about 1.1 billion years ago. Continental rifting is a recurring process in the history of the earth that leads to break-up of continents and the formation of ocean basins. In the Lake Superior region, the upwelling of molten rock may have been the result of a hot spot that produced a dome over the Lake Superior area. As the earth's crust thinned, magma rose toward the surface. When insulated by overlying roof rock, the upwelling magma cooled slowly, and is therefore coarse-grained. These intrusions formed a sill some 16 km thick, primarily of gabbro, which is known as the Duluth Complex. In the areas where the rising magma erupted to the surface and cooled rapidly, basalt, the extrusive equivalent of gabbro, was formed.^[37]

The Duluth area displays all elements of these geological events. The lava flows that erupted forming basalt are exposed along the shore northeastward from downtown and at Leif Erickson Park. The deeply-formed igneous intrusions of the Duluth Complex can be seen at Enger Tower, which is built on a knob of exposed gabbro.^[37]

The lava flows formed the conditions for the creation of Lake Superior agates. As the lava solidified, gas trapped within the flows formed an amygdaloidal texture (literally, rock filled with small vesicles). Later, groundwater transported dissolved minerals through the vesicles depositing concentric bands of fine-grained quartz called chalcedony. The color scheme is caused by the concentration of iron present in the groundwater at the time that each new layer was being deposited. The process went on until the cavity had been completely filled. Over time erosion freed the agates from the solidified lava, which is not as hard as quartz.

The creation of the Lake Superior basin reflects the erosive power of continental glaciers that advanced and retreated over Minnesota several times in the past 2 million years. Lake Superior was shaped by the geology of the Midcontinent Rift. The mile-thick ice sheets easily eroded the loosely cemented sandstone that filled the axis of the rift valley, but encountered more resistance from the igneous rocks forming the flanks of the rift, now the margins of the lake basin. In the final retreat of the ice from the Lake Superior basin about 11,000 years ago, meltwaters filled the rift's scoured-out sandy core. As the last glacier retreated, meltwaters filled the lake to as high as 500 feet above the current level; the Skyline Parkway roughly follows one of the highest levels of the ancient Lake Superior, Glacial Lake Duluth.^[37]

The sandstone that buried the igneous rocks of the rift is exposed near Fond du Lac. At one time a large number of quarries produced the stone, sold as Fond du Lac or Lake Superior brownstone. It was widely used in Duluth buildings and also shipped to Minneapolis, Chicago, and Milwaukee, where it was also used extensively. The weathered sandstone forms the sandy lake bottom and shores of Park Point.^[37]

Climate

Spring blizzard, March 2007

Duluth has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), slightly moderated by its proximity to Lake Superior. Winters are long, snowy, and very cold, normally seeing maximum temperatures remaining below 32 °F (0 °C) on 106 days (the second-most of any city in the contiguous US behind International Falls), falling to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 40–41 nights and bringing consistent snow cover from late November to late March.^[38] Winter storms that pass south or east of Duluth can often set up easterly or northeasterly flow, which leads to occasional upslope lake-effect snow events that bring a foot (30 cm) or more of snow to the city while areas 50 miles (80 km) inland receive considerably less. The average annual snowfall is 81.5 in. The lake steams in the winter when moist, lake-warmed air at the surface rises and cools, losing some of its moisture-carrying capacity.^[39]

Duluth has been called "The Air-Conditioned City" because of the summertime cooling effect of Lake Superior. Using data on the minimum monthly temperature between 1981 and 2010, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration developed a "Comparative Climatic Data" report. With an average monthly minimum temperature of 1.5 F and an average monthly maximum temperature of 55.4 F, Duluth was found to be the fifth-coldest city in the United States.^[40]

Summers are warm, though nights are generally cool, with daytime temperatures averaging 76 °F (24 °C) in July, with the same figure over 80 °F (26.7 °C) inland. Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on only 2 days per year, while the city has officially only seen 100 °F (38 °C) temperatures on 3 days, all in July 1936, part of the Dust Bowl years.^[38] The phrase "cooler by the lake" can be heard often in weather forecasts during the summer, especially on days when an easterly wind is expected. Great local variations are also common because of the rapid change in elevation between the nearly 900-foot hilltop and shoreside. Often this variation manifests itself as snow at the Miller Hill Mall while rain falls in Canal Park.^[39]

The record low temperature in Duluth is −41 °F (−41 °C), set on January 2, 1885, and the record high temperature is 106 °F (41 °C), set on July 13, 1936. On average, the first freezing temperature occurs on September 25, and the last on May 25, though a freezing temperature has occurred in August; the average window for measurable (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) snowfall is October 21 thru April 23.^[38]

Climate data for Duluth Int'l, Minnesota (1981–2010 normals,^{[lower-alpha 1]} extremes 1871–present^{[lower-alpha 2]})
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	55 (13)	58 (14)	81 (27)	88 (31)	95 (35)	97 (36)	106 (41)	97 (36)	95 (35)	86 (30)	73 (23)	56 (13)	106 (41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	38.8 (3.8)	43.3 (6.3)	55.0 (12.8)	71.9 (22.2)	80.9 (27.2)	85.4 (29.7)	88.7 (31.5)	86.7 (30.4)	81.7 (27.6)	72.4 (22.4)	54.7 (12.6)	39.5 (4.2)	90.2 (32.3)
Average high °F (°C)	18.9 (−7.3)	24.0 (−4.4)	34.4 (1.3)	49.2 (9.6)	62.2 (16.8)	70.8 (21.6)	76.3 (24.6)	74.3 (23.5)	65.0 (18.3)	51.5 (10.8)	35.6 (2)	22.3 (−5.4)	48.71 (9.28)
Average low °F (°C)	1.5 (−16.9)	6.1 (−14.4)	17.5 (−8.1)	30.0 (−1.1)	40.6 (4.8)	49.3 (9.6)	55.4 (13)	54.4 (12.4)	46.1 (7.8)	34.8 (1.6)	21.9 (−5.6)	7.3 (−13.7)	30.41 (−0.88)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	−23.2 (−30.7)	−19.4 (−28.6)	−8 (−22)	13.9 (−10.1)	27.8 (−2.3)	36.6 (2.6)	43.2 (6.2)	42.1 (5.6)	30.9 (−0.6)	20.6 (−6.3)	2.1 (−16.6)	−16.7 (−27.1)	−26.1 (−32.3)
Record low °F (°C)	−41 (−41)	−39 (−39)	−29 (−34)	−5 (−21)	16 (−9)	27 (−3)	35 (2)	32 (0)	23 (−5)	6 (−14)	−29 (−34)	−35 (−37)	−41 (−41)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	0.96 (24.4)	0.81 (20.6)	1.49 (37.8)	2.43 (61.7)	3.23 (82)	4.23 (107.4)	3.85 (97.8)	3.70 (94)	4.11 (104.4)	2.85 (72.4)	2.09 (53.1)	1.21 (30.7)	30.96 (786.4)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	19.4 (49.3)	12.4 (31.5)	13.2 (33.5)	6.9 (17.5)	0.4 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.1 (0.3)	2.3 (5.8)	13.7 (34.8)	17.7 (45)	86.1 (218.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.3	8.5	9.7	10.6	12.3	12.6	11.8	10.8	12.3	11.3	10.7	10.5	131.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	12.9	10.1	8.7	4.6	0.5	0	0	0	0.1	2.0	8.9	12.8	60.6
Average relative humidity (%)	72.0	69.8	69.3	63.6	62.7	69.5	70.9	74.5	75.7	71.4	74.9	76.3	70.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours	132.7	149.7	190.7	229.5	263.5	272.8	307.5	261.8	194.0	150.4	98.5	102.3	2,353.4
Percent possible sunshine	47	52	52	56	57	58	64	60	51	44	35	38	53
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)^[38]^[41]^[42]

2012 flooding

From June 19–20, 2012, Duluth suffered the worst flood in its history, caused by nine inches of rain throughout the course of thirty hours.^[43] Combined with its rocky sediments, hard soil and 43 streams and creeks, the city could not handle the massive rainfall.^[44] Mayor Don Ness declared a state of emergency, asking for national assistance.^[45] Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton declared a state of emergency, sending the National Guard and the Red Cross to assist in the relief efforts.^[46] Several sinkholes opened throughout the city, causing massive damage to property and vehicles.^[47] Several feet of standing water accumulated in many city alleys and parking lots.^[48] Streets were turned into rapids and many roads split apart due to the heavy flow of water.^[49]^[50] A portion of West Skyline Parkway tumbled down the hill, isolating a neighborhood.^[51] The Saint Louis River, in Duluth's Fond du Lac neighborhood, flooded Highway 23, isolating that neighborhood as well, and damaging roadways and bridges.^[52]

The Lake Superior Zoo flooded in the early hours of June 20; eleven barnyard animals, a turkey vulture, a raven and a snowy owl drowned.^[53] The rising waters enabled a polar bear to escape her exhibit, though she was quickly found on zoo grounds, tranquilized and moved to safety. Two harbor seals escaped the zoo grounds but were later found on Grand Avenue. All three animals were moved to Como Park Zoo in Saint Paul for a temporary, but indeterminate, amount of time.^[54]^[55]^[56] The polar bear was transferred to the Kansas City Zoo in late 2012 as part of the American Zoological Association's (AZA) Species Survival Program breeding recommendation.

