Dryas iulia
| Dryas iulia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Dorsal view | |
 | |
| Side view | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | Dryas Hübner, [1807] |
| Species: | D. iulia |
| Binomial name | |
| Dryas iulia (Fabricius, 1775) | |
| Subspecies | |
|
14, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Genus: | |
Dryas iulia (often incorrectly spelled julia),[1] commonly called the Julia butterfly, Julia heliconian, the flame, or flambeau, is a species of brush-footed butterfly. The sole representative of its genus Dryas, it is native from Brazil to southern Texas and Florida, and in summer can sometimes be found as far north as eastern Nebraska. Over 15 subspecies have been described.
Its wingspan ranges from 82 to 92 mm, and it is colored orange (brighter in male specimens) with black markings; this species is somewhat unpalatable to birds and belongs to the "orange" Batesian mimicry complex.[2]
This butterfly is a fast flier and frequents clearings, paths, and margins of forests and woodlands. It feeds on the nectar of flowers, such as lantanas (Lantana) and shepherd's-needle (Scandix pecten-veneris), and the tears of caiman, the eye of which the butterfly irritates to produce tears.[3] Its caterpillar feeds on leaves of passion vines including Passiflora affinis and yellow passionflower (P. lutea) in Texas.
The species is popular in butterfly houses because it is long-lived and active throughout the day.
Subspecies
Listed alphabetically:[4]
- D. i. alcionea (Cramer, 1779) – (Suriname, Bolivia, Brazil)
- D. i. carteri (Riley, 1926) – (Bahamas)
- D. i. delila (Fabricius, 1775) – (Jamaica)
- D. i. dominicana (Hall, 1917) – (Dominica)
- D. i. framptoni (Riley, 1926) – (St. Vincent)
- D. i. fucatus (Boddaert, 1783) – (Dominican Republic)
- D. i. iulia (Fabricius, 1775) – (Puerto Rico)
- D. i. lucia (Riley, 1926) – (St. Lucia)
- D. i. largo Clench, 1975 – (Florida)
- D. i. martinica Enrico & Pinchon, 1969 – (Martinique)
- D. i. moderata (Riley, 1926) – (Mexico, Honduras, Ecuador)
- D. i. nudeola (Bates, 1934) – (Cuba)
- D. i. warneri (Hall, 1936) – (St. Kitts)
- D. i. zoe Miller & Steinhauser, 1992 – (Cayman Islands)[5]
D. i. alcionea - MHNT
D. i. dominicana MHNT
Caterpillar.jpg)
D. i. alcionea
Brazil.JPG)
D. i. alcionea
Brazil_underside.JPG)
D. i. alcionea
Brazil_female_J.JPG)
D. i. delila
female, Jamaica_male.JPG)
D. i. iulia
male, Trinidad_male.JPG)
D. i. zoe
male, Grand Cayman_male_underside.JPG)
D. i. zoe
male, Grand Cayman_female.JPG)
D. i. zoe
female, Grand Cayman_male.JPG)
D. i. nudeola
male, Cuba_female.JPG)
D. i. nudeola
female, Cuba
References
- 1 2 Lamas, G. (editor) (2004). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. ISBN 978-0-945417-28-6
- ↑ Pinheiro, Carlos E. G. (1996): Palatability and escaping ability in Neotropical butterflies: tests with wild kingbirds (Tyrannus melancholicus, Tyrannidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 59(4): 351–365. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01471.x (HTML abstract)
- ↑ Patrick Barkham and Camilla Turner guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 6 April 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/apr/06/sensational-butterflies-natural-history-museum
- ↑ Dryas iulia (Fabricius, 1775) at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
- ↑ R. R. Askew and P. A. van B. Stafford, Butterflies of the Cayman Islands (Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2008) ISBN 978-87-88757-85-9, pp. 62-65
- Butterflies and Moths of North America (BMNA) (2008). Julia Heliconian. Retrieved 2008-AUG-14.
- Miller, L. D. & Miller, J. Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook: 115. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 0-7641-5714-0
External links
Media related to Dryas iulia at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Dryas (Nymphalidae) at Wikispecies