Drug distribution

Drug distribution is the process by means of which people get access to drugs. Because governments regulate access to drugs, governments control drug distribution and the drug supply chain more than trade for other goods.[1] Distribution begins with the pharmaceutical industry manufacturing drugs.[1] From there, intermediaries in the public sector, private sector, and non-governmental organizations acquire drugs to provide them to other intermediaries.[1] Eventually, the drugs reach different classes of consumers who use them.[1]

An illegal drug trade operates to distribute illegal drugs. The trade of illegal drugs overlaps with trade in contraband of all sorts.[2][3] Illegal drug distribution does not overlap in obvious ways with the legal trade of legal drugs.[4]

It is challenging to determine the size of markets which consume drugs.[5] A 2002 report said that contemporary global pharmaceutical industry trade caused the exchange of US$500 billion, but actually, only US$25 billion was trade among different markets.[5]

Drugs require cold chain management in their distribution.[6]

Drug distribution has special safety considerations.[7]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Committee on Understanding the Global Public Health Implications of Substandard, Falsified, and Counterfeit Medical Products; Board on Global Health; National Academy of Medicine (2013). "Weaknesses in the Drug Distribution Chain". In Buckley, Gillian J.; Gostin, Lawrence O. Countering the problem of falsified and substandard drugs (Édition abrégée du rapport : "Parer au problème des médicaments falsifiés ou de qualité inférieure" publié en 2013. ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-26939-1.
  2. ↑ Bruinsma, Gerben; Bernasco, Wim (February 2004). "Criminal groups and transnational illegal markets". Crime, Law and Social Change. 41 (1): 79–94. doi:10.1023/B:CRIS.0000015283.13923.aa.
  3. ↑ HALLER, MARK H. (May 1990). "ILLEGAL ENTERPRISE: A THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION *". Criminology. 28 (2): 207–236. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1990.tb01324.x.
  4. ↑ Passas, Nikos (1 January 2003). "Cross-border Crime and the Interface between Legal and Illegal Actors". Security Journal. 16 (1): 19–37. doi:10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340123.
  5. 1 2 Reuter, Peter H.; Greenfield, Victoria (1 January 2002). "Measuring Global Drug Markets: How Good Are the Numbers and Why Should We Care About Them?". RAND Corporation.
  6. ↑ Bishara, Rafik H. (January 2006). "Cold Chain Management - An Essential Component of the Global Pharmaceutical Supply Chain" (PDF). American Pharmaceutical Review.
  7. ↑ Marucheck, Ann; Greis, Noel; Mena, Carlos; Cai, Linning (November 2011). "Product safety and security in the global supply chain: Issues, challenges and research opportunities". Journal of Operations Management. 29 (7-8): 707–720. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2011.06.007.
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