Doves as symbols

White doves at the Blue Mosque

Doves, usually white in color, are used in a variety of settings as symbols of love, peace or as messengers. Doves appear in the symbolism of Judaism, Christianity and Paganism, and of both military and pacifist groups.

Paganism

The goddesses Atargatis, Ishtar, Inanna, Astarte and Aphrodite are all depicted with doves.[1]

The legendary queen Semiramis was raised by doves, connecting her to the goddesses.

In the Epic of Gilgamesh the dove was released to search for the end of the deluge.[2]

Judaism

J. E. Millais: The Return of the Dove to the Ark (1851)

According to the biblical story (Genesis 8:11), a dove was released by Noah after the flood in order to find land; it came back carrying a freshly plucked olive leaf (Hebrew: עלה זית alay zayit),[Gen 8:11] a sign of life after the Flood and of God's bringing Noah, his family and the animals to land. Rabbinic literature interpreted the olive leaf as "the young shoots of the Land of Israel"[3] or the dove's preference for bitter food in God's service, rather than sweet food in the service of men.[4][5][6]

The Talmud compares the spirit of God to a dove that hovers over the face of the waters.[7][8][9]

In post-biblical Judaism, souls are envisioned as bird-like (Bahir 119), a concept that may be derived from the Biblical notion that dead spirits "chirp" (Isa. 29:4). The Guf, or Treasury of Souls is sometimes described as a columbarium, a dove cote. This connects it to a related legend: the "Palace of the Bird's Nest", the dwelling place of the Messiah's soul until his advent (Zohar II: 8a–9a). The Vilna Gaon explicitly declares that a dove is a symbol of the human soul (Commentary to Jonah, 1). The dove is also a symbol of the people Israel (Song of Songs Rabbah 2:14), an image frequently repeated in Midrash.

Christianity

Dove with an olive branch, Catacombs of Domitilla, Rome

The use of a dove and olive branch as a symbol of peace originated with the early Christians, who portrayed the act of baptism accompanied by a dove holding an olive branch in its beak and also used the image on their sepulchres.[10][11]

Christians derived the symbol of the dove and olive branch from Greek thought, including its use of the symbol of the olive branch,[12] and the story of Noah and the Flood. Although Jews never used the dove as a symbol of peace, it acquired that meaning among early Christians, confirmed by St Augustine of Hippo in his book On Christian Doctrine and became well established.[13]

In Christian Iconography, a dove also symbolizes the Holy Spirit, in reference to Matthew 3:16 and Luke 3:22 where the Holy Spirit is compared to a dove at the Baptism of Jesus.[Mt 3:16][14]

The early Christians in Rome incorporated into their funerary art the image of a dove carrying an olive branch, often accompanied by the word "Peace". It seems that they derived this image from the simile in the Gospels, combining it with the symbol of the olive branch, which had been used to represent peace by the Greeks and Romans. The dove and olive branch also appeared in Christian images of Noah's ark. The fourth century Vulgate translated the Hebrew alay zayit (leaf of olive) in Genesis 8:11 as Latin ramum olivae (branch of olive). By the fifth century, Augustine of Hippo wrote in On Christian Doctrine that "perpetual peace is indicated by the olive branch (oleae ramusculo) which the dove brought with it when it returned to the ark".

Baptism of Christ, by Francesca, 1449

In the earliest Christian art, the dove represented the peace of the soul rather than civil peace, but from the third century it began to appear in depictions of conflict in the Old Testament, such as Noah and the Ark, and in the Apocrypha, such as Daniel and the lions, the three young men in the furnace, and Susannah and the Elders.[15][16]

Before the Peace of Constantine (313 AD), in which Rome ceased its persecution of Christians following Constantine's conversion, Noah was normally shown in an attitude of prayer, a dove with an olive branch flying toward him or alighting on his outstretched hand. According to Graydon Snyder, "The Noah story afforded the early Christian community an opportunity to express piety and peace in a vessel that withstood the threatening environment" of Roman persecution.[15] According to Ludwig Budde and Pierre Prigent, the dove referred to the descending of the Holy Spirit rather than the peace associated with Noah. After the Peace of Constantine, when persecution ceased, Noah appeared less frequently in Christian art.[15]