2012 tornado

Duluth has always been considered a 'safe haven' from tornadoes, considering its latitude and location next to the climate-moderating Lake Superior. However, on August 9, 2012 at around 11 AM, a tornado touched down on Minnesota Point. It had originally started as a waterspout in Superior Bay, two miles from Sky Harbor Airport, but briefly found its way onto the sandbar's shoreline, making it an 'official' tornado. It quickly dissipated, but soon touched down again on Barker's Island, where it again quickly dissipated. It caused no serious damage, as it was a very weak tornado, scoring only EF0 on the Fujita Scale. At the time the National Weather Service reported that it was Duluth's first tornado. Further investigation showed that more than 50 years ago, on May 26, 1958, Duluth had a "miniature tornado" that collapsed a garage and damaged two area lake cabins. It lasted only five minutes. The News-Tribune reported a possible twister on July 11, 1935: "Swirling into the city on the wings of a torrential rain, a miniature tornado struck in the heart of the Gary-New Duluth district shortly before 8 a.m. yesterday, flattening a row of coal sheds (and) a frame garage and causing general damage to trees in the vicinity. The United States weather bureau had no means of officially recording the twister, the high wind having limited itself to the Gary-New Duluth district."^[57]^[58]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1860	71		—
1870	3,129		4,307.0%
1880	3,483		11.3%
1890	33,115		850.8%
1900	52,969		60.0%
1910	78,466		48.1%
1920	98,917		26.1%
1930	101,453		2.6%
1940	101,065		−0.4%
1950	104,511		3.4%
1960	107,312		2.7%
1970	100,578		−6.3%
1980	92,811		−7.7%
1990	85,493		−7.9%
2000	86,918		1.7%
2010	86,265		−0.8%
Est. 2016	86,293	^[3]	0.0%
U.S. Decennial Census^[59] 2015 Estimate^[5]

2010 census

As of the census^[2] of 2010, there were 86,265 people, 35,705 households, and 18,680 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,272.5 inhabitants per square mile (491.3/km²). There were 38,208 housing units at an average density of 563.6 per square mile (217.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.4% White, 2.3% African American, 2.5% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 35,705 households of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.7% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 33.6 years. 18.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 19.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 35,500 households and 19,918 families in the city. The population density was 1,278.1/sq mi (493.5/km²). There were 36,994 housing units at an average density of 544.0/sq mi (210.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.7% White, 1.6% Black or African American, 2.4% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. 1.1% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. Residents identified as being of the following European ancestries: 23.6% German, 16.8% Norwegian, 15.3% Swedish, 10.6% Irish, 7.1% Polish, 7.0% English, 6.0% Finnish, 5.1% Italian, 3.2% Scottish or Scots-Irish, 1.5% Danish, and 0.4% Welsh according. Thus, slightly more than one-third of Duluth's residents were of Scandinavian (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish or Danish) ancestry.

Among Duluth's households, 26.6% had children under 18, 41.4% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.9% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were one-person households, and 13.3% had someone 65 or older living alone. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 21.3% under the age of 18, 16.2% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 89.7 males.

Duluth's median household income was $33,766; median family income was $46,394. Males had a median income of $35,182, females $24,965. The per capita income was $18,969. About 8.6% of families and 15.5% of all residents were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under 18 and 9.5% of those 65 or over.

Government

The Gerald W. Heaney Federal Building-Courthouse and Custom House near the Saint Louis County Courthouse, photo in 1930

Duluth is in Minnesota's 8th congressional district, represented by Rick Nolan of the Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. It has a Mayor–Council form of government. The mayor is Emily Larson, who took office in 2016. The City Administration makes policy proposals to a nine-member City Council. Duluth's five representational districts are divided into 36 precincts. Each district elects its own councilor. There are also four at-large councilors, representing the entire city. The City Council elects a president who presides at meetings.

The city is the heart of the state's 7th legislative district, represented in the Minnesota Senate by Roger Reinert and in the Minnesota House of Representatives by Jennifer Schultz (District 7A) and Erik Simonson (District 7B), all members of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, which has long dominated the city's politics.

Fire department

The city of Duluth is protected by 132 paid, professional firefighters of the city of Duluth Fire Department.^[60] The Duluth Fire Department responded to 12,231 fire and emergency medical calls in 2015.

The Duluth Fire Department operates out of 8 fire stations throughout the city, under the command of an Assistant Chief, Squad 251. The department also operates a fire apparatus fleet of six engines, one tower ladder, two quints, one medium-duty rescue, two light medical response vehicles, and numerous other special, support, and reserve units.

Fire station locations and apparatus
Station	Engine company	Truck company	Special unit	Command unit	Address
Station 1 – Downtown	Engine 1	Tower 1	Rescue 1, Confined Space Rescue Trailer, Water Rescue Boat, UTV	Squad 251	602 W. 2nd Street
Station 2 – Lincoln Park	Engine 2	(Truck 2 Reserve)	CAT 31 (Haz Mat)		2627 W. Superior Street
Station 4 – UMD		Quint 4	Squad 244 (Medical Response)		425 W. College Street
Station 6 – Lakeside	Engine 6				1031 N. 51st Avenue East
Station 7 – Duluth Heights	Engine 7		Squad 234 (Brush Truck)		1419 Maple Grove Road
Station 8 – Spirit Valley		Quint 8	Squad 248 (Medical Response), Water Rescue Boat, ATV		5830 Grand Avenue
Station 10 – Gary–New Duluth	Engine 10				1106 Commonwealth Avenue
Station 11 – Woodland	Engine 11				3501 Woodland Avenue

Economy

The Str. American Victory (then, the Middletown) passing beneath Duluth's aerial lift bridge

Duluth is the major regional center for health care, higher education, retail, and business services not only of its own immediate area but also of a larger area encompassing northeastern Minnesota, northwestern Wisconsin, and the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It is also a major transportation center for the transshipment of coal, taconite, agricultural products, steel, limestone, and cement. In recent years it has seen strong growth in the transshipment of wind turbine components coming and going from manufacturers in both Europe and North Dakota and of oversized industrial machinery manufactured all around the world and destined for the tar sands oil extraction projects in northern Alberta.

Duluth has attracted several new engineering firms including TKDA, Barr Engineering, LHB, Enbridge and Lake Superior Consulting.

Duluth is also a center for aquatic biology and aquatic science. The city is home to the EPA's Mid-Continent Ecology Division Laboratory and the University of Minnesota–Duluth. These institutions have spawned many economically and scientifically important businesses that support Duluth's economy. A short list of these businesses include ERA laboratories, LimnoLogic, the ASci Corporation, Environmental Consulting and Testing, and Ecolab.

The city is popular for tourism. Duluth is a convenient base for trips to the scenic North Shore via Highway 61 and to fishing and wilderness destinations in Minnesota's far north, including the Superior National Forest and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Tourists also may drive on the North Shore Scenic Drive to Gooseberry Falls State Park, Baptism Falls (Minnesota's largest waterfall), the vertical cliff of Palisade Head, Isle Royale National Park (reached via ferry), Grand Portage National Monument in Grand Portage, and High Falls of the Pigeon River (on the Canada–US border). Thunder Bay, Ontario, can be reached by following the highway into Canada along Lake Superior.

In 2006, a volunteer task force was formed to manage the spiraling retiree health care benefit obligations that were threatening to bankrupt the city. Mayor Don Ness called it “the single most important volunteer effort in our city’s history.” After reforming and restructuring the benefits and a court case that went all the way to the Minnesota Supreme Court, in 2013 the liability stood at an estimated $191 million.^[61] In 2014, the mayor announced "a full solution for the retiree health care issue that once threatened to bankrupt our city.”^[62]

Aviation

The Benoist XIV (Lark of Duluth) on Lake Erie in 1914

In the summer of 1913, the world's first heavier-than-air airline service opened in the form of a biplane flying boat named Lark of Duluth, offering joyrides over the Duluth harbor. Not a commercial success, the flights ended later that summer when the designer of the aircraft's engine crashed it. After being purchased and used for scheduled flights in Florida, the plane returned to Duluth and other locations for passenger flights in 1914, until it was ultimately damaged in a hard landing later that year in California and pronounced unsalvageable. A replica of the 1913 Lark of Duluth was constructed and flown by the Duluth Aviation Institute in 2013, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of commercial aviation.^[63]

Several multinational aviation corporations operate near Duluth. Since 1994, the city has been home to the headquarters and main manufacturing facility of Cirrus Aircraft,^[64] whose 1,000-plus employees build the world's best-selling general aviation airplane, the SR22, and the world's first single-engine personal jet, the Vision SF50.^[65]^[66] In 2012, another aircraft manufacturer, Kestrel Aircraft, maker of the K-350 turboprop plane and now known as ONE Aviation, moved to the Twin Ports.^[67] Later that year, AAR Corp opened an aircraft repair and maintenance facility at the Duluth airport.^[68]

In January 2013, the Duluth International Airport opened a state-of-the-art terminal.

