Disney comics

Disney comics are comic books and comic strips featuring characters created by The Walt Disney Company, including Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge.

The first Disney comics were newspaper strips appearing from 1930 on. In 1940, Western Publishing began producing Disney comic books in the United States. The most notable American Disney comics books are Walt Disney's Comics and Stories and Uncle Scrooge. In recent decades, Disney comics have seen a decline of popularity in their country of origin.

In the rest of the world Disney comics have been very successful, especially in Europe.

Production by country

United States and United Kingdom

Comic strips

The first Disney comics appeared in daily newspapers, syndicated by King Features with production done in-house by a Disney comic strip department at the studio. The Mickey Mouse daily comic strip began on January 13, 1930,[1] featuring Mickey as an optimistic, adventure-seeking young mouse. It was initially written by Walt Disney (who early in his career had aspirations to be a comic strip creator, attempting without success to sell a strip titled Mr. George's Wife[2]) with art by Ub Iwerks and Win Smith. Beginning with the May 5, 1930 installment the art chores were taken up by Floyd Gottfredson (often aided by various inkers), who also either wrote or supervised the story continuities (relying on various writers to flesh out his plots). Gottfredson continued with the strip until 1975. A Sunday strip started January 10, 1932 with a topper Silly Symphony strip.[3]

Silly Symphony initially related the adventures of Bucky Bug, the first Disney character to originate in the comics.[4] It subsequently printed adaptations of some of the Symphony cartoons, several extended periods of stories involving Pluto and Little Hiawatha along with adaptations of Snow White and Pinocchio. By late 1935 the strip was a standalone half-page, not strictly a topper for the Mickey Sunday.

Donald Duck made his first comics appearance in the Silly Symphony adaptation of the 1934 Disney short The Wise Little Hen (Sept. 16, 1934-Dec. 16, 1934). As Donald's popularity grew, he became the star of the Silly Symphony strip for an extended run (August 1936 to December 1937),[5] and then got his own daily strip starting on February 7, 1938. A Donald Sunday strip was begun December 10, 1939.

An oddity is in the 1930s a Disney strip was done seemingly outside the purview of the Strip Dept. for a national audience. It was created by Fred Spencer, an animator at the studio. Entitled "Mickey Mouse Chapter", it appeared in the International DeMolay Cordon the monthly newsletter of Demolay beginning with its Dec. 1932 issue through May 1933 (except March 1933). This was a two tier black and white strip depicting happenings in the Demolay Chapter formed by Mickey and his barnyard friends. Spencer and Walt Disney were both members of Demolay. While the last installment promised the series would return in the Sept. 1933 issue without explanation it did not. The extant installments have been reprinted as part of the first volume of Sunday Mickey Mouse comic strips by Floyd Gottfredson published in 2013 by Fantagraphics.[6]

The Silly Symphony Sunday-only strip ended July 12, 1942.[7] This was replaced with an adaptation of Bambi, after the conclusion of which (beginning Oct. 11, 1942) a José Carioca Sunday only strip was launched which ran until it in turn was replaced by Uncle Remus in 1945.

Initially Floyd Gottfredson along with his responsibilities for the Mickey comic strip oversaw the Disney comic strip department from 1930 to 1945, then Frank Reilly was brought in to administer the burgeoning department from January 1946 to 1975. Greg Crosby headed the department from 1979 to 1989.

Besides the strips described above the other Disney strips distributed over the years included (chronologically by start date):

For the first eight months Scamp had continuity and was written by Ward Greene, the King Features editor whose short story and novelization contributed to the development of the storyline for Lady and the Tramp. Advance publicity for the strip noted Greene's participation[16] and the strip carried the byline "By Ward Greene". Disney historian Jim Fanning notes Scamp likely is "the only strip written by the original author of the work from which it sprang".[17]

Sunday strips adapting Cinderella[18] and Alice in Wonderland[19] were distributed as stand-alone specials in 1950 and 1951 respectively. The following year the Sunday adaptations of Disney films began being issued under the title Treasury of Classic Tales as part of an ongoing strip.[20]

