Strait of Dover

Dover Strait
View from France across the Strait of Dover towards the English coast
Location North Sea–English Channel (Atlantic Ocean)
Coordinates 51°00′N 1°27′E / 51.000°N 1.450°E / 51.000; 1.450Coordinates: 51°00′N 1°27′E / 51.000°N 1.450°E / 51.000; 1.450
Type Strait
Basin countries France
England
Max. width 33.3 km (20.7 mi)
Average depth 30 m (98 ft)

The Strait of Dover or Dover Strait, historically known as the Dover Narrows (French: Pas de Calais [pɑ d(ə)‿kalɛ], "Strait of Calais"; Dutch: Nauw van Calais [nʌu̯ vɑn kaːˈlɛː] or Straat van Dover), is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel, marking the boundary between the Channel and North Sea, separating Great Britain from continental Europe. The shortest distance across the strait, 33.3 kilometres (20.7 miles; 18.0 nautical miles), is from the South Foreland, northeast of Dover in the English county of Kent, to Cap Gris Nez, a cape near to Calais in the French département of Pas-de-Calais. Between these points lies the most popular route for cross-channel swimmers.[1] The entire strait is within the territorial waters of France and the United Kingdom, but a right of transit passage under the UNCLOS exists allowing for unrestricted shipping.[2][3][4]

On a clear day, it is possible to see the opposite coastline of England from France and vice versa with the naked eye, with the most famous and obvious sight being the white cliffs of Dover from the French coastline and shoreline buildings on both coastlines, as well as lights on either coastline at night, as in Matthew Arnold's poem "Dover Beach".

Shipping traffic

Automatic Identification System display showing traffic in the strait in 2006

Most maritime traffic between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea and Baltic Sea passes through the Strait of Dover, rather than taking the longer and more dangerous route around the north of Scotland. The strait is the busiest international seaway in the world, used by over 400 commercial vessels daily.[3] This has made traffic safety a critical issue, with HM Coastguard and the Maritime Gendarmerie maintaining a 24-hour watch over the strait and enforcing a strict regime of shipping lanes.[5]

In addition to the intensive east–west traffic, the strait is crossed from north to south by ferries linking Dover to Calais and Dunkerque.[3] Until 1994 these provided the only route across it for land transport. The Channel Tunnel now provides an alternative route, crossing beneath the strait at an average depth of 45 m (148 ft) below the seabed.

The town of Dover gives its name to one of the sea areas of the British Shipping Forecast.

Geological formation

The white cliffs of Dover
Map showing the hypothetical extent of Doggerland (c. 10,000 BCE), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe

The strait is believed to have been created by the erosion of a land bridge that linked the Weald in Great Britain to the Boulonnais in the Pas de Calais. The predominant geology on both the British and French sides and on the seafloor is chalk. Although somewhat resistant to erosion, erosion of both coasts has created the famous white cliffs of Dover in the UK and the Cap Blanc Nez in France. The Channel Tunnel was bored through solid chalk.

NASA Satellite image
December 2002

The Rhine (as the Urstrom) flowed northwards into the North Sea as the sea level fell during the start of the first of the Pleistocene Ice Ages. The ice created a dam from Scandinavia to Scotland, and the Rhine, combined with the Thames and drainage from much of north Europe, created a vast lake behind the dam, which eventually spilled over the Weald into the English Channel. This overflow channel became the Strait of Dover about 425,000 years ago. A narrow deep channel along the middle of the strait was the bed of the Rhine in the last Ice Age. A geological deposit in East Anglia marks the old preglacial northward course of the Rhine.

A 2007 study[6][7] concluded the English Channel was formed by erosion caused by two major floods. The first was about 425,000 years ago, when an ice-dammed lake in the southern North Sea overflowed and broke the Weald-Artois chalk range in a catastrophic erosion and flood event. Afterwards, the Thames and Scheldt flowed through the gap into the English Channel, but the Meuse and Rhine still flowed northwards. In a second flood about 225,000 years ago the Meuse and Rhine were ice-dammed into a lake that broke catastrophically through a high weak barrier (perhaps chalk, or an end-moraine left by the ice sheet). Both floods cut massive flood channels in the dry bed of the English Channel, somewhat like the Channeled Scablands or the Wabash river in the USA.
A further update in 2017, attributed a series of previously described underwater holes in the Channel floor -"100m deep" and in places "several kilometres in diameter" to lake water plunging over a rock ridge causing isolated depressions or plunge pools.[8]
The melting ice and rising sea levels submerged Doggerland, the area linking Britain to France 6,500–6,200 BCE. The Lobourg strait, a major feature of the strait's seafloor, runs its 6 km (4 mi) wide slash on a NNE–SSW axis. Nearer to the French coast than to the English coast, it runs along the Varne sandbank where it plunges to 68 m (223 ft) at its deepest, and along the latter's south-east neighbour the Ridge bank (French name "Colbart"[9]) with a maximum depth of 62 m (203 ft).[10]