The Air Force chose the 148th Air National Guard based in Duluth as one of a handful of National Guard units to establish an Active Association, bringing new active-duty Air Force jobs to the region.^[69]

Transportation

The John Blatnik Bridge looking towards Superior, Wisconsin.

The Duluth area marks the northern endpoint of Interstate Highway 35, which stretches south to Laredo, Texas. U.S. Highways that serve the area are U.S. Highway 53, which stretches from La Crosse, Wisconsin, to International Falls, Minnesota, and U.S. Highway 2, which stretches from Everett, Washington, to St. Ignace, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The southwestern part of the city has Thompson Hill, where travelers entering Duluth on I-35 can see most of Duluth, including the Aerial Lift Bridge and the waterfront. There are two freeway connections from Duluth to Superior. U.S. Highway 2 provides a connection into Superior via the Richard I. Bong Memorial Bridge; and Interstate 535 is concurrent with U.S. 53 over the John Blatnik Bridge.

The John Blatnik Bridge looking across the harbor towards Duluth at night.

Many state highways serve the area. Highway 23 runs diagonally across Minnesota, indirectly connecting Duluth to Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Highway 33 provides a western bypass of Duluth connecting Interstate 35, which comes up from the Twin Cities, to U.S. 53, which leads to Iron Range cities and International Falls. Highway 61 provides access to Thunder Bay, Ontario, via the North Shore of Lake Superior. Highway 194 provides a spur route into the city of Duluth known as "Central Entrance" and Mesaba Avenue. Wisconsin Highway 13 reaches along Lake Superior's South Shore. Wisconsin Highway 35 runs along Wisconsin's western border for 412 miles (663 km) to its southern terminus at the Wisconsin–Illinois border (three miles north of East Dubuque).

Highway 61 and parts of Highways 2 and 53 are segments of the Lake Superior Circle Tour route that follows Lake Superior through Minnesota, Ontario, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

Duluth International Airport serves the city and surrounding region with daily flights to Minneapolis and Chicago. Nearby municipal airports are Duluth Sky Harbor on Minnesota Point and the Richard I. Bong Airport in Superior. Both the Bong Airport and Bong Bridge are named for famed World War II pilot and highest-scoring American World War II air ace Major Richard Ira "Dick" Bong, a native of nearby Poplar, Wisconsin.

Located at the western end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the Duluth–Superior seaport is the largest and farthest-inland freshwater seaport in North America. By far the largest and busiest on the Great Lakes, the port handles an average of 46 million short tons of cargo and over 1,100 visits each year from domestic and international vessels. With 49 miles (79 km) of waterfront, it is one of the leading bulk cargo ports in North America and ranks among the top 20 ports in the United States.^[70] Duluth is a major shipping port for taconite pellets, made from concentrated low-grade iron ore and destined for midwestern and eastern steel mills. The former Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway, now part of the Canadian National Railway, operates taconite-hauling trains in the area. Duluth is also served by the BNSF Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Union Pacific Railroad.

The local bus system is run by the Duluth Transit Authority, which serves Duluth, Hermantown, Proctor and Superior, Wisconsin. The DTA runs a system of buses manufactured by Gillig, including new hybrids.

Duluth is also served by Skyline Shuttle, with daily service to the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, and Jefferson Lines, with daily service to the Twin Cities.

Major highways

Interstate 35
Interstate 535
U.S. Highway 2
U.S. Highway 53
Minnesota State Highway 23
Minnesota State Highway 61 – North Shore
Minnesota State Highway 194 – Central Entrance – Mesaba Avenue
Minnesota State Highway 210
Saint Louis County Road 4 – Rice Lake Road

Utilities

Duluth gets electric power from Duluth-based Minnesota Power, a subsidiary of ALLETE Corporation.^[71] Minnesota Power produces energy at generation facilities located throughout northern Minnesota and a generation plant in North Dakota. The latter supplies electricity into the MP system by the Square Butte HVDC line, which ends near the town.

Minnesota Power primarily uses western coal to generate electricity, but also has a number of small hydroelectric facilities, the largest of which is the Thomson Dam southwest of Duluth on the Saint Louis River.

In December 2006, Minnesota Power began purchasing all the energy generated from the new 50-MW Oliver Wind I Energy Center built by NextEra Resources near Center, N.D. In 2007, Minnesota Power entered into a second 25-year wind power purchase agreement with NextEra. A 48-MW facility was built adjacent to the initial Oliver County wind farm, and the new generators began commercial operation in November 2007.

Construction began in 2010 on the 76-MW Bison Wind I Energy Center near New Salem, N.D. Bison I represents the first wave of Minnesota Power-constructed wind farms that will be built in south central North Dakota and linked to Minnesota. by way of a 465-mile direct current (DC) transmission line. ALLETE finalized an agreement Jan. 1, 2010 to purchase a 250-kilovolt DC line between Center, N.D. and Hermantown, Minn. (near ALLETE headquarters in Duluth) and phase out a long-term contract to buy coal-generated electricity now transmitted over the line.

Duluth has recently become, because of the wind energy demand, a port for wind energy parts shipments from overseas and the hub for shipments out to various wind energy sites in the midwest.

Throughout its history Duluth's sewers have overflowed when it rained, causing untreated sewage to flow into Lake Superior and the Saint Louis River. For example, in 2001 alone the overflow amounted to over 6.9 million gallons. Over the past five years the City of Duluth has taken extraordinary measures to completely eliminate sewage overflows and in 2013 the improvements are three years ahead of schedule.

Media

Local newspapers include the BusinessNorth monthly, the Duluth News Tribune, the Duluth Budgeteer News, the free newspapers Transistor,^[72] The Zenith,^[73] and The Reader Weekly.

Locally based nationally distributed magazines include Cabin Life, Lake Superior Magazine, and New Moon Magazine.

Education

Tower Hall at The College of St. Scholastica

Local colleges and universities include the University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD); the UMD campus includes a medical school. In 2011, the UMD Bulldogs won the Division I National Hockey Championship. Other schools include The College of St. Scholastica, Lake Superior College, and Duluth Business University. The University of Wisconsin–Superior and Wisconsin Indianhead Technical College are in nearby Superior, Wisconsin.

The Weber Music Hall on the campus of the University of Minnesota Duluth was designed by noted architect César Pelli

Most public schools are administered by Duluth Public Schools. The schools have open enrollment. ISD 709 (Independent School District number 709) is now undertaking a reconstruction of all area schools under a program called the "Red Plan." The Red Plan's goals are the reconstruction of some older schools to meet new educational guidelines, and the construction of four new school buildings. The new schools will result in the redistricting of many students. As of 2009, the Red Plan was and is being contested in court by some citizens because of the cost of implementing the plan and because of the choice of construction management contractor.^[74]

Several independent and public charter schools also serve Duluth students. The largest is Duluth Edison Charter Schools, a public charter school covering grades K-8. Marshall School, a private college preparatory school founded as Duluth Cathedral in 1904, covers grades 4–12. Duluth has four Catholic schools with coverage up to grades 6 or 8, two Protestant schools, two Montessori schools, and six other charter and private schools.

Due to its proximity to the Great Lakes, Duluth is the location for the Large Lakes Observatory.^[75] The Large Lakes Observatory operates the largest university-owned research vessel in the Great Lakes, the R/V Blue Heron. Built in 1985 for fishing on the Grand Banks, the Blue Heron was purchased by the University of Minnesota in 1997, sailed from Portland, Maine, up the St. Lawrence Seaway to Duluth, and converted into a limnological research vessel during the winter of 1997–98. The Blue Heron is part of the University National Oceanographic Laboratory System, and is available for charter by research scientists on any of the Great Lakes.