Beginning in 1960[21] a special daily strip with a holiday theme utilizing the Disney characters was offered each year through 1987.[22][23][24] It generally ran for three weeks with the concluding strip appearing on December 25, often promoting the latest Disney release or re-release.[25] These were unique in that they in some cases showcased the crossover of Disney characters that otherwise rarely interacted (e.g. the Big Bad Wolf and the fairies from Sleeping Beauty). The tradition was revived in the mid-1990s to publicize contemporary Disney feature animated films: Beauty and the Beast (1992), Aladdin (1993), The Lion King (1994), Pocahontas (1995), Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) and The Little Mermaid (for its re-release, 1997).[26] Newspaper Enterprise Association offered a similar holiday themed special strip from 1936 to 2010.[27][28]

The following writers and artists worked on the Disney comic strips:

Norman, in an article, listed the writers working in the comic strip department in the 1980s and mentions Cal Howard, Del Connell, Bill Berg (Donald Duck, Scamps),[29] Don Ferguson, Tom Yakutis and Bob Foster and notes that their boss, Greg Crosby, had gotten his start as a writer for the strips before moving into management.[30]

The Disney comic strip department closed in January 1990. The last two strips, Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, continued supervised by King Features. The Donald strip was drawn by Larry Knighton with King Features staffers writing it.[31] The Donald strip was discontinued in the mid-1990s. In this period the Mickey strip had Floyd Norman as the writer and art rotating between Rick Hoover and Alex Howell. Norman convinced the syndicate to allow him to drop the gag-a-day format in favor of adventure continuities of up to four weeks, much in the style of the classic Gottfredson era. By 1994 the strip was running in only 30 newspapers and by mutual agreement of Disney and King Features it ended.[30] Both strips continued with reprints.

Currently reprints of Merrie Menagerie are a regular feature of Disney Newsreel, a bi-weekly magazine for Disney employees in Southern California. Disney's fan-oriented website D23 daily posts an installment of the Scamp strip with links to an extensive archives of past installments (which includes the Mickey and Donald strip). Among the regular features of the quarterly Disney Twenty-Three magazine for D23 members is "The Funny Pages", a section reprinting classic Disney comics strips.[32]

In recent years Creators Syndicate has offered reprints of the Donald Duck, Mickey Mouse and Winnie the Pooh strips as part of a "classics" package and posts the current strip on its site (without archiving).[33] Domestically the strips have 20-30 clients at any one time; they also appear in many newspapers outside the United States (exact number unknown).[34]

Comic books

Notable American Disney comic book writers and artists include Carl Barks, Tony Strobl, Paul Murry, William Van Horn, and Don Rosa. Van Horn and Rosa now work for European publishers.

Notable Disney comic titles in the USA include:

Publishers

CI evolution of 7 different Disney comic titles in the US, mostly related to change of publisher

Comic book publisher Western Publishing brought the Disney strips to comic books in 1940, through Dell Comics Four Color title. The Four Color books reprinted a variety of newspaper strip material, and issue #4 featured a selection of Donald Duck strips. The Disney reprints were a big seller, and encouraged Western to convert Mickey Mouse Magazine [third series] (which had included comics along with text stories, poems, jokes, puzzles, games and full-page illustrations) into a full-fledged comic book, Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, whose first issue was dated October 1940 and by the mid-1950s was the best selling comic book in America with a circulation hovering around three million a month (with the highest level reached being 3,038,000 for the Sept. 1953 issue).[35] In addition many releases in its popular Big Little Books series adapted Disney comic book and comic strip stories.

By the late-1950s relations between Dell and Western had become strained. Former Western writer Mark Evanier states part of this was due to "... a small battle going on between the two companies over the ownership of properties in non-licensed comics."[36] Eventually in 1962 Western ended the partnership and continued their comic book line under the Gold Key Comics label. Comic book historian Joe Torcivia has dubbed the mid-1960s "... a period of creativity for Western Publishing’s Disney line not seen since its formation, and never seen again."[37]

By the 1970s Disney comics were undergoing a steep decline in circulation, with newsstand distribution discontinued in 1981. Western thereafter released its comics under the Whitman label, distributing them to candy stores and other outlets in bags containing three comics and also eventually distributed them to the emerging network of comic book stores. Western ceased publishing comics in 1984.

