Draisine

Two-person rail-cycle draisine with four wheels

A draisine is a light auxiliary rail vehicle, driven by service personnel, equipped to transport crew and material necessary for the maintenance of railway infrastructure.

The eponymous term is derived from German Baron Karl Christian Ludwig Drais von Sauerbronn, who invented his Laufmaschine (German for "running machine") in 1817, that was called Draisine (German) or Draisienne (French) by the press. It is the first reliable claim for a practically used precursor to the bicycle, basically the first commercially successful two-wheeled, steerable, human-propelled machine, nicknamed hobby-horse or dandy horse.^[1]

Drais' Draisine (1817), whose name was inherited by the rail vehicle

Later, the name draisine came to be applied only to versions used on rails and was extended to similar vehicles, even when not human-powered. Because of their low weight and small size, they can be put on and taken off the rails at any place, allowing trains to pass.

In the United States, motor-powered draisines are known as speeders while human-powered ones are referred as handcars. Vehicles that can be driven on both the highway and the rail line are called road-rail vehicles, or (after a trademark) Hy-Rails.

Dressin, velorail, trolley, or railbike

"Draisines", called dressin in Swedish, dresin in Norwegian, dræsine in Danish, and resiina in Finnish, refers to pedal-powered rail-cycles which were used by railroad maintenance workers in Finland, Sweden, and Norway until about 1950, as handcars were elsewhere

Draisines nowadays are used for recreation on several unused railway lines in Germany, Sweden, Norway, Poland, some other European countries and South Korea.^[2] Several companies rent draisines in Sweden.^[3] In the United States, railbike tours have operated in several states nationwide: Maine,^[4] Oregon,^[5] the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York,^[6] and Delaware.^[7]

In Finland, an annual competition Resiina-ralli (translates "Draisine Rally") involves several draisine teams travelling many days on the railways from one corner of the country to another. The rally is televised and is popular with TV viewers.

Types

• 
  Three-wheeled draisine at the Saskatchewan Railway Museum
• 
  Hand-lever draisine handcar
• 
  Functioning draisine exhibited by a railway history museum in Metelen, Germany
• 
  Three-wheeled handcar designed to be operated by a single person, widely known in United States as a handcar or velocipede
• 
  Pedaled four-wheel rail-cycle draisine
• 
  Purpose-built bicycle for riding the Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad
• 
  A row of draisines for hire: The railway runs between Broby and Glimminge, Sweden
• 
  Railcar is another term used for small motorized draisines.
• 
  Motorized draisines are known as speeders and trolleys in the United States
• 
  Car (Russian GAZ-13 Chaika) converted into a draisine, at the Hungarian Railway Museum
• 
  Deutsche Bundesbahn draisine based on the Volkswagen Type 2
• 
  Even this small railbus is related to the draisine

Military usage

Armoured draisine Tatra T 18 built in Czechoslovakia for Polish armed forces

The military usage of draisines concerned, first of all, armoured draisines. They were light armoured rail motor vehicles, intended for reconnaissance, scouting, track patrolling, and other auxiliary combat tasks, usually belonging to armoured trains. Early vehicles of this kind were built in Russia during World War I. Later, often armoured cars were used as armoured draisines, after exchanging their wheels to railroad ones, or fitting them with additional retractable railroad rollers. Some countries, however, manufactured purpose-built armoured draisines between the wars, such as the USSR and Czechoslovakia. Peculiar vehicles were Polish armoured draisines - they were tanks or tankettes fitted with special rail chassis, able to be used on rails or on the ground, leaving the rail chassis on the rails. Some countries developed railtrack armoured draisines, with retractable tracks railroad wheels; they were not widely used, however. Different armoured draisines were used during the Second World War, starting from the invasion of Poland carried out by Nazi Germany.

Prior to World War II, the Japanese Empire had already made extensive use of draisines such as the Sumida M.2593 in Manchuria and the Sino-Japanese war.

Construction

People have been putting bicycles on railroad tracks ever since there have been both bicycles and railroads. From time to time, factory-built models have been available, beginning with a device marketed in 1908 through the Sears catalogue for just US$5.45 (equivalent to $145 in 2016).

There are many designs of draisine. However, certain fundamentals of railbike design must be adhered to, foremost among them the reconciliation of a bicycle's stability with adaptation to riding on a railway track: bicycles are kept upright by the rider steering in the direction of an impending fall, but this ability is sacrificed when the bicycle is constrained by rails. Simply adding flanged wheels to a conventional bicycle would make it impossible to balance, so the typical approach to stabilization is to add an outrigger, with roller(s), across to the second rail from near the bicycle’s rear wheel. Even such an outrigger system is not without its complications, as tracks that are no longer perfectly parallel — common on sections of abandoned track — can result in derailment. Additional guide rollers can help alleviate this problem at the expense of greater weight.

See also

• Balance bicycle
• History of the bicycle
• Norry, improvised draisines used in Cambodia
• In the film Frog Dreaming (1986), the young protagonist builds and uses a railbike.
• Railway Mokes

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Draisines.

• Railriders Video produced by Oregon Field Guide