Arts

Local attractions include a variety in the arts and literature. Museums include the Tweed Museum of Art at the University of Minnesota Duluth and the Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum. The premiere community art center is the Duluth Art Institute, with galleries, a fiber studio and darkroom in the Depot downtown and ceramic and multi-purpose studios in the Lincoln Park neighborhood. A number of local art galleries are also located downtown and in Canal Park. The Duluth Public Library has three locations. Duluth is also home to a professional ballet company, the Minnesota Ballet. Duluth shares a symphony orchestra—the Duluth Superior Symphony Orchestra—with Superior, Wisconsin. In summer free concerts are often held in Chester Park, where local musicians play for crowds. The Bayfront Blues Festival is held in early August. Beginning in 2004, Duluth has celebrated Gay Pride with a parade on Labor Day weekend. The city celebrates the Homegrown Music Festival the first week in May each year. Started in 1998, the festival features over 170 local musical acts performing across the city. The Junior Achievement High School ROCKS – Battle of the Bands showcases middle school and high school bands from central Minnesota to the Canada–US border and northern Wisconsin and takes place at the DECC in mid-April. Duluth is where the Northeastern Minnesota Book Awards are given, honoring books about the region. The soon to be renovated NorShor Theatre will be a center for arts and entertainment in the downtown area, and will bring a wide variety of new performances from local, regional, and national performers.^[76]

Parks

Lester River, one of 28 rivers and streams that run through Duluth

Duluth has numerous parks,^[77] including six parks on Lake Superior: Brighton Beach Park, Leif Erickson Park, Canal Park on Park Point, the Lakewalk (connecting Canal Park and Leif Erickson Park via the lakeshore), Lafayette Park on Park Point, and Park Point Recreation Area near the end of Park Point, where a sand beach invites swimming in the lake. Park Point Pine Forest, located at the tip of Park Point, is popular for bird watching in the spring and fall when numerous shore birds use the area as a resting point during their migration.^[78]

Duluth's other parks include Lester Park, Congdon Park, Hartley Park, Chester Park, the Rose Garden (next to Leif Erickson Park), Bayfront Festival Park, Cascade Park, Enger Park, Lincoln Park, Brewer Park, Fairmount Park, Indian Point Park, Magney–Snively Park, and Fond du Lac Park, as well as some small neighborhood parks and athletic fields. Lester Park, Congdon Park, Hartley Park, and Chester Park have trail systems, and three of these parks—all except Hartley—also have waterfalls, as does Lincoln Park. Hartley Park also has a nature center. Lester Park and Enger Park have public golf courses. Fairmount Park has the Lake Superior Zoo.

Leif Erikson Park

For many years the Viking ship that was built in Norway by local boat builders to replicate the type of ship sailed by Leif Erikson who discovered North America around 997 A.D. was on display in the Leif Erickson park.^[79] The vessel is 42 feet long, has a 12 feet 9 inches beam and draws 4 feet of water. The Dragon's Head and Tail are considered by architects to be masterpieces. The ship was invited to Duluth by Norwegian-American immigrant and businessman H.H. Borgen, whose descendants have maintained the ship as a family symbol, and who have contributed regularly to restoration efforts. When the crew landed in Duluth on June 23, 1927, they had traveled a distance of 6,700 miles, the greatest distance for a ship of its size in modern history. Hundreds of people lined the dock to greet the ship as it sailed into the Duluth harbor.

Duluthian Emil Olson purchased the ship soon after the voyage, and donated the Leif Erikson to the City of Duluth. The ship was placed on display in Duluth's Lake Park, which was later named Leif Erikson Park.^[80]

The Leif Erikson steadily deteriorated after years of neglect and vandalism, and by 1980 was in such poor condition that it was even considered that the ship be burned in the traditional Viking manner of putting a ship to rest. This suggestion inspired Emil Olson's grandson, Will Borg, to bring volunteers together and begin fundraising efforts to restore the ship. Through donations, festivals and other endeavors, the group raised $100,000. Boatbuilders began the restoration in 1991.^[81] Restoration went slowly with starts and stops due to lack of funding. In March 2015 it was announced that restoration had been completed and plans were in place to build a glass structure to house the ship. The structure will be located near the entrance to the park and the Restoration Project Chair Neill Atkins believes that "the remodeled ship will be an iconic symbol in Duluth." The building project is expected to be completed in the fall and the ship will be put on display at that time.^[82]

Duluth Rose Garden

Located within Leif Erickson Park and overlooking Lake Superior, the Duluth Rose Garden is a formal English style garden with more than 3,000 rose bushes and 12,000 non-rose plantings, including day lilies, evergreen shrubs, mixed perennials and an herb garden. The rose varieties are labeled and there are signs that give information on the rose's history and culture. The six acre garden grows in soil resting over a highway tunnel that encloses the termination point of the freeway entering Duluth. Brick walkways connect all of the beds and there are many benches in the garden that resemble stone sofas. There is an antique horse fountain and a marble gazebo. The garden is a popular place for summer outdoor weddings.^[83]

Jay Cooke State Park

Swinging Bridge

Jay Cooke State Park is a Minnesota state park located about ten miles (16 km) southwest of Duluth. The park is situated along the Saint Louis River, and is the site of a canoe portage used by Native Americans, European explorers, fur traders, Voyageurs, coureurs des bois, and missionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries. The river was a vital link connecting the Mississippi River waterways to the west with the Great Lakes to the east.^[84] The park is famous for its Rustic Style historical structures built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) between 1933 and 1942. All the major landmarks in Jay Cooke Park are built with local basalt or gabbro stone and dark planks and logs. Three districts of the park are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The park offers camping, hiking, biking, cross-country skiing and kayaking. Park rangers hold over 400 naturalist outreach events each year including nature walks, evening campfire talks, snowshoe-building lessons, and geocaching. As part of the "I Can!" program for kids and families, the park provides a number of classes and guides to help with camping skills, canoeing, fishing, archery, and other activities.^[85]

Recreation

Duluth offers numerous outdoor activities including fishing, hiking, skiing, sailing, canoeing, kayaking, and both biking and mountain biking. In addition to the two public golf courses at Lester and Enger Park, golfers can play at the Northland Country Club and the Ridgeview Country Club. Duluth has five public tennis courts and 63 private tennis club courts. The city has many indoor and outdoor ice rinks, including curling facilities.^[86] Duluth is also home to the Lake Superior Surfing Club which currently has about 50 members who surf the cold waters of Lake Superior.^[87]^[88]

The University of Minnesota Duluth Recreational Sport Outdoor Program offers classes in kayak, stand-up paddleboarding, or canoe whitewater river running, and they hold the Annual St. Louis River Whitewater Rendezvous Slalom & Sprint Races in July. The program also provides sea kayaking and rock climbing lessons for individuals and families.^[89]

In 2014, Duluth won Outside magazine's "Best Town 2014" tournament. Outside magazine editors asked readers to choose "the best place to live in America" from 64 cites that they had selected, and Duluth took first place.^[90]

Lake Superior Agate – Duluth

Agate hunting

The Minnesota state gem, the Lake Superior agate, can be found on the shores of Lake Superior or the streams that run into it, and in gravel pits and road cuts. Duluth's Park Point is an excellent area for hunting. Shorelines and beaches are replenished each year because winter ice and storms push new material up on the shores. Books are available in Duluth to help amateur rock hounds learn more about agates, and how to locate them.^[91]^[92]^[93]

Grandma's Marathon

Al Franken and Wesley Ngetich Kimutai in the 2007 Grandma's Marathon

Since 1977, Duluth has played host to Grandma's Marathon, held annually in June. Named after its original sponsor, Grandma's Restaurant, it draws runners from all over the world. The course starts just outside Two Harbors, Minnesota, runs down Old Highway 61 (the former route of Highway 61 along the North Shore of Lake Superior), and finishes in one of Duluth's tourism neighborhoods, Canal Park. The same route is also taken during the North Shore Inline Marathon, held in September and also drawing racers from all over the world.

Superior Hiking Trail

Duluth hosts a 39-mile (63 km) segment of the Superior Hiking Trail, which is also part of the North Country National Scenic Trail – the nation's longest hiking trail. This trail segment passes through or near Jay Cooke State Park, Ely Peak, Bardon Peak, the Magney–Snively old growth forest, Spirit Mountain, Enger Park, Point of Rocks, the Lakewalk, Chester Park, UMD's Bagley nature trails, and Hartley Park. It features views of the Saint Louis River, the Twin Ports, the Aerial Bridge, and Lake Superior.

Piedmont mountain biking trail

The hilly, 10-mile Piedmont mountain biking trail crosses numerous bridges and offers scenic views of Duluth and the bay. The trail is recommended for both beginner and intermediate riders.^[94] In 2014, a reader poll conducted by Singletrack magazine named it the best mountain-bike trail in the eastern United States.^[95]

John Beargrease Sled Dog Marathon

Stereoscopic photo titled, "Lake Superior winter mail line"

Duluth's annual sled dog race is the John Beargrease Sled Dog Marathon, named for the son of Anishinaabe Chief Makwabimidem. Beargrease and his brothers were among the first to carry mail between Two Harbors, and Grand Marais, going by dogsled, boat, and horse for almost 20 years before the two towns were connected by road. Competitors can choose between two distances: a 400-mile (644 km) round trip between Duluth and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, and a 150-mile (241 km) course from Duluth to Tofte. Run every January since 1980, the race is regarded as a training ground for Alaska's larger and more elite Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.^[96]

Skiing

ChesterBowl

With a vertical elevation of approximately 700 feet (210 m), Spirit Mountain is Minnesota's second-highest ski hill. The park includes jumps ranging from 15 feet (4.6 m) to over 60 feet (18 m), and numerous rails, boxes, and other jibs. Spirit Mountain opened an alpine coaster in 2010 and in 2011 announced plans to add a zip line, miniature golf, and snow tubing. In 1995 the mountain completed its first NORBA application and in 2012 work began on downhill mountain bike trails.

The Duluth area also has a large and active Nordic skiing community, with many parks providing excellent Nordic skate skiing as well as classic cross-country skiing opportunities.