Starting in 1986, Disney comics in the USA were published by Gladstone Publishing (a subsidiary of Another Rainbow Publishing dedicated solely to Carl Barks). Impressed by Gladstone's unanticipated success, Disney revoked their license in 1990 to publish the comics themselves by the subsidiary W. D. Publications, Inc. under the name "Disney Comics",[38] and a large expansion was planned. However, following the Disney Implosion in 1991, Disney gradually returned licensing to Gladstone again (for the classic characters) and Marvel Comics (for the modern characters). Respectively, reprints of classic Barks stories were licensed to Gladstone again from 1991, while it took Gladstone until the demise of Disney Comics in 1993 to regain a license also for other stories containing the classic characters. Gladstone from then on remained publishing Disney comics until 1998.

In 2003, after a few years' hiatus, regular publication was restarted by Gemstone Publishing, a reformed version of Gladstone. Gemstone's two monthly Disney titles were Walt Disney's Comics and Stories and Uncle Scrooge, but the license was not renewed with the last releases dated Nov. 2008.[39]

More recently, Disney licensed some of their modern properties to Slave Labor Graphics (Gargoyles) and BOOM! Kids (The Muppet Show, The Incredibles, and Cars). Boom eventually also got the license for the classic characters,[40] and began publishing comic books with them in 2009. Although cancelling two titles previously published by Gladstone and Gemstone (Donald Duck Adventures and Uncle $crooge Adventures), Boom! expanded their Disney portfolio in 2010-'11 by launching three new titles based upon the 1990s Disney Afternoon TV format (Darkwing Duck, Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, and DuckTales). However, in August 2011, it was reported that Disney and Boom! were to end the licensing agreement, leaving the future of comics including their classic characters as well as those from the Disney Afternoon format uncertain.[41]

In October 2014, Comic Book Resources (CBR) reported that Joe Books, a small new Canadian publisher founded by former BOOM! vice president Adam Fortier, had acquired the rights to a "remastered" omnibus reprint of BOOM's entire Darkwing Duck comic series that would lead into an all-new on-going Darkwing Duck series produced by Joe Comics,[42] and in February 2015, CBR ran an interview with series artist James Silvani and series writer Aaron Sparrow on the new "remastered" omnibus collection published by Joe Books that month, as well as their plans for the announced new series.[43] As the November 2014 edition of the Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide also contained ads for Joe Books comic adaptations of two theatrical Disney features,[44][45] observers have expressed rumors that Joe Books has acquired the full North-American comic license to all Disney animated and live-action properties.[46][47]

In January 2015, IDW Publishing announced on their public Facebook account that they were to start publishing all the classic-characters Disney titles, starting with Uncle $crooge in April of that year and focussing on reprints of European Disney comics with these characters by artists such as Marco Rota and Romano Scarpa.[48] The rights to North-American reprints of Carl Barks and Don Rosa comics are currently (2015) held by Fantagraphics Books.

Disney has also begun publishing a bimonthly magazine based on Phineas and Ferb, featuring comic stories based on the show.[49] Between 1999 and 2005, Dark Horse Comics published occasional adaptations of Disney's new movies.

The Disney Studio launched Kingdom Comics division in May 2008 led by writer-actor Ahmet Zappa, TV executive Harris Katleman and writer-editor Christian Beranek. Kingdom was designed to create new properties for possible film development and reimagine and redevelop existing Disney library movies with Disney Publishing Worldwide getting a first look for publishing.[50]

