Attack on Mers-el-Kébir

Attack on Mers El Kébir
Part of the Battle of the Mediterranean of World War II

Battleship Strasbourg under fire.
Date3 July 1940
LocationOff Mers El Kébir, French Algeria, North Africa
35°43′10″N 0°41′20″W / 35.71944°N 0.68889°W / 35.71944; -0.68889Coordinates: 35°43′10″N 0°41′20″W / 35.71944°N 0.68889°W / 35.71944; -0.68889
Result Disabling of the French flotilla of Mers-el-Kébir
Belligerents
United Kingdom United Kingdom France France
Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom James Somerville
United Kingdom Dudley Pound		 France Marcel-Bruno Gensoul
France François Darlan
Strength
1 aircraft carrier
2 battleships
1 battlecruiser
2 light cruisers
11 destroyers		 4 battleships
5 destroyers
1 seaplane tender
Casualties and losses
6 aircraft destroyed
2 dead		 1 battleship sunk
2 battleships damaged
3 destroyers damaged
1 destroyer grounded
1 tugboat destroyed[1]
1,297 dead
350 wounded[2]

The Attack on Mers-el-Kébir, part of Operation Catapult and also known as the Battle of Mers-el-Kébir, was a British naval bombardment of the French Navy (Marine nationale) at its base at Mers El Kébir on the coast of French Algeria on 3 July 1940. The raid resulted in the deaths of 1,297 French servicemen, the sinking of a battleship and the damaging of five other ships.

The combined air-and-sea attack was conducted by the Royal Navy in response to the Second Armistice at Compiègne between Germany and France on 22 June, which had seen Britain's sole continental ally replaced by a government administered from Vichy. The Vichy government had inherited the considerable French naval force of the Marine nationale. Of particular significance were the seven battleships of the Bretagne, Dunkerque and Richelieu classes, which was the second largest force of capital ships in Europe after the Royal Navy. Vichy France — created on 10 July 1940, one week after the attack — was seen by the British as a mere puppet state of the Nazi regime. It was feared that they would surrender or loan the ships to the Kriegsmarine, which could undo British naval superiority by giving the Axis an advantage in the Battle of the Atlantic. Admiral François Darlan, Commander of the French Navy, promised that the fleet would remain under French control and out of the hands of the Germans.[3] Winston Churchill, still reeling from Dunkirk and stung by the French armistice, determined that the fleet was too dangerous to remain intact, French sovereignty notwithstanding.[4]

In response to the British attack at Mers-el-Kébir and the Battle of Dakar, the French mounted air raids on Gibraltar. The Vichy government also severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom. The attack remains controversial and created much rancour between France and Britain, but it also demonstrated to the world, and to the United States in particular, Britain's commitment to continue the war with Germany at all costs.[5]

A great debate has taken place over the motivations of the British. P. M. H. Bell argued that from London's point of view: "The times were desperate; invasion seemed imminent; and the British government simply could not afford to risk the Germans seizing control of the French fleet... The predominant British motive was thus dire necessity and self-preservation."[6]

The French thought they were acting honorably in terms of their armistice with Nazi Germany and were convinced they would never turn over their fleet. French grievances over what they considered a betrayal by their ally festered for generations.[7] On 27 November 1942 the French scuttled their fleet in Toulon so the Germans could not capture it.

Background

In 1940, after the Fall of France and the armistice between France and Nazi Germany, the British War Cabinet was apprehensive about the Germans acquiring control of the French navy, under the Vichy government. The French and German navies combined would alter the balance of power at sea, threatening British imports over the Atlantic and communications with the rest of the British Empire. That the armistice terms at article eight paragraph two stated that the German government "solemnly and firmly declared that it had no intention of making demands regarding the French fleet during the peace negotiations" and similar terms existed in the armistice with Italy, was considered to be no guarantee of the neutralisation of the French fleet. On 24 June, Darlan assured Winston Churchill against such a possibility.[8] Churchill ordered that a demand be made that the French Navy (Marine nationale) should either join with the Royal Navy or face neutralization in some way, to stop the French navy falling into Axis hands.[9] At Italian suggestion the armistice terms were amended to permit the French fleet to stay temporarily in North African ports, where they might potentially be seized by Italian troops from Libya. Britain drew up contingency plans to eliminate the French fleet ("Operation Catapult") as early as 14, 15 or 16 June, as soon as it became clear that Pétain was forming a government with a view to signing an armistice, and it still seemed likely that the French fleet might be seized by the Germans.[10]

In a speech to Parliament, Churchill repeated that the French armistice with Germany was a betrayal of the Allied agreement that forbade each country from surrendering to the Germans without notifying its allies. This French betrayal, added to by the German Nazi government's history of not respecting previous agreements, led Churchill to declare to the House "What is the value of that? Ask half a dozen countries, what is the value of such a solemn assurance? ... Finally, the armistice could be voided at any time on any pretext of non-observance ..."[11]

