Mule (smuggling)

Plain radiograph of the abdomen of a drug "mule" showing drug capsules
German Customs Officer with seized cocaine containers (Bodypacks)

A mule or courier is someone who smuggles contraband across a border (as opposed to sending by mail, etc.) for a smuggling organization. The organizers employ mules to reduce the risk of getting caught themselves. Methods of smuggling include hiding the goods in vehicles or carried items, attaching them to one's body, or using the body as a container.

In the case of transporting illegal drugs, the term drug mule applies. Other slang terms include Kinder Surprise and Easter Egg.

Techniques

Concealment

Methods of smuggling include hiding the goods in a vehicle,[1] luggage,[2] or clothes.[1] In a vehicle, the contraband is hidden in secret compartments.[1]

Sometimes the goods are hidden in the bag or vehicle of an innocent person, who does not know about the contraband, for the purpose of retrieving the goods elsewhere.

Body packing

The practice of transporting goods outside or inside of the body is called body packing. This is done by a person usually called a mule, or bait. The contraband is attached to the outside of the body using adhesive tape, glue, or straps, often in such places as between the cheeks of the buttocks or between rolls of fat. Other inconspicuous places, like the soles of cut out shoes, inside belts, or the rim of a hat, were used more often prior to the early 1990s. Due to increased airport security the "body packing" method is rarely used any more.

Some narcotics-trafficking organizations such as the Mexican Cartels will purposely send one or two people with drugs on the outside of their body to purposely be caught, so that the authorities are occupied while dozens of mules pass by undetected with drugs inside their body. However, even these diversion tactics are becoming less and less prevalent as airport security increases.

Swallowing

Abdominal X-ray showing swallowed packages of cocaine.

This is often done using a mule's gastrointestinal tract or other body cavities as containers. Swallowing has been used for the transportation of heroin,[1][3][4] cocaine,[5] and MDMA/Ecstasy.[6] A swallower typically fills tiny balloons with small quantities of a drug. The balloons may be made with multilayered condoms, fingers of latex gloves,[5] or more sophisticated hollow pellets. One smuggling method involves swallowing the balloons, which are recovered later from the excreted feces. Alternately, the balloons may be hidden in other natural or artificial body cavities – such as rectum,[5] colostomy,[7] vagina, and mouth[8] – although this method is far more vulnerable to body cavity searches. A drug mule may swallow dozens upon dozens of balloons.[4] The swallower then attempts to cross international borders, excrete the balloons, and sell the drugs.

It is most common for the swallower to be making the trip on behalf of a drug lord or drug dealer. Swallowers are often impoverished and agree to transport the drugs in exchange for money or other favors. In fewer cases, the drug dealers can attempt extortion against people by threatening physical harm against friends or family, but the more common practice is for swallowers to willingly accept the job in exchange for big payoffs. As reported in Lost Rights by James Bovard: "Nigerian drug lords have employed an army of 'swallowers', those who will swallow as many as 150 balloons and smuggle drugs into the United States. Given the per capita yearly income of Nigeria is $2,100, Nigerians can collect as much as $15,000 per trip."[9]

Swallowers have been apprehended from a variety of age groups, including adults, teens, and children.[4]

Detection and medical treatment

Routine detection of the smuggled packets is extremely difficult, and many cases come to light because a packet has ruptured or because of intestinal obstruction. Unruptured packets may sometimes be detected by rectal or vaginal examination, but the only reliable way is by X-ray of the abdomen. Hashish appears denser than stool, cocaine is approximately the same density as stool, while heroin looks like air.[10]

An increasingly popular type of swallowing involves having the drug in the form of liquid-filled balloons or condoms/packages. These are impossible to detect unless the airport has high-sensitivity X-Ray equipment, as a liquid mixture of water and the drug will most likely not be detected using a standard X-Ray machine. Most of the major airports in Europe, Canada, and the US have the more sensitive machines.

In most cases, it is only necessary to wait for the packets to pass normally, but if a packet ruptures or if there is intestinal obstruction, then it may be necessary to operate and surgically remove the packets.[11] Oil-based laxatives should never be used, as they can weaken the latex of condoms and cause packets to rupture.[12] Emetics like syrup of ipecac, enemas, and endoscopic retrieval all carry a risk of packet rupture and should not be used.[13] Repeat imaging is only necessary if the mule does not know the packet count.

Ruptured packets can be fatal and often require treatment as for a drug overdose and may require admission to an intensive care unit. Body packers are not always reliable sources of information about the contents of the packages (either because of fears about information being passed on to law enforcement agencies or because the mule genuinely does not know). Urine toxicology may be necessary to determine what drugs are being carried and what antidotes are needed.[3][11]

International incidents

People's Republic of China

Electronic products such as iPhones sell cheaper in Hong Kong, one of China's Special Administrative Region where the tax laws are relaxed. Smugglers buy them in Hong Kong and employ mules that strap iPhones around their waists and ankles and smuggle them across the border from Hong Kong to Shenzhen. According to Customs Law of China and Smuggling Penalties, a person shall be subject to a criminal charge if found smuggling small quantities of goods three times in one year. The maximum jail sentence is three years.[14][15]

United States

The U.S. Supreme Court dealt with body packing in United States v. Montoya De Hernandez. In Hernandez, a woman attempted to smuggle 88 balloons of cocaine in her gastrointestinal tract. She had been detained for over 16 hours by customs inspectors before she finally passed some of the balloons. She was being held because her abdomen was noticeably swollen (she claimed to be pregnant), and a search of her body had revealed that she was wearing two pairs of elastic underpants and had lined her crotch area with paper towels. This is done because balloon swallowing makes bowel movements difficult to control. The woman claimed her Fourth Amendment rights had been violated, but the court found in favor of the border authorities.