Marine wildlife

NASA Terra satellite image, March 2001

The submarine depth of the strait varies between 68 m (223 ft) at the Lobourg strait and 20 m (66 ft) at the highest banks. It presents a succession of rocky areas relatively deserted by ships wanting to spare their nets, and of sandy flats and sub-aqueous dunes. The strong currents of the Channel are slowed down around the rocky areas of the strait, with formation of countercurrents and calmer zones where many species can find shelter.[11] In these calmer zones, the water is clearer than in the rest of the strait; thus algae can grow despite the 30 m (98 ft) average depth and help increase diversity in the local species – some of which are endemic to the strait. Moreover, this is a transition zone for the species of the Atlantic Ocean and those of the southern part of the North Sea.

This mix of various environments promotes a wide variety of wildlife.[12]

The Ridens de Boulogne, a 10–20 m (33–66 ft) deep[13] rocky high ground partially covered with sand located 15 nmi (28 km; 17 mi) to the west of Boulogne, boasts the highest production of maerl in the strait.[13]

A 682 km2 (263 sq mi) area of the strait is classified as a Natura 2000 protection zone listed under the name Ridens et dunes hydrauliques du Pas de Calais (Ridens and sub-aqueous dunes of the Dover Strait). This area includes the sub-aqueous dunes of Varne, Colbart, Vergoyer and Bassurelle, the Ridens de Boulogne, and the Lobourg channel which provides calmer and clearer waters due to its depth reaching 68 m (223 ft).[14]

Unusual crossings

Many crossings other than in conventional vessels have been attempted, including by pedalo, jetpack, bathtub, amphibious vehicle and more commonly by swimming. French law bans many of these while English law does not, so most such crossings originate in England.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Crystal, David, ed. (September 28, 1999). "English Channel". Cambridge Paperback Encyclopedia (paperback) (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1080. ISBN 978-0521668002.
  2. ↑ López Martín, Ana G. (August 31, 2010). International Straits: Concept, Classification and Rules of Passage (hardcover) (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 95 & 102. ISBN 9783642129063.
  3. 1 2 3 Glegg, G; Jefferson, R; Fletcher, S (30 June 2015). Sheppard, Charles; Galgani, Francois; Hutchings, Pat; Quintino, Victor, eds. "Marine governance in the English Channel (La Manche): Linking science and management". Marine Pollution Bulletin. Elsevier Ltd. 95 (2): 707–718. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.02.020. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  4. ↑ Van Dyke, Jon M. (2009). "Transit Passage Through International Strait". In Chircop, Aldo; McDorman, Ted; Rolstons, Susan. The Future of Ocean Regime-Building (Hardcover). Brill (1618). pp. 175–232. ISBN 978-9004172678.
  5. ↑ See The Channel Navigation Information Service (CNIS)
  6. ↑ Gupta, Sanjeev; Collier, Jenny S.; Palmer-Felgate, Andy; Potter, Graeme (2007). "Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel". Nature. 448 (7151): 342–346. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..342G. PMID 17637667. doi:10.1038/nature06018.
  7. ↑ Gibbard, Philip (19 July 2007). "Europe cut adrift". Nature. 448: 259–260. doi:10.1038/448259a.
  8. ↑ Rebecca Morelle (4 April 2017). "Evidence of ancient 'geological Brexit' revealed". BBC News:Science & Environment. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  9. ↑ "Pas de Calais – Dover Strait". sea-seek.com.
  10. ↑ "CoastView – What happens offshore?". GEOSYNTH-Project. University of Sussex.
  11. ↑ "Underwater video of the ridens". YouTube.
  12. ↑ Davoult, D.; Richard, A. (1988). "Les Ridens, haut-fond rocheux isolé du Pas de Calais : un peuplement remarquable" [The Ridens, rocky shallows in the center of the Channel: a distinguished settlement]. Cahiers de biologie marine (in French). Station Biologique, Roscoff. 29 (1): 93–107.
  13. 1 2 "Richesses de la mer" [Richness of the sea] (PDF) (in French). Picardy Estuaries and Opal Sea Marine Natural Park.
  14. ↑ "Ridens et dunes hydrauliques du Pas de Calais" (in French). Natura 2000.
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