Chester Bowl, off Skyline Parkway in Chester Park, is a city-owned park with a chairlift, and has the lowest daily lift ticket prices in the nation, at only $6. For decades, Chester Bowl was also known for its ski jumps, which were removed due to safety concerns in 2015.^[97]

Sailing

Sailboat—Duluth harbor

Duluth is considered a world-class sailing destination and the Duluth–Superior harbor has several marinas, the Duluth Yacht Club, and the Duluth-Superior Sailing Association. Duluth is also the finishing destination for the Biennial Trans Superior International Yacht Race. The race runs the length of Lake Superior, from Sault Ste. Marie to Duluth.^[98]

Surfing

When the season is right, Duluth offers waves "that can compare to some of the best surfing in Hawaii or California". In Duluth the right season for surfing is winter, especially during one of Lake Superior's infamous gales of November. Wearing a thick neoprene wetsuit, or perhaps two, surfers gather at Stoney Point, a rocky bay about 15 miles north of Duluth, where waves as high as 15 feet can be expected. In a 2013 broadcast, Minnesota Public Radio featured a segment on Duluth/Lake Superior surfing, and surfer Mark Anderson from St. Paul described the Duluth surfing experience as "...standing in the snow, jumping off of an ice-covered rock into Lake Superior to go catch waves that any surfer anywhere in the world, pro or beginner, would envy." Erik Wilkie, a surfer originally from California interviewed by MPR, remarked that while Lake Superior surfing may look easy, it can be dangerous. "There's the ice-cold freshwater, which is not as buoyant as saltwater. Lake waves also appear every five seconds or so, much faster than those in the ocean. If you take off on the first or second wave and you wipe out, then you've got four, five, six, eight waves coming right behind you to smash you in the head before you can get back on your board and swim out of there to safety." Like surfers everywhere, Duluth surfers notify fellow surfers when the waves are up. The Lake Superior Surf Club maintains a website where they share information and photos.^[88]

Attractions

Historic Central High School

Historic Central High School, built in 1892 of locally mined sandstone at a cost of $460,000, houses an 1890s classroom museum. It features a 230-foot clock tower with chimes patterned after Big Ben in London; the clock faces are each 10½ feet in diameter, overlooking the Duluth harbor.

The Aerial Lift Bridge, spanning the Duluth Ship Canal into Duluth's harbor, is a vertical lift bridge. It was originally an exceedingly rare aerial transfer bridge—a bridge that slides a basketlike "gondola" back and forth to transfer people and vehicles from one side to the other. The wreck of the Thomas Wilson, a classic early 20th century whaleback ore boat, lies underwater less than a mile outside the Duluth harbor ship canal. The 610' long former ore ship William A Irvin is a museum ship along the Duluth waterfront.

Great Lakes Aquarium

Great Lakes Aquarium with lift bridge in background

The Great Lakes Aquarium is located in the Duluth Waterfront Park. A freshwater aquarium, its mission is to inspire people to explore their connection to Lake Superior and waters of the world. Great Lakes Aquarium features animals and habitats found within the Great Lakes Basin and other freshwater ecosystems such as the Amazon River. The aquarium houses 205 different species of fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals. It is one of few aquariums in the United States that focuses on freshwater exhibits.

Lake Superior Zoo

Located on 16 acres, the Lake Superior Zoo offers year-round recreational activities and features animals from around the world, including Amur tigers, snow leopards, African lions, brown bears, kangaroos, and gray wolves, plus a variety of birds, reptiles, primates and barnyard animals. The zoo offers learning programs and regularly features special events.^[99]

Lake Superior Railroad Museum

This Pullman sleeping car, original to the William Crooks locomotive, is on display at the lake Superior Railroad Museum

The Lake Superior Railroad Museum is located in the old Duluth railroad station. The museum has seven steam, fourteen diesel and two electric locomotives, and over 40 other pieces of rolling stock. The collection includes the William Crooks, which became the first locomotive to operate in the state of Minnesota in 1861, and the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Number 227, a "Yellowstone" locomotive which was among the largest steam engines to ever operate. Only 18 Yellowstones were ever built, and Duluth exhibits one of the only three that remain.

Hawk Ridge fall raptor count

Minnesota sits in the path of many avian flyways, and migratory birds pass over the state in great numbers. Hawk Ridge, located on Skyline Parkway, is one of the nation's top spots for viewing migratory raptors. According to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Hawk Ridge "has attracted visitors from all 50 states and 40 countries. From Labor Day through October, visitors come for the spectacular views of Lake Superior and breathtaking glimpses of towering kettles (groups) of raptors spiraling upward as far as the eye can see". On a nearby ridge, volunteers and licensed bird banders capture raptors in nets and band them. Large crowds gather to observe the captured birds and help release them. Hawk Ridge staff and volunteers are available to offer information and answer questions.^[100]^[101]

Enger Tower

Enger Tower

Enger Tower is an 80-foot (24 m), five-story blue stone observation tower atop Enger Hill in Duluth. The tower is at an elevation of 451 feet (137 m) above Lake Superior, providing panoramic views of the Twin Ports. Each of the tower's levels has a lookout that is accessible by stairs. A green beacon mounted on top of the tower can be seen for many miles. Free admission and near unlimited access to the tower during park hours make this attraction popular amongst visitors and locals.

North Shore Scenic Railroad

The North Shore Scenic Railroad is a heritage railroad that operates between Duluth and Two Harbors, Minnesota. The railroad is owned by the Lake Superior Railroad Museum and offers several different types of passenger excursion trains between May 28 and October 15 each year. The railroad started up in 1990, using the Lakefront Line once owned by the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway.

NorShor Theatre

The NorShor Theatre is a historic movie palace and performance venue along Superior Street. The century-old venue is generally considered a local landmark, and once restoration is complete, it will serve as a center for arts and entertainment in the downtown district.^[102] Being managed by the Duluth Playhouse, it will be a mid-sized venue that will offer a state-of-the-art facility for local, regional, and national performers.^[103]

Fitger's Brewery

Copper brew kettle installed in 1901, on exhibition at the Fitger Brewery Museum

The original brewery was built in 1857 on a stream that came to be known as Brewery Creek; it was purchased by Michael Fink in 1881 and moved downstream to its present location on Superior Street. Fink's Lake Superior Brewery hired a new brewmaster, August Fitger, a graduate of one of Germany's premier brewing schools, and the brewery was renamed A. Fitger & Co. / Lake Superior Brewery. The brewery was successful and stayed in operation even through prohibition but finally closed in 1972 after 115 years of continual operation, making it the oldest business in Duluth. The complex was reopened in 1984 and contains a craft brewery, several restaurants, hotels, shops, and a museum. Fitger's Brewery Complex is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.^[104]

Canal Park

Lakewalk, Canal Park

Canal Park is a recreation-oriented district of Duluth. It is largely a conversion of an old warehouse district into restaurants, cafés, hotels, and shops, especially those dealing in antiques and other novelties. This conversion began in the 1980s as an attempt to use Duluth's rich industrial past, the decline of which had left the city in economic turmoil. A 4.2-mile lakewalk cuts through the area, offering a view of Park Point's extensive sandy dunes and beaches. Swimming is an option, though few are willing to swim in Lake Superior's icy waters. Visitors can also view the lighthouse pier, and visit the Lake Superior Maritime Visitor Center, the Great Lakes Aquarium, and the William A. Irvin floating ship museum. Yearly festivals include the Bayfront Blues Festival, held in Bayfront Festival Park.

Glensheen Mansion

Glensheen Mansion

The Glensheen Historic Estate, located on the shore of Lake Superior, was built as the family home for wealthy businessman Chester Adgate Congdon. Glensheen sits on 7.6 acres (3.1 ha) of lake front property, has 38 rooms and is built in the Jacobean architectural tradition, inspired by the Beaux-Arts styles of the era. The building was designed by Minnesota architect Clarence H. Johnston Sr., with interiors designed by William French. The formal terraced garden and English style landscape was designed by the Charles Wellford Leavitt firm out of New York. Construction began in 1905 at a cost of $854,000 (estimated $21 million in today's dollars), and was completed in 1908. Aside from its architectural significance, Glensheen is noteworthy for the murders of Elisabeth Congdon and her nurse on June 27, 1977. The mansion is open to tours year-round.

Duluth Children's Museum

Founded in 1930, the Duluth Children's Museum in the Lincoln Park neighborhood is the fifth-oldest of its kind in the United States. The museum features interactive exhibits, educational programs, and opportunities for creative play designed for children, their families and caregivers, and school field trips. The museum also curates an artifact collection of over 25,000 objects drawn from the lives and cultures of people who have resided in the region, particularly American Indians and immigrants.