The French fleet had seen little fighting during the Battle of France and was mostly intact. By tonnage, about 40 percent was in Toulon near Marseilles, 40 percent in French North Africa, and 20 percent in the UK, Alexandria, and the French West Indies. Although Churchill feared the fleet would be put into action, either through pressuring of the Vichy government or by forcible seizure of the ships, Axis leaders did not intend to employ a combined Franco-Italian-German force. While the German Navy and Benito Mussolini made attempts, Adolf Hitler feared the French fleet would join the British and be used against German submarines in the Atlantic if they tried to take it over. Both Churchill and Hitler viewed the fleet as a potential threat. For their part, Vichy French leaders, including Philippe Pétain, used the fleet's mere existence (and threat of defection) as leverage against the Germans to keep them out of the unoccupied zone and North African colonies. The French had made the armistice contingent on their right to man their own naval vessels, and Admiral François Darlan had sailed the Atlantic fleet to Toulon and destroyed Atlantic naval bases prior to the surrender, giving orders to his admirals to scuttle their ships if the Germans tried to take them.[12]

Britain made unsuccessful efforts to persuade the French authorities in North Africa to continue the war or to hand over the fleet to British control: a British Admiral visited Oran on 24 June and on 27 June, Duff Cooper, Minister of Information, visited Casablanca.[13] The British empire was faced with the situation of having the French Atlantic ports in German hands at a time when the British needed to keep the German surface fleet out of the Mediterranean, restrict the Italian fleet within those waters, and blockade the Vichy ports. Initially, British naval officials were strongly opposed to attacking the French, concerned they might not be able to inflict enough damage to the ships and fear that it would lead to the military involvement of Vichy France in the war, as well as concern the French colonial empire would be harder to be made to ally with Free French Forces. Given the need to keep Britain's Atlantic approaches open to convoy traffic, and that the Royal Navy simply did not have enough ships to provide a permanent blockade of the Vichy naval bases in North Africa, the risk of having either the Germans or the Italians seize the French capital ships was deemed too great. Because the fleet in Toulon was well guarded by shore artillery, the Royal Navy decided to attack the fleet in North Africa.[14][12] The French fleet was widely dispersed. Some vessels were in port in France; others had escaped from France to British-controlled ports, mainly in Britain and Alexandria, Egypt. Operation Catapult was launched to take the French ships under British control or destroy them. In the first stage, the French ships in the British ports of Plymouth and Portsmouth were boarded without warning on the night of 3 July 1940.

The only resistance came from the crew of the French submarine Surcouf, then the largest submarine in the world. This vessel had made its way to Portsmouth in June 1940 following the German invasion of France. The crew resisted the boarding and three Royal Navy personnel, including two officers, were killed along with a French sailor. Other ships captured included the two obsolete battleships Paris and Courbet, the destroyers Triomphant and Léopard, eight torpedo boats, five submarines and a number of less important ships. In addition, ships in Alexandria, including the battleship Lorraine, heavy cruiser Suffren, and three modern light cruisers were surrendered. Many, including Surcouf and the Alexandria ships, went on to be used by the Free French forces. Some sailors joined the Free French while others were repatriated to France. The attack on French vessels at port sowed anger amongst the French towards the British and increased tension between Churchill and the leader of the Free French Forces, Charles de Gaulle.[15]

Prelude

Ultimatum

The most powerful concentration of French warships was the squadron at the port of Mers-el-Kébir in French Algeria. This consisted of the World War I–era battleships Provence and Bretagne, the more modern Force de Raid battleships Dunkerque and Strasbourg, the seaplane tender Commandant Teste and six destroyers under the command of Admiral Marcel-Bruno Gensoul. Admiral James Somerville of Force H, based in Gibraltar, was ordered to deliver an ultimatum to the French, stating:[16]

It is impossible for us, your comrades up to now, to allow your fine ships to fall into the power of the German enemy. We are determined to fight on until the end, and if we win, as we think we shall, we shall never forget that France was our Ally, that our interests are the same as hers, and that our common enemy is Germany. Should we conquer we solemnly declare that we shall restore the greatness and territory of France. For this purpose we must make sure that the best ships of the French Navy are not used against us by the common foe. In these circumstances, His Majesty's Government have instructed me to demand that the French Fleet now at Mers el Kebir and Oran shall act in accordance with one of the following alternatives;

(a) Sail with us and continue the fight until victory against the Germans.

(b) Sail with reduced crews under our control to a British port. The reduced crews would be repatriated at the earliest moment.

If either of these courses is adopted by you we will restore your ships to France at the conclusion of the war or pay full compensation if they are damaged meanwhile.