Disney Studio Program

From 1962 to 1990 the Walt Disney Studio had a unit producing comic book stories exclusively for foreign consumption, in response to complaints of foreign comic book licensees that Western Publishing was producing less stories they could reprint plus their voracious need for material (some European titles are weekly) was using up the available inventory of stories. George Sherman, head of Disney’s Publications Department at the time, hired Tom Golberg to run the program.[51] Sherman noted the purpose of the program was "We [will] use new characters in our foreign comics, characters that we don't have [in the USA].... to bring out facets of existing characters, [and to] give the stories more variety."[52] Tony Strobl, Cliff Voorhees, Al Hubbard, Jack Bradbury, Carson Van Osten, Ellis Eringer and Romano Scarpa were among the artists during its early years; Carl Fallberg, Floyd Norman, Cecil Beard, Dick Kinney, Diana Gabaldon and Mark Evanier were among those who at some point did scripts for it. From the late 1970s on, the Jaime Diaz Studios of Argentina drew most of the stories. In a few instances studio program stories were reprinted in the United States in promotional giveaways of Gulf Oil (Wonderful World of Disney) in the late 1960s and Procter & Gamble (Disney Magazine) in the mid-1970s. Mickey and the Sleuth stories were published by Gold Key in Walt Disney Showcase #38, 39 and 42 (1977–1978). Besides the Sleuth other characters created for the program include Donald's cousin Fethry Duck and the hillbilly hermit Hard Haid Moe. Also while Carl Barks created John D. Rockerduck, he used the character only in a single story ("Boat Buster", Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #255, Dec. 1961) while the program subsequently created numerous stories with the Scrooge McDuck rival and helped refine him (along with stories by Brazilian and Italian Disney comic book licensees).[53]

Domestic printing of studio program stories ceased being a unique event starting in the late 1980s as the Disney comics published by Gladstone and Gemstone have featured them on a regular basis, along with reprints from Gold Key/Dell and material produced by foreign licensees.

This program was merged into Disney Comics and is the precursor of the comics that subsequently appeared in Disney Adventures.

Denmark

Danish publisher Egmont (previously Gutenberghus) has one of the largest productions of Disney comics in the world. This production is not only for Denmark proper, but nearly identical magazines are being published simultaneously every week for all the Nordic countries, Germany (see below) and since the fall of the wall, Eastern Europe. The Danish company started publishing their own series in the early 1960s, however, a majority of Egmont's production have been made by foreign artists such as Vicar and Daniel Branca, even US based artist such as Don Rosa, and Willam Van Horn. The Scandinavian countries are among the countries in which Donald Duck is more popular than Mickey Mouse.

Germany

Though Mickey Mouse was a famous movie character in Germany since his first appearance in 1929, no regular comic books were produced until the 1950s. Initially, a few comic strips were published in some German newspapers, e.g. the Kölner Illustrierte Zeitung. The only regular publication in German language was the Swiss Micky Maus Zeitung published by Bollmann in 1937, but it lasted only for 18 issues. As the Nazi government did not like comic books at all, in the Third Reich there were almost no Disney comic books.

After World War II the Ehapa Verlag in Stuttgart, West Germany, a subsidiary of Danish Egmont Publishing (then Gutenberghus) started in September 1951 the monthly publication Micky Maus, a format similar to Walt Disney's Comics & Stories. From the start it featured stories by Carl Barks, translated by chief editor Dr. Erika Fuchs. The comic book was published on a biweekly basis 1956/57 and from 1958 on it changed into a weekly. Renamed Micky Maus Magazin it is still published today from the now Berlin located Egmont Ehapa publishing company and thus is the longest running German comic book. In its heyday (early 1990s) its weekly circulation number rose up to one million copies. Since then it dropped down to ca. 180.000 today. In spite of the name, most stories of Micky Maus feature Donald Duck as he is the most popular Disney character in Germany.

Many other titles were/are published by the same company, most notably Die tollsten Geschichten von Donald Duck (1965-today), the Lustige Taschenbuch (1967-today, mainly Italian stories from Topolino and I Classici di Walt Disney; see Donald Duck pocket books, of which both Topolino and Lustiges Taschenbuch are national versions) and many others.

In socialist East Germany (1949–1990) no Disney comics were printed.

