Dipor Bil

Dipor Bil or Deepor Beel

A typical beel
Location Guwahati, Kamrup district, Assam
Coordinates 26°08′N 91°40′E / 26.13°N 91.66°E / 26.13; 91.66Coordinates: 26°08′N 91°40′E / 26.13°N 91.66°E / 26.13; 91.66
Type Fresh water
Basin countries India
Surface area 4,014 ha (15.50 sq mi)
Average depth 1 m (3.3 ft)
Max. depth 4 m (13 ft)
Surface elevation 53 m (174 ft)
Settlements Twelve villages on the periphery of the beel
Website www.diporbil.org
Official name Deepor Beel
Designated 19 August 2002

Dipor Bil, also spelt Deepor Beel (Pron: dɪpɔ:(r) bɪl) (Assamese: দীপৰ বিল) (bil or beel means "lake" in the local Assamese language), is located to the south-west of Guwahati city, in Kamrup district of Assam, India[1] It is a permanent freshwater lake, in a former channel of the Brahmaputra River, to the south of the main river. It is also called a wetland under the Ramsar Convention which has listed the lake in November 2002, as a Ramsar Site for undertaking conservation measures on the basis of its biological and environmental importance.[1][2]

Considered as one of the largest beels in the Brahmaputra valley of Lower Assam, it is categorised as representative of the wetland type under the Burma monsoon forest biogeographic region.[3]

The Dipor Bil is reported to provide, directly or indirectly, its natural resources for the livelihood of fourteen indigenous villages (1,200 families) located in its precincts.[4] Freshwater fish is a vital protein and source of income for these communities; the health of these people is stated to be directly dependendent on the health of this wetland ecosystem. A member of Deepor Beel Fishermen’s Cooperative Society has succinctly stated:[4] "Our forefathers protected this wetland and we are committed to do the same as we depend on the wetland for our livelihood. We will protect this wetland at any cost and against any odds".

Etymology

The name Deepor Beel is stated to be derivative of the Sanskrit word dipa which means elephant and the beel means wetland or large aquatic body in Assamese language, inhabited by elephants.[5]

History

It is claimed that beel was an important dockyard of the Tai-Ahom as well as the Mughals. The medieval history reports of Ahom-Mughal conflicts. It is also stated that Kampitha and Rambrai Syiemship (the supreme political authority is known as the Syiemship in Meghalaya).[6] had control over this area.[5]

Access

It is located 13 km South West of Guwahati on the National Highway (NH. 31), on the Jalukbari-Khanapara bypass, alongside its north western boundary. PWD road skirts the northern fringe of the Rani and Garbhanga Reserve Forests on the south. The National Highway 37 borders the beel on the east and north-east and the Engineering College Road on the north. Also, minor roads and tracts exist in the vicinity of the beel. The beel is about 5 km from the Guwahati Airport (GNB Int. Airport). A broad gauge railway line skirts the lake.[1]

Topography and geology

The beel is bounded by the steep highlands on the north and south, and the valley formed has a broad U-shape with the Rani and Garbhanga hills forming the backdrop.[3][7] The geologic and tectonic history of the region provide the links to the hydrology and channel dynamics of rivers and pattern, and intensity of land use in the area. It is commonly stated that the beel together with those adjoining it are an abandoned channel of the Brahmaputra system.[3]

While the beel and its lowland fringe are said to be underlaid by recent alluvium consisting of clay, silt, sand and pebbles, the highlands immediately to the north and south of the beel are made up of gneisses and schists of the Archaean age.[1]

Hydrology

The Basistha and Kalmani rivers and local monsoon run-off are the main sources of water to the lake, between May and September. Khonajan channel drains the beel into the Brahmaputra river, 5 km to the north. It acts as a natural stormwater reservoir during the monsoon season for the Guwahati city (stated to be the only major storage water basin for the city’s drainage, with about four metres depth of water during monsoon dropping to about one metre during the dry season.[1]

The beel has a perennial water spread area of about 10.1 km2, which extends up to 40.1 km2 during floods.[8] However, an area of 414 ha has been declared as “Deepor Beel Sanctuary” by the Government of Assam.[1] As per a Remote Sensing Study the wetland area is reported to have reduced to 14.1% (405 ha) from 1990 to 2002.[9]

Temperatures in the beel vary from 10.60 to 320C. During the winter months, when the size of the lake reduces in area by about fifty percent, the shore area (up to one kilometre) is culitvated with rice paddy when the climate is also relatively cool and dry. The tropical monsoon climate prolongs from May to September when it is humid. Pre-monsoon showers are experienced between March and May.[3]

Flora

The hydrophytic vegetation of the beel has been classified, based on ecological adaptation, into the following categories with their floristic elements.[10] These are:

A total of 18 genera of phytoplankton are reported from the core area of the beel ecosystem out of which species of Oscilatoria and Microcystis are dominant. List of aquatic plants identified in the beel[2] are:

Euryale ferox — giant water lily in the beel

Euryale ferox, a giant water lily with edible seeds, are leased to earn revenue for the government. Other lake shore vegetation include:

Deciduous forest within the beel basin — Tectona grandis-the common teak

Dominant tree species in the nearby Deciduous forests in the beel basin are species of Tectona grandis or common teak, Ficus benghalensis, Shorea robusta and Bombax malabaricum.[2] In the surrounding forest area, aquarium plants, medicinal plant and orchids of commercial value are reported.[1]

Avifauna

The beel is a natural habitat to many varieties of birds. 219 species of birds including more than 70 migratory species are reported in the beel area. The largest congregations of aquatic birds can be seen, particularly in winter, with a reported recorded count of 19,000 water birds in a day. Some of the globally threatened species of birds like spotbilled pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), lesser adjutant stork (Leptoptilos javanicus), Baer’s pochard (Aythya baeri), Pallas' sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), greater adjutant stork (Leptoptilos dubius).