(c) Alternatively if you feel bound to stipulate that your ships should not be used against the Germans lest they break the Armistice, then sail them with us with reduced crews to some French port in the West Indies—Martinique for instance—where they can be demilitarised to our satisfaction, or perhaps be entrusted to the United States and remain safe until the end of the war, the crews being repatriated.

If you refuse these fair offers, I must with profound regret, require you to sink your ships within 6 hours.

Finally, failing the above, I have the orders from His Majesty's Government to use whatever force may be necessary to prevent your ships from falling into German hands.

— Somerville[17]

These would all have been a breach of the armistice terms.[18]

Somerville did not present the ultimatum personally. Instead, this duty fell to the French-speaking Captain Cedric Holland, commanding officer of the carrier HMS Ark Royal. Admiral Gensoul, affronted that negotiations were not being conducted by a senior officer, sent his lieutenant, Bernard Dufay, which led to much delay and confusion. As negotiations dragged on, it became clear that neither side was likely to give way.[19]

French Navy Minister Admiral Darlan was at his house at Nérac in Gascony on 3 July, and could not be contacted. Admiral Gensoul told the French government that the alternatives were internment or battle.[20] In fact the option of removing the fleet to American waters had formed part of the orders Darlan gave to Gensoul, to be followed should a foreign power attempt to seize the ships under his command.[19]

Attack

Blackburn Skuas of No 800 Squadron Fleet Air Arm prepare to take off from HMS Ark Royal
Battleship Bretagne exploding
Destroyer Mogador running aground after having been hit by a 15-in round

The British force consisted of the battlecruiser HMS Hood, battleships HMS Valiant and Resolution, and the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, plus an escort of cruisers and destroyers. Despite the approximate equivalence of force, the British had several decisive advantages. The French fleet was anchored in a narrow harbour and despite the unequivocal terms of the ultimatum, did not expect an attack and was not fully prepared for battle. The main armament of Dunkerque and Strasbourg was grouped on their bows and could not immediately be brought to bear. The British capital ships, with their 15-inch (381 mm) guns, also fired a heavier broadside than the French ones.

Before negotiations were formally terminated, British Fairey Swordfish planes escorted by Blackburn Skuas were dispatched from Ark Royal to drop magnetic mines in the path of the French ships' route to the sea. The force was intercepted by French Curtiss H-75 fighters and one of the Skuas was shot down and crashed into the sea, killing its two crew, the only British fatalities in the action.[21]

French warships were sent from Algiers and Toulon as reinforcements, but did not reach Mers-El-Kebir in time to affect the outcome.[22]

A short while later, on Churchill's instructions, the British ships opened fire against the French.[19] The British opened fire at extreme range on 3 July 1940 at 17:54.[23][24] The French eventually replied but ineffectively. The third salvo from the British force and the first to hit resulted in a magazine explosion aboard Bretagne, which sank with 977 of her crew dead at 18:09. After thirty salvoes, the French ships stopped firing. Meanwhile, the British force altered their course to avoid fire from the French coastal forts. Provence, Dunkerque and the destroyer Mogador were damaged and run aground by their crews.

Strasbourg and four destroyers managed to avoid the mines and escape to the open sea. As they did so they came under attack from a flight of bomb-armed Swordfish from Ark Royal. The French ships responded with anti-aircraft fire and shot down two of them, and their crews were rescued by the destroyer HMS Wrestler. The bombing attack had little effect and Somerville ordered his forces to begin pursuing at 18:43. The light cruisers HMS Arethusa and Enterprise reported engaging a French destroyer. At 20:20, Somerville called off the pursuit, feeling that his ships were ill-deployed for a night engagement. After weathering another Swordfish attack at 20:55 without damage, Strasbourg reached the French port of Toulon on 4 July.

Subsequently, on 4 July, the British submarine HMS Pandora sank the French aviso (gunboat) Rigault de Genouilly, sailing from Oran. Since the British believed that damage to Dunkerque and Provence was not very serious, British Fairey Swordfish aircraft from Ark Royal raided Mers-el-Kébir the morning of 6 July. One torpedo hit the patrol boat Terre-Neuve, which was moored alongside Dunkerque and was carrying a supply of depth charges. Terre-Neuve quickly sank and her charges triggered a large explosion, causing serious damage to Dunkerque.[25] The last phase of Operation Catapult was an attack on 8 July by aircraft from the carrier HMS Hermes against the French battleship Richelieu at Dakar, causing serious damage. The French Air Force launched retaliatory bombing raids on Gibraltar, including a half-hearted night attack on 4 July, when many bombs landed in the sea, and heavier raids on 24 and 25 September.[26]

Aftermath

Churchill later wrote "This was the most hateful decision, the most unnatural and painful in which I have ever been concerned". [27]