Christmas City of the North Parade

Each year in November, Duluth is the home of the Christmas City of the North Parade. The parade dates back to 1957 when the holiday shopping season ran particularly short one year. Wanting to extend Christmas shopping days, Bob Rich, who at that time owned the former WDSM-TV, now KBJR-TV, came up with the idea. Since then, the parade has marched through downtown Duluth annually on the Friday night before Thanksgiving. The event has survived pouring rain, snow and frigid cold. Even in years when instruments were too cold to produce music, the bands became choirs, using their voices to entertain the loyal parade crowd. Recorded by entertainer Merv Griffin in 1962, the "Christmas City" song is the signature sound of the parade. According to Rich's grandson, the song was written by a local resident and his grandfather asked a friend, Merv Griffin, at that time not the well-known TV personality that he would later become, if he would sing the song and put it to music.^[105]^[106]

Sports

Duluth in the NFL
Year	W	L	T	Finish
Kelleys
1923	4	3	0	7th
1924	5	1	0	4th
1925	0	3	0	16th
Eskimos
1926	6	5	3	8th
1927	1	8	0	11th

Professional sports history

Duluth fielded a National Football League team called the Kelleys (officially the Kelley Duluths after the Kelley-Duluth Hardware Store) from 1923 to 1925 and the Eskimos (officially^[107] Ernie Nevers' Eskimos after the early NFL great, their star player) from 1926 to 1927. The Eskimos were then sold and became the Orange Tornadoes (Orange, New Jersey). This bit of history became the basis for the 2008 George Clooney/Renée Zellweger movie, "Leatherheads."

The Duluth–Superior Dukes of the Northern League Independent Professional Baseball played in West Duluth's Wade Stadium from the league's inception in 1993 until 2002 when the team moved to Kansas City, Kansas, and became the Kansas City T-Bones. The Dukes were Northern League champions in 1997. An earlier Northern League, based in the Midwest, was also in operation off and on from 1902 to 1971, the longest stint being 1932–1971. The Dukes were a farm team for the Detroit Tigers from 1960 to 1964 and several other teams in later years before the Northern League folded in 1971. The Dukes produced notable players such as Denny McLain, Bill Freehan, Gates Brown, Ray Oyler, Jim Northrup, Mickey Stanley, John Hiller, and Willie Horton, all of whom were members of the 1968 world champion Detroit Tigers.

Duluth is also home to Horton's Gym, the home gym of professional boxers Zach "Jungle Boy" Walters and Andy Kolle, as well as a number of other professional prizefighters. Horton's Gym was run by Chuck Horton from 1994 to 2011. During that time, Horton trained some of the most recognized professional and amateur boxers in Minnesota such as Walters, Kolle, RJ Lasse, Gary Eyer and Wayne Putnam. In 2011, Horton turned the gym over to Zach Walters so that Horton could concentrate solely on training professional boxers; Walters changed the gym's name to Jungle Boy Boxing Gym. Horton is currently the trainer of Al Sands; Sands won the North American Boxing Association's U.S. Cruiserweight title in April 2014.^[108]

Amateur sports

Hockey

The University of Minnesota Duluth Bulldog hockey games are a major event in town during the cold Duluth winters.^[109] Games are televised locally, and thousands watch the games in person at the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center (DECC). A new hockey arena, Amsoil Arena, opened Dec. 30, 2010, adjacent to the DECC. Several Bulldogs, including hockey great Brett Hull, and Matt Niskanen have gone on to success in the National Hockey League.^[110] On April 9, 2011, the Bulldog men's team defeated Michigan to win their first national championship in school history.^[111]

The UMD women's ice hockey team has won five NCAA Division I national championships (2001–03, 2008, 2010).^[112] The 2010 title game against Cornell University lasted through nearly three full overtimes and was the longest women's ice hockey championship game in NCAA history. The 2003 women's Frozen Four tournament was played at the DECC with the Bulldogs claiming their third consecutive national title by defeating Harvard University via a dramatic double-overtime goal by Nora Tallus in front of a sellout home crowd. The 2008 Frozen Four tournament was also held at the DECC and saw the Bulldogs claim their fourth national title with a 4–0 shutout of the Wisconsin Badgers. The Women's Frozen Four was held in Amsoil Arena in 2012.^[113]

Baseball

The Duluth Dukes are an amateur baseball team that plays its home games at Bulldog Park on the campus of the University of Minnesota Duluth and at Wade Stadium. The Dukes are composed of current and former college players and former professional players. The Dukes compete in two leagues: the Arrowhead League of the Minnesota Baseball Association, and the Upper 13 League of the Wisconsin Baseball Association.

The Duluth Xpress are an amateur baseball team that plays its games at the Ordean Middle School baseball field. The team is made up of current and former college players and former professional players. The Xpress compete in the Arrowhead League, a class B league in Minnesota town team baseball.

The Duluth Huskies are a college summer wood bat league baseball team based in Duluth and playing in the Northwoods League. The team plays its home games at Wade Stadium. The roster includes some of the top college baseball players in the country. The Huskies play 34 home games each summer between June and August.

The Twin Ports North Stars are an amateur baseball team that plays its games at Ordean Field at Duluth East High School. The North Stars are composed of current and former college and professional baseball players who reside in the Twin Ports area. As of 2013, the North Stars compete out of the Arrowhead League, a Class B league in the Minnesota Baseball Association.

Soccer

The National Premier Soccer League team Duluth Football Club (Duluth FC) plays its home games at Denfeld High School's Public Schools Stadium.

Bandy

Dynamo Duluth plays bandy. Duluth is one of only a few places in the country where it's played. All American Bandy League matches are played at Guidant John Rose Minnesota Oval in Roseville.^[114] In 2012, Dynamo Duluth finished 2nd in the league.^[115] and in 2013 they became champions for the first time.^[116] In 2009 they won North American Cup, which is rink bandy.^[117]

Roller skating

The Harbor City Roller Dames, a 19+ league, was founded in 2007 and is Duluth–Superior's first women's flat-track roller derby league. There is also a second derby league in the Cloquet area called Duluth Derby Divas. Unlike HCRD, it is an 18+ league.

Duluth innovations

First mall in the United States

The Lake View Store was the first modern indoor mall built in the United States.^[118] It was built in 1915, and is located in the U.S. Steel former company town of Morgan Park, now the present day neighborhood of Morgan Park of Duluth. It was estimated that 10,000 people toured the mall on its opening day. The building is two-stories with a full basement, and shops were originally located on all three levels. All of the stores were located within the interior of the mall with some shops being accessible from both inside and out. The first floor had a pharmacy and a department store with groceries, a butcher shop, clothing, hardware, furniture, and a general store. The second floor had a bank, dentist office, barber shop, hair salon, hat shop, billiard room, and auditorium. The basement had a shoe store and an ice making plant which made eight tons of ice per day for the mall and for Morgan Park residents. The mall building and the department store were owned and operated by U.S. Steel, however the pharmacy, bank, barber shop, hair salon, and dentist were among the privately run businesses.^[119]

Birthplace of Pie à la Mode

The dessert Pie à la Mode, a slice of pie topped by a scoop of ice cream, was first invented and named by John Gieriet in Duluth in 1885. However, in the 1936 obituary of a man named Charles Watson Townsend, the claim was made that he was the inventor, and a controversy developed as to who really invented Pie à la Mode. A reporter from the St. Paul Pioneer Press read Townsend's obituary in the New York Times and realized that the Times had incorrectly attributed the invention of "Pie à la Mode" to Townsend. The St. Paul reporter wanted to set the record straight, so the newspaper ran a story on May 23, 1936 about how the dessert was really invented inside a Superior Street restaurant in Duluth, Minnesota in the 1880s. The St. Paul newspaper indicated that the Duluth restaurant specifically served ice cream with blueberry pie. This was over a decade before Townsend first ordered pie with ice cream in New York, making Duluth the true birthplace of Pie à la Mode.^[120]^[121]^[122]^[123]

Duluth Pack

Number 4 Duluth pack

The Duluth Pack outlet store is located in the Canal Park area. A Duluth pack is a traditional portage pack used in canoe travel. A specialized type of backpack, Duluth packs are nearly square in order to fit easily in the bottom of a canoe. The Duluth pack has its roots in a French-Canadian named Camille Poirier. Arriving in Duluth in 1870 with a small stock of leather and tools, he began a shoe store and quickly made a go of it in what was then a booming frontier town on the shores of Lake Superior. Out of his small shoe shop on the waterfront, Poirier began building a new style canoe pack with a tumpline, sternum strap, and umbrella holder. Patented by Poirer in 1882, the original #3 Duluth Packs have changed little since they were first introduced. He sold the backpack business to the company that now does business as Duluth Pack.^[124]

Jeno Paulucci, Chun King, Jeno's pizza, and pizza rolls

Duluth was the home of food magnate Jeno Paulucci. While working as a wholesale grocer in Hibbing in the late 1940s, Paulucci noticed a growing market for prepared Chinese food. Borrowing $2,500 from a friend, he started canning chow mein "seasoned to [his] own Italian taste", and selling it to retailers under the label Chun King. Chun King came to encompass an entire line of prepared Chinese food; at that time not available in grocery stores. In 1966, he sold his enterprise for $63 million. In 1968, Paulucci founded Jeno's Inc., a company that sold frozen pizzas and a variety of other "Italian" foods. The most notable of these was undoubtedly his own invention, the pizza roll, a snack food consisting of an Italian filling wrapped in an egg roll wrapper. He sold Jeno's Inc. for $135 million in 1985. In the 1990s, he started Bellisio Foods, a leading frozen food company.^[125]