Italy

The first Italian Disney comics was published already in the early 1930s, and Federico Pedrocchi wrote and illustrated the first long Disney comic as early as in 1937. Italy is the country of origin for some of the most famous Disney comic artists, including Romano Scarpa, Giorgio Cavazzano, and Giovan Battista Carpi. Italy has introduced several new characters to the Disney universe, including Donald's superhero alter ego Paperinik. Production was handled by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (commonly referred to as just Mondadori) from 1935 until 1988, when Disney Italy took over.

Topolino is the main Italian Disney publication, running from 1932 and publishing original stories (written and drawn by Italian artists) every week since 1949. The number of Disney stories produced and published in Italy is far larger than in the US. Italian stories are regularly translated in other European languages (e.g., German, French, English, Greek).

Italy is also behind the digest-sized format used in the long running Donald Duck pocket book series.

Recently, Disney Italy has launched several new lines, including PK (a comic book version of Paperinik aimed at a slightly older audience), W.I.T.C.H., and the comics published under the imprint Buena Vista Comics (including the original Monster Allergy comic series and a few other titles, such as Kylion and a comic inspired by the Alias TV show).

Netherlands

Also the Netherlands (current publisher: Sanoma) has a significant school of Disney comics. The first Dutch Disney comics appeared in 1953. In 1975, Daan Jippes became the art director for production of these comics, and created a heavily Barks-inspired line that remains the best-known Dutch Disney style. Donald Duck is the most popular Disney character in the Netherlands, but Sanoma also produces comics starring lesser-known characters such as Li'l Bad Wolf.

France

French-produced stories started in 1952, as a one-pager comic published in each issue of the Le Journal de Mickey, drawn by Louis Santel (Tenas) and written by Pierre Fallot. After a few issues, a new series started (Mickey à travers les siècles) and continued up to 1978, drawn almost entirely by Pierre Nicolas and written by Fallot and Jean-Michel le Corfec.

Later in the beginning of the 1980s, a new production started, led by Patrice Valli and Pierre Nicolas as editors with adventures of Mickey Mouse, Uncle Scrooge, Donald Duck. Among the best artists, one recalls Claude Marin, or Claude Chebille (known as Gen-Clo), and Italian artists like Giorgio Cavazzano. Some of the best writers were Michel Motti and Pierre-Yves Gabrion. In the late 1980s up to now, an increasing number of Spanish artist from the Comicup studio provided the art, while the writing stayed to French authors.

Brazil

In Brazil, through the publisher Abril, national stories have been published since the 1950s, with artists like Jorge Kato, hugely inspired by Carl Barks. In the 1960s and 1970s, Renato Canini drew a number of stories in a style inspired by the popular design of the era. He also developed a universe around José Carioca, a very popular character in Brazil. In the 1970s and 1980s, Abril intensified the production. Except for José Carioca, recurring characters in the production included Daisy (turned feminist) and Fethry Duck. Among the most prolific authors, were the writer Arthur Faria Jr. and the artist Irineu Soares Rodriguez.

Initially "O Pato Donald" (Donald Duck title) was published in comic book format, from # 22 began to be published in digest-sized format.[54]

At the end of the 1990s, the Brazilian production ceased, to start up a new for a short while in the 2000s. After an absence of almost 10 years, with just a few special events stories, production started up again in the end of 2012.

Brazil are also known to have retained many "obscure" characters, largely forgotten elsewhere, besides Portugal.

Egypt

One of the most famous comics in Egypt is Mickey Mouse. In 1958 Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called “Sameer”. Mickey Mouse became so popular in Egypt that he got a comic book with his name. Mickey’s comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were a big hit, but unfortunately Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney, luckily the comics were re-released by “Nahdat Masr” in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.[55] Beside the publish of the weekly magazine, two monthly magazines are published: SuperMickey and Mickey Geib "Pocket Mickey" (A pocket sized magazine).

Others

Story code

Most Disney comic stories carry a story code. This is a code written on the first page of the story (usually in the panel margin). The first letter of the code usually indicates who produced the story. For instance stories done for the studio program carried story codes that began with the letter S, thus the code for the first Mickey and the Sleuth story ("The Case of the Pea Soup Burglaries") is S 75164.