Spot-billed pelican found in beels and lakes in India

Among the large number of migratory water fowl, the Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus) regularly migrates to this habitat during its annual journey. This is in addition to the large congregation of residential water birds seen in the lake.[1]

Considering the richness of the bird varieties found in the beel, the BirdLife International has declared Deepor Beel as an Important Bird Area (IBA) with high priority for conservation.[1][10]

Aqua fauna

Surveys have revealed 20 amphibian, 12 lizards, 18 snakes and 6 turtle and tortoise species in the beel. Over 50 commercially viable species of fish, belonging to 19 families have been identified, which supplies stock to other nearby wetlands and rivers. The beel provides food, acts as a spawning and nursery water body; some of the species breed within the beel.[1][10]

Land fauna

Wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), leopard, jungle cat and the protected barking deer, Chinese porcupine and sambar are found in the beel. Herds of elephants are reported in the beel.[10]

Utility of the beel

The inhabitants around the villages located in the periphery and the cathment of the beel use the beel for:

Deterioration of the beel

Natural and anthropogenic causes for the deterioration of the beel are many. The major reasons reported in the beel ecosystem are.:[2][10]

Restoration activities

A comprehensive management plan has been set in motion and it is proposed to notify the whole beel area as a protected area.

Weeds have been removed in an area of 500 ha and the fish catch is reported to be improving. The long term measures envisaged to preserve the beel environment are:[2]

Bird sanctuary

Deepor Beel Bird Sanctuary covering an area of 414 ha within the larger spread of the beel to shelter several species of birds has been created by the Department of Forests, Assam, and shooting and bird-trapping are prohibited by law, but enforcement is reported to be inadequate. Over 120 species of birds have been listed in the sanctuary, including kingfishers, fishing eagles, adjutant storks and abundant varieties of ducks.[11] A watch tower has been erected on the bank of the beel for bird watching and security purpose.[10]

Public participation

While the management authority for the beel is the Forest Department of the Government of Assam, with the Fisheries Department as the functional Authority,[2] several public and private institutions and universities are involved in creating the awareness of the Ecological importance of the beel and the need to restore it to its original status. Some important ones are:

1. The Ramsar Convention, which has recognised the Deepor Beel in its list of 1782 wetland sites, with 158 contracting parties to the convention of the world and holds seminars to create awareness of the beel’s uniqueness.[12]

2.Aaranyak, a non-governmental organization[13] set up "to foster conservation of biodiversity in Northeast India through research, environmental education, capacity building and advocacy for legal and policy reform to usher a new era of ecological security" is actively involved in Community Based Conservation Projects, which includes among other projects the “Deepar Beel Community Conservation Project”.[14] The project was designed "to reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the wetland by providing for alternative and diversified means of livelihood to the people living along the fringe villages. The purpose of the project is to set up some community run ‘Self Help Groups’ (SHGs) to strengthen their livelihood options through diverse means and garn their support in the conservation of Deepar Beel as wetland ecosystem."

3.North Dakota State University, USA[15] has a website created as a tool to facilitate better understanding of the concepts and practices in environmental management, and to complement the graduate course materials for the students, undertook a “Case Study of Deepor Beel Wetland Management” for the fall course of 2007.[16]

4.The Animal Ecology Laboratory in the Department of Zoology, Guwahati University has been involved in biological studies of the beel.[2] 5. ≤ Chandan Kumar Duarah (Pratidin Group)and Mubina Akhtar, environmentalists have been studying and working for preservation of the wetland and published many reports. ≥

Guwahati Water bodies (Preservation and Conservation) Bill, 2008

The Guwahati Waterbodies (Preservation and Conservation) Bill, 2008 has been passed with the objective of preserving the wetland, minimising the problem of waterlogging in the city and creating an eco-friendly atmosphere. With this Bill at its command, the Government of Assam is planning to re-acquire land in the periphery of Deepor Beel, to undertake development projects, including water sports at the beel, and for this purpose a budgetary allocation of about US $3 million (Rs.12 crores) has been approved.[17]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Ramsar Wetlands Information Sheet — Deepor Beel" (PDF). Ramsar Convention on Wetlands official website. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ramsor sites
  3. 1 2 3 4 http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/csurv/Wetland%20Inventory.pdf Wet Land Inventory.pdf, Deepor Beel, pages 195–202
  4. 1 2 http://www.globalresponse.org/gra.php?i=1/08 Protect Wetland Bird Paradise/India
  5. 1 2 http://wikimapia.org/2889727/Deepor-Beel Deepor beel
  6. ↑ List of Political Parties in the state
  7. ↑ https://www.indianjungles.com/160405c.htm Archived January 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ Evidence of biological degradation in sediments of Deepor Beel
  9. ↑ "Microsoft Word - Ecosystem Dynamics_deepor beel_conf_fnl.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-17.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Save Deepor Beel Now or Never by Indrajit Dutta
  11. ↑ Deepor Beel Bird Sanctuary, Guwahati
  12. ↑ http://www.ramsar.org The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
  13. ↑ Aaranyak
  14. ↑ Deepar Beel Community Conservation Project
  15. ↑ Go to "Case Studies" and "Documents"
  16. ↑ "EM Home Page". Ndsu.nodak.edu. 2007-11-06. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
  17. ↑ Rs 12cr for Deepor Beel-Waterbody bill passed in Assembly
  1. Birding opportunities at Deepor Beel
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