Electric elevator

In 1887, Alexander Miles of Duluth patented an electric elevator. He did not invent the first elevator; however, his design was very important. He improved the method of the opening and closing of elevator doors and he improved the closing of the opening to the elevator shaft when an elevator was not on that floor. At that time elevator patrons or operators were required to manually shut a door to cut off access to the elevator shaft, and he created an automatic mechanism that closed access to the shaft.^[126]

First whole-plane parachute recovery system on a certified aircraft

1998 photo series showing CAPS deployment in action

In association with southern Minnesota company Ballistic Recovery Systems, Duluth-based aircraft manufacturing company Cirrus Aircraft developed CAPS (Cirrus Airframe Parachute System), the first whole-plane, emergency parachute recovery system to be installed on a line of type certified aircraft, the Cirrus SR20 and SR22.^[127] A solid-fuel rocket housed in the fuselage is used to pull the parachute out from its housing and deploy the canopy full within seconds. It is designed to save the pilot and passengers by lowering the entire aircraft down to the ground in case of an emergency or structural failure. To date, CAPS has saved over 140 lives.^[128]^[129] The Cirrus management and design teams have won many awards for their efforts, including the recent 2016 Joseph T. Nall Safety Award.^[130]

The device was first tested over the high desert of southern California in 1998 by the late author, Cirrus test pilot and Minnesota Air National Guard pilot Scott D. Anderson. Anderson died the following year when his plane crashed about 400 meters from the Duluth International Airport during an experimental test flight assessing changes Cirrus planned to use in production. The plane he was testing was the first off the production line and had not yet been equipped with CAPS.^[131]^[132]^[133] Anderson was inducted into the Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame in 2010.^[134]

Films, television shows and recordings in Duluth

The Crash Test Dummies recorded Songs of the Unforgiven (2004) during a live performance at the Sacred Heart Church in Duluth
Dominick Dunne's Power, Privilege, and Justice, Episode "Mystery in the Mansion" (2005) – TV episode that was filmed at Glensheen Mansion and aired on truTV
Mystery Diagnosis (2005) – TV series that aired on the Discovery Channel
Fargo (2014–present) – TV series that airs on FX
Battleground Minnesota (2005) – documentary film about the 2004 presidential elections in Minnesota
Sydämeni laulu (1948) – Finnish documentary film
Minnesota: Land of Plenty (1942) – documentary short film by James A. FitzPatrick
Iron Will (1994) – Walt Disney Pictures movie filmed in Duluth substituting as 1917 Winnipeg.
You'll Like My Mother (1972) – feature film shot on location in and around Duluth, principally at Glensheen Historic Estate.
Far North (1988) – feature film shot on location in and around Duluth.
The Good Son (1993) – feature film partially shot on location near Duluth, namely Palisade Head on Lake Superior's north shore.

In popular culture

You'll Like My Mother is a 1972 American horror and thriller filmed at the Glensheen Mansion. It follows a pregnant widow who travels from Los Angeles to rural Minnesota to meet her mother-in-law, who she comes to find out has sinister motives against her.

The short lived 1996 sitcom The Louie Show^[135] was set in Duluth. Louie Anderson played psychotherapist Louie Lundgren.^[136] The opening title sequence featured downtown Duluth buildings.

The 1983 Gore Vidal novel Duluth was set in a stylized version of Duluth.

The 2008 American sports comedy film Leatherheads, starring and directed by George Clooney, was set in Duluth. (Leatherheads was actually filmed in North and South Carolina.) The film featured a fictitious football team called the Duluth Bulldogs.

Thomas M. Disch's 1965 alien-invasion novel The Genocides is set primarily in a fictional community in adjacent Lake County called Tassel. A pivotal scene in the beginning of chapter four treats the incineration of the city of Duluth by the extraterrestrial invaders' machines with some detail, even mentioning downtown Duluth's Alworth Building and including a group of characters' escape along Highway 61.

In the television series Starsky & Hutch, the title character "Hutch" Hutchinson (played by David Soul), is portrayed as a being a native of Duluth.

A song ("Duluth") by Mason Jennings from the album Birds Flying Away. Released in year 2000 under Bar/None label.^[137]

A series of suspense novels by author Brian Freeman featuring the fictional police lieutenant Jonathan Stride take place in and around Duluth and feature real locations from the city.^[138]

In The Great Gatsby, the title character is said to have been taken to Duluth by Dan Cody, the millionaire who'd taken him under his wing. There, Cody had bought the ambitious seventeen-year-old "a blue coat, six pair of white duck trousers, and a yachting cap."^[139]^[140]

Notable people

Sister cities

Duluth has five sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International:^[141]

Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
Växjö, Sweden
Ōhara, now Isumi, Chiba, Japan
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Ranya, Iraqi Kurdistan^[142]

Notes

↑ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
↑ Official records for Duluth were kept at downtown from August 1871 to May 1941, and at Duluth Int'l since June 1941. For more information, see ThreadEx.

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↑ "Jay Cooke State Park: Minnesota DNR".
↑ Myers, John (11 June 2015). "Jay Cooke State Park Turns 100". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
↑ "Duluth Curling Club".
↑ Superior Surf Club
1 2 Kraker, Dan. "Surfing Lake Superior: Great waves, but not for beginners".
↑ "University of Minnesota Duluth Recreational Sport Outdoor Program Catalog" (PDF). University of Minnesota Duluth. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
↑ "Best Towns Tournament 2014: Results". June 15, 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
↑ http://www.northlandsnewscenter.com/news/outdoors/Hunting-For-Agates-Along-Lake-Superior.html
↑ "Rock Hound Guide Agates, Rock Picking Lake Superior".
↑ "Lake Superior agate - Digging into MN Minerals: Minnesota DNR".
↑ "Piedmont Trail System - Duluth". Retrieved 10 August 2014.
↑ "Poll Results: The Top 5 Scenic Mountain Bike Trails in the Eastern USA". June 23, 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
↑ Vet Team | John Beargrease Sled Dog Marathon :: Duluth, MN
↑ Olsen, Dan (27 January 2014). "In Duluth, community steps up to preserve Chester Bowl ski hill". MPR News. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
↑ Creations, Interactive. "2017 Biennial Trans Superior International Yacht Race on Yacht Scoring - A complete web based regatta administration and yacht scoring program". Archived from the original on 2014-01-04.
↑ "Lake Superior Zoo - Among Top Duluth, MN, Attractions".
↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
↑ "Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory".
↑ "Theatre Historical Society of America". Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
↑ "NorShor Website". Retrieved 20 June 2014.
↑ "Fitger's". Retrieved July 26, 2017.
↑ Christmas City of the North Parade: Archived 2013-09-04 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Grandson of Christmas City Parade Creator Shares History | Christmas City of the North Parade Archived September 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ HickokSports.com – History – Duluth Kelleys 1923–25; Duluth Eskimos 1926–27
↑ Sports, Eyewitness (April 20, 2014). "Two Titles for Duluth's Al Sands". wdio.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
↑ UMD Bulldogs – Men's Hockey Archived June 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ "Slap Shot Ii: Brett Hull". CNN. December 23, 1985.
↑ 4c2k0 (20 April 2011). "The Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs - 2011 NCAA Hockey Champions" – via YouTube.
↑ CHAMPIONSHIP FACTS – Women's Hockey Archived June 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ "Previewing the Women’s Frozen Four". 15 March 2012.
↑ "American Bandy Association". Usabandy.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
↑ USA BANDY CHAMPIONSHIPS IN THE BOOKS Archived July 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ "SportsEngine".
↑ NORTH AMERICAN CUP BACK IN DULUTH
↑ Duluth News Tribune (January 4, 1916, July 19, 1916, July 20, 1916, July 21, 1916); The Minnesotan (November 1916); American Architect Vol. 113 (June 1918); Morgan Park Bulletin Vol. 2 No. 26 (April 24, 1919); Duluth Herald (September 20, 1929); Minneapolis Star Tribune (02-28-1972); Duluth Sketches of the Past (1976), Arnold Alanen; Morgan Park Continuity And Change In A Company Town (1992), Anedith Nash & Robert Silberman
↑ "One of the first shopping malls in the United States - Lake View Store in Morgan Park". 27 April 2009.
↑ New York Times, May 21, 1936, pg.23, Charles W. Townsend
↑ St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 23, 1936, pg. 8, An Invention in Doubt.
↑ Duluth Herald, May 25, 1936, pg. 16, Had 'Finger in Pie'.
↑ Duluth News-Tribune, July 29, 1956, pg. 4-B, Pylie Mode Originated in Duluth.
↑ Aubut, Sheldon. "Duluth Pack - Autobiography of Camille Poirier".
↑ Slotnik, Daniel E. (November 25, 2011). "Jeno Paulucci, a Pioneer of Ready-Made Ethnic Foods, Dies at 93". The New York Times.
↑ "How Black Inventor Alexander Miles Improved Elevator Safety".
↑ BRS - BRS Milestones http://www.brsaerospace.com/brs_history.aspx
↑ "CAPS History by Cirrus Owners & Pilots Association". Retrieved 2014-07-17.
↑ Cirrus Aircraft - CAPS Works http://cirrusaircraft.com/caps/
↑ Mark, Rob (July 2016). "Cirrus Receives First Ever Nall Safety Award". FlyingMag. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
↑ Fallows, James (7 March 2007). "Lidle lawsuit update: the myth of 'aileron failure'". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
↑ Fallows, James (June 2001). "Freedom of the Skies". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
↑ Higdon, Dave (31 March 1999). "Cirrus SR20 demonstrator kills test pilot in prison crash". Flighglobal. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
↑ Duluth News Tribune - Pilot Scott Anderson Remembered http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/content/pilot-scott-anderson-remembered
↑ "The Louie Show". 31 January 1996 – via IMDb.
↑ "The Louie Show (a Titles & Air Dates Guide)". Epguides.com. 2011-07-31. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
↑ "Mason Jennings - Birds Flying Away Album Tracklist".
↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
↑ "Great Gatsby got his start in Duluth ..." Jim Heffernan’s Blog
↑ Chapter 6 The Great Gatsby
↑ "Online Directory: Minnesota, USA". Sister Cities International. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
↑ http://www.sister-cities.org/news/newest-us-iraqi-sister-city-aims-expand-cultural-understanding