Story code prefix Producer
W Western Publishing
S Disney Studios
D Egmont (Denmark)
I An Italian publisher (Mondadori, Disney Italy, Panini Comics)
B Abril (Brazil)
F A French publisher
H A Dutch (Holland) publisher
AR Gladstone (Another Rainbow)

Complete list in Inducks.

When a licensee decides they wish to reprint stories originally produced by another licensee and need films or other reproducible materials to facilitate said reprinting, the request is made making reference to the story code. It is the policy of Disney that all licensees must cooperate in the facilitating of such reprinting by providing the reproducible materials at cost. The codes are also a useful tool for indexers, especially those wishing to keep track of the diverse output of the various Disney comics publishers worldwide (c.f. entry on the I.N.D.U.C.K.S. database).

I.N.D.U.C.K.S. Database

I.N.D.U.C.K.S. is a freely available database aiming to index all Disney comics ever printed in the world. The project started in 1992; today, the database lists Disney publication, stories, characters, authors, over sea publication of stories in countries that are not known to have ever produced any stories such as Iceland and much more. Most people use the I.N.D.U.C.K.S. through a search engine, browser and website abbreviated COA, which is daily updated based on I.N.D.U.C.K.S. data, and is available in a dozen languages.

Notable writers and artists

Comics published by Gold Key/Whitman

See also

References

  1. ↑ 100 years of American Newspaper Comics by Maurice Horn at Gramercy Book, 1996. On line with the date cited 4 lines below
  2. ↑ Floyd Gottfredson Library vol.1, May 2011.
  3. ↑ Mark Sonntag. "TAGTOONZ: Bucky Bug & Mickey Sunday - March 4, 1934". msonntag.blogspot.com.
  4. ↑ Bucky Bug
  5. ↑ Wade Sampson (16 May 2007). "Just Ducky: Al Taliaferro and Donald Duck". mouseplanet.com.
  6. ↑ David Gerstein and Jim Korkis. The Monthly Sundays. Walt Disney Mickey Mouse Sundays: Call of the Wild. Seattle WA: Fantagraphics Books, 2013. pp.246-251
  7. ↑ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company (1942)". Islandnet.com. 1942-02-24. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  8. ↑ "Disney's B'rer Rabbit Hops Into the Funny Pages (Wade's Wayback Machine) by Wade Sampson". Mouseplanet.com. 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  9. ↑ https://archive.is/20120730223824/http://www.cagle.com/hogan/webextras16/SOTS/SOTS.asp. Archived from the original on 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2013-10-17. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ "Merry Menagerie". Comicstripfan.com. 1950-11-21. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  11. ↑ zapjones (2008-05-24). "DISNEY COLLECTIBLES: Walt Disney's Merry Menagerie comic strip". Disneysnowglobe.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  12. ↑ Apeldoorn, Ger (2008-11-24). "The Fabuleous Fifties". Allthingsger.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  13. ↑ "Stories Without Words: A Bibliography with Annotations". lib.msu.edu. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  14. ↑ Fanning, Jim, D23: All Facts, No Fluff and Stuff, retrieved 21 May 2010
  15. ↑ "Disney's Gummi Bears" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  16. ↑ "Scamp Ad". Retrieved 2013-10-17.
  17. ↑ Jim. "Jim Fanning's Tulgey Wood: That Lovable Little Scamp". jimattulgeywood.blogspot.com.
  18. ↑ "I.N.D.U.C.K.S.". inducks.org.
  19. ↑ "I.N.D.U.C.K.S.". inducks.org.
  20. ↑ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company (1952)". kpolsoon.com. July 1952. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
  21. ↑ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company (1960)". Islandnet.com. 1956-02-01. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  22. ↑ "Black to the Future". Jimhillmedia.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  23. ↑ "A Belated Christmas Gift: The Disney Newspaper Strip (Wade's Wayback Machine) by Wade Sampson". Mouseplanet.com. 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  24. ↑ "All I want for Christmas is a book that collects those Disney holiday comic strips". Jimhillmedia.com. 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  25. ↑ "Disney comics producers". inducks.org.