With regard to traffic from South America to the US, the US Drug Enforcement Administration reports: "Unlike cocaine, heroin is often smuggled by people who swallow large numbers of small capsules (50–90), allowing them to transport up to 1.5 kilograms of heroin per courier."[1]

United Kingdom

In 2003, over 50% of foreign females in UK jails were drug mules from Jamaica.[16] Nigerian women make a large contribution to the remaining figure.

In all, around 18% of the UK's female jail population are foreigners, 60% of whom are serving sentences for drug-related offences – most of them drug mules.[17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Statement of Michael A. Braun, Chief of Operations, Drug Enforcement Administration, Before the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, November 9, 2005 – “The Illicit Drug Transit Zone in Central America”, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), November 9, 2005, archived from the original on December 10, 2005
  2. ↑ Kouri, Jim (March 20, 2006). "Panamanian Drug Gang and "Swallowers" Nailed by NYPD". mensnewsdaily.com. Mens News Daily. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012.
  3. 1 2 Sribanditmongkol, P; Supasingsiripreecha, W; Thampitak, S; Junkuy, A (January 2006). "Fatal Heroin Intoxication in Body Packers in Northern Thailand during the Last Decade: Two Case Reports". J Med Assoc Thai. 89 (1): 106–10. PMID 16583590.
  4. 1 2 3 Traub, SJ; Kohn, GL; Hoffman, RS; Nelson, LS (February 2003). "Pediatric "body packing"". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 157 (2): 174–7.
  5. 1 2 3 Parisek, Sonja I. "Cocaine overdose secondary to rupture of latex cocaine packet". Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Dx by: Abdominal radiograph, physical evidence of packet, exploratory laparotomy to remove additional packets, sigmoidoscopy.... These were found INSIDE the patient's bowel.... Cocaine packets recovered in the Emergency Department from rectal cavity of patient. Cocaine is stuffed into latex glove fingers and tied. Condoms may also be used - but are more expensive.
  6. ↑ Low, VHS; Dillon, EK (October 2005). "Agony of the ecstasy: Report of five cases of MDMA smuggling". Australasian Radiol. 49 (5): 400–3. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1673.2005.01503.x.
  7. ↑ Walter, Benjamin M.; Martignoni, M.; Säckl, J.; Felgenhauer, N.; Eyer, F.; Tratzl, V.; Schmid, R. M.; von Delius, S. (July 2012). "A curious case of body packing: impaction of cocaine capsules in a colostomy exit". Forensic Toxicology. 30 (2): 199–201. doi:10.1007/s11419-012-0139-4.
  8. ↑ Khan FH (2005). "The cocaine 'body-packer' syndrome: Diagnosis and treatment". Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 59 (10): 457–8. PMID 16272682. doi:10.4103/0019-5359.17054.
  9. ↑ Bovard, James (1995). Lost Rights: the Destruction of American Liberty. Palgrave Macmillan Trade. ISBN 978-0312123338.
  10. ↑ Hergan K, Kofler K, Oser W (2004). "Drug smuggling by body packing: what radiologists should know about it". Eur Radiol. 14 (4): 736–42. PMID 14566426. doi:10.1007/s00330-003-2091-5.
  11. 1 2 Dueñas-Laita A, Nogué S, Burillo-Putze G (2004). "Body packing". N Engl J Med. 350 (12): 1260–1. PMID 15028835. doi:10.1056/NEJM200403183501220.
  12. ↑ Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS (2003). "Body packing—the internal concealment of illicit drugs". N Engl J Med. 349 (26): 2519–26. PMID 14695412. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022719.
  13. ↑ Pidoto RR, Agliata AM, Bertoline R, Mainini A, Rossi G, Giani G (2002). "A new method of packaging cocaine for international traffic and implications for the management of cocaine body-packers". J Emerg Med. 23 (2): 149–53. PMID 12359282. doi:10.1016/S0736-4679(02)00505-X.
  14. ↑ Goren, Lauren (March 5, 2012). "iPhone Mules Attempt to Smuggle Tech into China". Mashable.
  15. ↑ Li Hao. "Man in jail for multiple smugglings". Shenzhen Daily. Shenzhen.
  16. ↑ "Jamaica's women drug mules fill UK jails". BBC News. 2003-09-13. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  17. ↑ "Nigerian drug mules 'on the rise'". BBC News. 2005-10-03. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
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