Blutritt

Blutritt in Weingarten, c. 1865

The Blutritt (literal translation: Blood Ride) is an equestrian procession in honor of a relic containing the blood of Jesus Christ. There are several cities in Germany holding Blutritte, however, the dates are not unified.

Blutritt in Weingarten

Weingarten Blutritt, 2007
The Rider of the Holy Blood of Weingarten Blutritt, 2011

The Blutritt in the Upper Swabia Weingarten is regarded as the biggest equestrian procession in Europe. It takes place on the Friday after Ascension Day and is also known as the ‘bloodfriday‘ („Blutfreitag“). In 1529 the Blutritt was first mentioned in writing, but even then it was labeled as an old custom. Traditionally, the Blutritt is a pilgrimage for men.

The Weingarten Abbey has been preserving a holy blood relic for over 950 years. This relic contains several drops of blood in a lump of earth which are supposedly the precious blood of Jesus Christ. This relic is kept in the church of the Weingarten Abbey.

On the day of the Blutritt, the Rider of the Holy Blood (German: Heilig-Blut-Reiter) carries the relic through Weingarten and the surrounding areas. Every year about 2,000 to 3,000 horsemen dressed in tailcoats and top hats (in 2016 there were 2,366 horsemen), grouped in over 100 groups of Blood Riders, escort the Rider of the Holy Blood on horseback. About 80 chapels accompany the horsemen. Every year the Blutritt in Weingarten is witnessed from the side of the road by over 30,000 pilgrims and spectators.

Origin

According to legend, the Relic of the Holy Blood in Weingarten contains the blood of Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified in 30 or 31 AD on the hill Golgotha. A Roman legionnaire, later known as Longinus, pushed his lance deep into the side of the crucified to determine his death.

The blood of Jesus Christ dripped on the face of the legionnaire and enlightened him; this was, according to the legend, the origin of the miraculous healing force of the blood of Jesus. Longinus collected some drops of the blood, mixed them with the soil of Golgotha and stored them in a lead box. After being baptized by the Apostles, he left Jerusalem and traveled on a ship to the Italian Mantua where he preached Christianity and was consequently prosecuted. In hardship and distress, he hid the casket and died as a Martyr later on. One day the place of hiding was revealed to the blind Adilbero, and the news of which reached the Emperor. The Emperor, the Pope, and the Duke of Mantua let Adilbero show them the relic's hiding place and he got his eyesight back. However, a bloody conflict broke out about the relic. As a consequence, the object of dispute was apportioned: one piece for Pope Leo IX, one for the Duke of Mantua, and a third for Emperor Henry III.[1]

This legend does not withstand a historic investigation; rather, the early Christian prosecution of Longinus came to an end in Cappadocia. The relic and his mortal remains were sent as a counter-present from Constantinople to the city of Mantua. When Mantua was under siege by the Lombards for one year in 580, the relic was hidden in a secret place and found again in 804. Thereupon, Pope Leo III (795-816) and Charlemagne (768-814) had it examined. The relic was disassembled.

While Mantua was under siege by the Hungarians in 923, the parts were hidden again; the greater part, together with the relics of Longinus, in the garden of the Andreas Hospital, and the smaller part in the old church of St. Paul, close to the cathedral (found in 1479). On 12 March 1048 the greater part of the Relic of the Holy Blood and the remains of Longinus were found in Mantua. Pope Leo IX (1049-1054) called a synod of the church in 1053 in Mantua and wanted to take the relic of the precious blood to Rome. Due to the opposition of the people of Mantua, a second division of the relic occurred; one piece remained in Mantua, whereas the other was taken to Rome. In 1055 Emperor Henry III (1039-1056) traveled to Mantua and got another part of the Relic of the Holy Blood.[2]

When Emperor Henry III died in 1056, the relic was bequeathed to Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, (1035-1067) as a sign of reconciliation. He gave it as a present to his relation Judith of Flanders (1032-1094) who was married with her second husband Welf I, Duke of Bavaria. When the duke went into the crusade, Judith gave the Relic of the Blood to the abbot of the Weingarten Abbey Walicho (1088-1108), the “Lieblingsstiftung” (a foundation) and to the burial place of the House of Welf.

The handing over of the reliquary dates to 31 May 1090 and alternatively 12 March 1094. Apparently, it was the Friday after Ascension Day and is, thus, the origin of Blood Friday and the Ride of the Holy Blood. The handing over is depicted as a relief on the Hosanna-bell (1490) at the Basilica St. Martin.

History of Blutritt

Until the 17th century the Blutritt was connected with a border bypassing of the area of Weingarten. Therefore, the fathers marched with their sons who had just come of age and gave them a slapping in the face as a memory backing at prominent sites.

Procedure

As a prelude to Blutritt, in the evening of the Ascension of Christ, thousands of pilgrims take part in a light procession from the Basilica of St.Martin to the Kreuzberg (since 1890).

On Blood Friday at 6 o'clock in the morning, the equestrian fair begins at the basilica. The actual Blutritt starts at about 7 o'clock and leads through the streets and adjacent fields of Weingarten for about ten kilometres. The relic, which is set in a cross studded with gemstones, is carried by the Rider of the Holy Blood, who bestows the Blessing of the Holy Blood (German: Segen des Heiligen Blutes) on houses, farms, and fields. The relic is secured by means of a chain with three rings, in case of the horse rearing up and throwing the rider off. Until the abbey was closed in 2010, a religious priest from the Weingarten Abbey was Rider of the Holy Blood. Since 2011, however, the parson of the basilica occupies this position. After about five hours, the reliquary is returned to the basilica.

Altars

The equestrian procession travels to four exterior altars. One of them lies outside of the district of Weingarten, in the municipality of Baienfurt:

Movie: Die Blutritter

In 2003, film director Douglas Wolfsperger made a documentary about several participants of the Blutritt in Weingarten. It is called "Die Blutritter" ("The Riders of the Holy Blood") and premiered at the Locarno Festival in the summer of 2004.

Blutritt in Bad Wurzach

In the upper swabian city of Bad Wurzach, the Blutritt is traditionally part of the Festival of the Holy Blood, which takes place on the second Friday of July. With around 1,500 riders and about 5,000 pilgrims, it is the second largest mounted procession in Middle Europe. The object of worship is a relic from the private possessions of Pope Innocent XII.

Origin

Tradition has it that in Rome, a pilgrim received a piece of cloth drenched in blood from Pope Innocent XII in the year of 1693. This relic then ended up in Bad Wurzach.

Procedure

The blood-soaked cloth is carried around the city and its surroundings in a gilded reliquary. The horses are festively decorated, and the riders are wearing formal attire. The procession starts at 7 o'clock with the collection of the relic at the town church, and ends with a sermon on top of the Gottesberg (German: God's hill).

Processional route

Blutritt in other locations

In some Lucerne municipalities, there are similar traditions taking place on Ascension Day (In Swiss German this holiday is called: Auffahrt or Uffahrt, meaning ascension).

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Dirk Grupe: Wie das Heilig-Blut von Golgatha nach Oberschwaben kam. In: Schwäbische Zeitung vom 12. Mai 2010
  2. ↑ Geschichte des Heiligen Blutes, abgerufen am 13. Mai 2010
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