Medieval illuminated manuscripts, such as the Holkham Bible, showed the dove returning to Noah with a branch.[17] Wycliffe's Bible, which translated the Vulgate into English in the 14th century, uses "a braunche of olyue tre with greene leeuys" ("a branch of olive tree with green leaves") in Gen. 8:11.[18] In the Middle Ages, some Jewish illuminated manuscripts also showed Noah's dove with an olive branch, for example, the Golden Haggadah (about 1420).[19][20]

Peace and pacifism in politics

White dove with olive branch, stained glass window in the Denis and Saint Sebastian church in Kruft, Germany

Doves are often associated with the concept of peace and pacifism. They often appear in political cartoons, on banners and signs at events promoting peace (such as the Olympic Games, at various anti-war/anti-violence protests, etc.), and in pacifist literature. A person who is a pacifist is sometimes referred to as a dove (similarly, in American politics, a person who advocates the use of military resources as opposed to diplomacy can be referred to as a hawk). Picasso's lithograph, La Colombe (The Dove), a traditional, realistic picture of a pigeon, without an olive branch, was chosen as the emblem for the World Peace Congress in Paris in April 1949.[21] The dove became a symbol for the peace movement and the ideals of the Communist Party and was used in Communist demonstrations of the period. At the 1950 World Peace Congress in Sheffield, Picasso said that his father had taught him to paint doves, concluding, "I stand for life against death; I stand for peace against war."[22][23] At the 1952 World Peace Congress in Berlin, Picasso's Dove was depicted in a banner above the stage. Anti-communists had their own take on the peace dove: the group Paix et Liberté distributed posters titled La colombe qui fait BOUM (the dove that goes BOOM), showing the peace dove metamorphosing into a Soviet tank.[24]

Royal Air Force

Tactical Communications Wing RAF

The rock dove is, due to its relation to the homing pigeon and thus communications, the main image in the crest of the Tactical Communications Wing, a body within the Royal Air Force. Below the crest is the wing's motto, "Ubique Loquimur" or "We Speak Everywhere".

See also

References

  1. ↑ Norman A. Rubin. "The Dove".
  2. ↑ Donald Alexander Mackenzie (1915). "Myths of Babylonia and Assyria". www.gutenberg.net. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
  3. ↑ Genesis Rabbah, 33:6
  4. ↑ "Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 108b". Halakhah.com. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  5. ↑ "Eruvin 18b" (PDF). Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  6. ↑ "Rashi". Tachash.org. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  7. ↑ "Talmud, Tractate Moed, Hagiga 15a" (PDF). Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  8. ↑ "Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  9. ↑ Franciscan Fellowship
  10. ↑ James Elmes, A General and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Fine Arts, London: Thomas Tegg, 1826
  11. ↑ "''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Roman Catacombs: Paintings". Newadvent.org. 1 November 1908. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  12. ↑ Graydon F. Snyder, "The Interaction of Jews with Non-Jews in Rome", in Karl P. Donfreid and Peter Richardson, Judaism and Christianity in Early Rome, Grand Rapids: Wm B. Ferdman, 1998
  13. ↑ Augustine of Hippo, ''On Christian Doctrine''. Google Books. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  14. ↑ "''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Dove: As an artistic symbol". Newadvent.org. 1 May 1909. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 Graydon D. Snyder, Ante Pacem: archaeological evidence of church life before Constantine, Macon: Mercer University Press, 2003
  16. ↑ "John Dominic Crossan, ''Inventory of Biblical Scenes on Pre-Constantinian Christian Art''". Faculty.maryvillecollege.edu. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  17. ↑ "British Library, ''The Holkham Bible''". Bl.uk. 30 November 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  18. ↑ "Wycliffe Bible, Gen 8:11". Studylight.org. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  19. ↑ Narkiss, Bezalel, The Golden Haggadah, London: The British Library, 1997, p. 22
  20. ↑ British Library, Online Gallery, Sacred Texts. The Golden Haggadah, p.3, lower left hand panel.
  21. ↑ "Museum of Modern Art". Moma.org. 1949-01-09. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  22. ↑ "Tate Gallery". Tate.org.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  23. ↑ "BBC Modern Masters". Bbc.co.uk. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  24. ↑ "Princeton University Library". Infoshare1.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
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