  26. ↑ "The Little Mermaid". Comicstripfan.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  27. ↑
  28. ↑ "Stripper's Guide: The Magic Christmas Tree Part I". Strippersguide.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  29. ↑ "Disney artist known for Donald Duck cartoons William Berg". HeraldTribune.com. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  30. 1 2 Floyd Norman. "One Mouse, two Floyds". jimhillmedia.com.
  31. ↑ Jim Korkis (10 April 2013). "Happy Birthday Donald Duck Comic Strip!". mouseplanet.com.
  32. ↑ "DISNEY ANNOUNCES "D23: THE OFFICIAL COMMUNITY FOR DISNEY FANS" | With Video". Prnewswire.com. 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  33. ↑ "Creators Syndicate - The Best Content in The World". Creators.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  34. ↑ "DCF - The Disney Comics Forum / Where can i find mickey mouse comic strips from the 90's?". Dcf.outducks.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  35. ↑ Willits, Malcolm. "Interview with George Sherman". Vanguard 1968, reprinted in Duckburg Times #12 (1981).
  36. ↑ How did the Walter Lantz character Space Mouse appear in a Dell comic book years before he appeared in a Walter Lantz cartoon? Archived 2012-07-19 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ Joe Torcivia. "Joe Torcivia's The Issue At Hand Blog". tiahblog.blogspot.com.
  38. ↑ Gerstein, David. "Disney Comics: Back to Long Ago!" Comic Book Marketplace, Vol. 3, no. 103, June 2003, Gemstone Publishing, p. 52.
  39. ↑ "Gemstone Ends Disney License < Disney Comics Worldwide Blog". wolfstad.com.
  40. ↑ "It’s official: Classic Disney comics return to the United States < Disney Comics Worldwide Blog". wolfstad.com.
  41. ↑ Brigante, Rick (2011). Disney ending partnership with BOOM Studios, future of ‘Disney Afternoon’ comics uncertain, insidethemagic.com, August 8, 2011
  42. ↑ Sunu, Steve (2014). Joe Books' "Darkwing Duck" Omnibus to Lead into New Ongoing Series, Comic Book Resources, October 22nd, 2014
  43. ↑ Morris, Steve (2015). The Terror That Flaps In The Night Rises: Sparrow & Silvani on Darkwing Duck's Return, Comic Book Resources, February 13th, 2015
  44. ↑ The “Darkwing Duck: Definitively Dangerous Edition”: pg 338 of the Nov Diamond catalog! Code NOV141533 F ”, Tweet by the official Joe Books Twitter channel, 28 October 2014
  45. ↑ Johnston, Rich (2014). Joe Books To Collect All Of Boom! Studios’ Darkwing Duck, Bleeding Cool, 22 October 2014
  46. ↑ (2014). Disney comics back in the USA!, Animation Source, 1 November 2014
  47. ↑ Barat, Chris (2014). There's "Definitely" Something A-Web Here, News and Reviews by Chris Barat, 30 October 2014
  48. ↑ "IDW Publishing - Timeline Photos - Facebook". facebook.com.
  49. ↑ "Generic Error Page". disneymags.com.
  50. ↑ Kit, Borys (May 29, 2008). "Disney draws up plans for graphic novel biz". Hollywood Reporter. Reuters. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  51. ↑ ramapith. "Ramapith: David Gerstein's Prehistoric Pop Culture Blog: Sketches For Fethry Duck's First Appearance". ramapithblog.blogspot.com.
  52. ↑ Gerstein, David. "Disney Comics: Back to Long Ago!" Comic Book Marketplace, Vol. 3, no. 103, June 2003, Gemstone Publishing, p. 45.
  53. ↑ "DCML: Disney Comics History, 1930-1984". uu.se.
  54. ↑ "Alugam-se Bicicletas". inducks.org.
  55. ↑ "Mickey Mouse In Egypt ! | Comic Book Guide". Comicbookguide.wordpress.com. 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  56. ↑ "Disney inks publishing, distribution pact with India Today Grp". Business Standard. Press Trust of India. December 8, 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
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