External links

City of Duluth
Duluth Area Chamber of Commerce
Duluth Public Library
The Finnish Riviera
Zenith City History Archive
Perfect Duluth Day
Twin Ports Nightlife
Vintage Pictures of Duluth
Proctor Knott's Speech on Duluth at the Minnesota Historical Society.
localwiki.org/duluth Community wiki for Duluth/Superior
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Duluth". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Duluth's Beach Water Temperatures: Upwelling and Downwelling

Coordinates: 46°48′N 92°06′W / 46.8°N 92.1°W / 46.8; -92.1

Twin Ports, Minnesota-Wisconsin

Core cities

Duluth° (MN)
Superior° (WI)

Surrounding
communities

(over 10,000)	Cloquet° (MN)
(under 10,000)	Carlton° (MN) Duluth* (MN) Esko^§ (MN) French River^† (MN) Harney^† (MN) Hermantown° (MN) Lakewood* (MN) Oliver^‡ (WI) Palmers^† (MN) Parkland* (WI) Parkland^† (WI) Proctor° (MN) Rice Lake° (MN) Riverview^† (WI) Scanlon° (MN) Superior^‡ (WI) Superior* (WI) Thomson° (MN) Thomson* (MN) Wrenshall° (MN)

Counties

Carlton (MN)
Douglas (WI)
Saint Louis (MN)

*town/township ^‡village °city ^§CDP ^†unincorporated community

Municipalities and communities of St. Louis County, Minnesota, United States
County seat: Duluth
Cities	Aurora Babbitt Biwabik Brookston Buhl Chisholm Cook Duluth Ely Eveleth Floodwood Gilbert Hermantown Hibbing Hoyt Lakes Iron Junction Kinney Leonidas McKinley Meadowlands Mountain Iron Orr Proctor Rice Lake Tower Virginia Winton
Townships	Alango Alborn Alden Angora Arrowhead Ault Balkan Bassett Beatty Biwabik Breitung Brevator Camp 5 Canosia Cedar Valley Cherry Clinton Colvin Cotton Crane Lake Culver Duluth Eagles Nest Ellsburg Elmer Embarrass Fairbanks Fayal Field Fine Lakes Floodwood Fredenberg French Gnesen Grand Lake Great Scott Greenwood Halden Industrial Kabetogama Kelsey Kugler Lakewood Lavell Leiding Linden Grove McDavitt Meadowlands Midway Morcom Morse Ness New Independence Normanna North Star Northland Owens Pequaywan Pike Portage Prairie Lake Sandy Solway Stoney Brook Sturgeon Toivola Van Buren Vermilion Lake Waasa White Willow Valley Wuori
CDPs	Mahnomen Nett Lake Soudan
Unincorporated communities	Alborn Angora Ash Lake Bassett Bear River Bengal Brimson Britt Burnett Burntside Buyck Canyon Celina Central Lakes Cherry Clover Valley Cotton Crane Lake Culver Cusson Eldes Corner Elmer Embarrass Fairbanks Florenton Forbes Four Corners French River Gheen Gheen Corner Glendale Gowan Greaney Idington Independence Island Lake Kabetogama Keenan Kelsey Linden Grove Makinen Maney Markham McComber Meadow Brook Melrude Munger Palmers Palo Paupores Payne Peary Petrel Peyla Prosit Ramshaw Robinson Rollins Saginaw Sax Shaw Sherman Corner Side Lake Silica Simar Skibo Sturgeon Taft Toivola Twig Vermilion Dam Wahlsten Wakemup Whiteface Wolf Zim
Unorganized territories	Angleworm Bear Head Lake Birch Lake Camp A Lake Crab Lake Dark River Gheen Hay Lake Heikkala Lake Hush Lake Janette Lake Leander Lake Linwood Lake Marion Lake McCormack Mud Hen Lake Nett Lake Northeast St. Louis Northwest St. Louis Pfeiffer Lake Picket Lake Potshot Lake Sand Lake Slim Lake Sturgeon River Sunday Lake Tikander Lake Whiteface Reservoir
Former CDP	Arnold
Ghost towns	Costin Village Elcor Fermoy Spina
Indian reservations	Fond du Lac Indian Reservation‡ Lake Vermilion Indian Reservation Nett Lake Indian Reservation‡
Footnotes	‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties

City of Duluth
Topics	City Council Mayors Neighborhoods Notable Duluthians Radio and TV Schools Skyscrapers Transit Authority

State of Minnesota
Saint Paul (capital)
Topics	Outline Index Cities Climate Colleges and universities Congressional districts Ecology Geography Geology Governors High schools Historical Congressional delegations Historical Landmarks History Lakes Movies and television Music People Political parties Rivers School districts Scouting State fair State parks Territory Townships Transportation Tourist attractions
Society	Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Theater
Regions	Arrowhead Boundary Waters Buffalo Ridge Central Coteau des Prairies Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Iron Range Minnesota River Valley North Shore Northwest Angle North Woods Pipestone Red River Valley Siouxland Southeast Twin Cities metropolitan area
Largest cities pop. over 25,000	Andover Apple Valley Blaine Bloomington Brooklyn Center Brooklyn Park Burnsville Chaska Coon Rapids Cottage Grove Duluth Eagan Eden Prairie Edina Fridley Inver Grove Heights Lakeville Mankato Maple Grove Maplewood Minneapolis Minnetonka Moorhead Oakdale Owatonna Plymouth Prior Lake Ramsey Richfield Rochester Roseville St. Cloud St. Louis Park Saint Paul Savage Shakopee Shoreview Winona Woodbury
Counties	Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault Fillmore Freeborn Goodhue Grant Hennepin Houston Hubbard Isanti Itasca Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon Mahnomen Marshall Martin McLeod Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau Saint Louis Scott Sherburne Sibley Stearns Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 126656850 LCCN: n79059587 GND: 4223037-8 BNF: cb145004251 (data)

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Duluth, Minnesota

History

Pre-founding

Exploration and fur trade (1650–1850)

Permanent settlement

"The Untold Delights of Duluth"

Twentieth century

Immigration

Duluth lynchings

1918 Cloquet Fire

Continued growth

Economic decline

Geography

Geological history

Climate

2012 flooding

2012 tornado

Demographics

2010 census

2000 census

Government

Fire department

Economy

Aviation

Transportation

Major highways

Utilities

Media

Education

Arts

Parks

Leif Erikson Park

Duluth Rose Garden

Jay Cooke State Park

Recreation

Agate hunting

Grandma's Marathon

Superior Hiking Trail

Piedmont mountain biking trail

John Beargrease Sled Dog Marathon

Skiing

Sailing

Surfing

Attractions

Great Lakes Aquarium

Lake Superior Zoo

Lake Superior Railroad Museum

Hawk Ridge fall raptor count

Enger Tower

North Shore Scenic Railroad

NorShor Theatre

Fitger's Brewery

Canal Park

Glensheen Mansion

Duluth Children's Museum

Christmas City of the North Parade

Sports

Professional sports history

Amateur sports

Hockey

Baseball

Soccer

Bandy

Roller skating

Duluth innovations

First mall in the United States

Birthplace of Pie à la Mode

Duluth Pack

Jeno Paulucci, Chun King, Jeno's pizza, and pizza rolls

Electric elevator

First whole-plane parachute recovery system on a certified aircraft

Films, television shows and recordings in Duluth

In popular culture

Notable people

Sister cities

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links