At Mers-el-Kébir, 1,297 French sailors were killed and about 350 were wounded. Two British aircrew were also killed. Relations between Britain and France were severely strained for some time and the Germans enjoyed a propaganda coup. Somerville said that it was "...the biggest political blunder of modern times and will rouse the whole world against us...we all feel thoroughly ashamed..."[19] Although it did rekindle Anglophobia in France, the action demonstrated Britain's resolve to continue the war alone and rallied the British Conservative Party around Churchill (Neville Chamberlain, Churchill's predecessor as prime minister, was still party leader). Churchill later declared the action meant that for "high government circles in the United States ... there was no more talk of Britain giving in." Harold Nicolson reported the House of Commons to have been "fortified" by Churchill's report of the action.[28]

The French ships in Alexandria under command of Admiral René-Emile Godfroy, including the World War I era battleship Lorraine and four cruisers, were blockaded by the British in port on 3 July and offered the same terms as at Mers-el-Kébir. After delicate negotiations, conducted on the part of the British by Admiral Andrew Cunningham, the French admiral agreed on 7 July to disarm his fleet and stay in port until the end of the war and eventually joined the Allies in 1943.

Churchill had a secondary reason for the operation. According to his principal private secretary Eric Seal, "[Churchill] was convinced that the Americans were impressed by ruthlessness in dealing with a ruthless foe; and in his mind the American reaction to our attack on the French fleet in Oran was of the first importance." Churchill kept Roosevelt discreetly informed about the plans, and succeeded in convincing him that Britain was committed to staying in the war, which may have contributed to the Destroyers for Bases Agreement in September 1940.[12]

De Gaulle's biographer Jean Lacouture blames the tragedy mainly on miscommunication – had Darlan been in contact on the day, or had Somerville been a more diplomatic character, a peaceful outcome might have been negotiated. However, he concedes that there was a danger that the French ships might have been captured by German, or more likely Italian ground forces, as proven by the ease with which the British seized French ships in British ports, or the Germans would seize French ships in Bizerte in Tunisia in November 1942.[29]

Following the 3 July operation, Darlan immediately ordered the French fleet to attack British naval ships wherever possible, but Pétain and Foreign Minister Paul Baudouin overruled his decision the next day. Military retaliation was conducted through ineffective air raids on Gibraltar, as Baudouin noted, "The attack on our fleet is one thing, war is another." As skeptics had warned, there would also be complications with the French empire, as French colonial forces defeated de Gaulle's Free French Forces at the Battle of Dakar in September 1940, cooperated with the Germans in French Syria in summer 1941, and initially resisted Operation Torch landings in Morocco in November 1942; recruitment for the Free French movement also plummeted. Germany responded by permitting France to maintain its remaining fleet armed rather than demobilized.[12]

The ships Dunkerque, Provence and Mogador were partially repaired and sailed back to Toulon.

In early-June 1940, about 13,500 civilians had been evacuated from Gibraltar to Casablanca in French Morocco. (Main article: Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II.) Following the capitulation of the French to the Germans and the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, the Vichy government found their presence an embarrassment. Later in June, 15 British cargo vessels arrived in Casablanca under Commodore Crichton, repatriating 15,000 French servicemen who had been rescued from Dunkirk. Once their French servicemen had disembarked, the ships were interned until they agreed to take away all the evacuees, who, reflecting tensions generated after the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, were escorted to the ships at bayonet point minus many of their possessions.[30] (See: Military history of Gibraltar during World War II).

On 27 November 1942, the Germans attempted to capture the French fleet based at Toulon — in violation of the armistice terms — as part of Case Anton, the military occupation of Vichy France by Germany. All ships of any military value were scuttled by the French before the arrival of German troops, notably Dunkerque, Strasbourg, and seven (four heavy, three light) modern cruisers. For many in the French Navy this was a final proof that there had never been a question of their ships ending up in German hands and that the British action at Mers-el-Kébir had been an unnecessary betrayal. Within days Churchill received a letter from Admiral Darlan, in which he wrote, "Prime Minister you said to me 'I hope you will never surrender the fleet'. I replied, 'There is no question of doing so'. It seems to me you did not believe my word. The destruction of the fleet at Toulon has just proved that I was right."[31]

Casualties

Memorial on the coastal path at Toulon to the 1,297 French seamen who died during the British bombardment of their ships at Mers El Kebir.
Casualties of the action at Mers-el-Kébir
Officers Petty officers Sailors and marines Total
Bretagne 36 151 825 1012
Dunkerque 9 32 169 210
Provence 1 2 3
Strasbourg 2 3 5
Mogador 3 35 38
Rigault de Genouilly 3 9 12
Terre Neuve 1 1 6 8
Armen 3 3 6
Esterel 1 5 6
Total 48 202 1050 1300

Two British servicemen were also killed.[21]

Orders of battle

Royal Navy
French Navy (Marine Nationale) order of battle

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Playfair. The Mediterranean & Middle East, Volume I: The Early Successes against Italy (to May 1941) p. 137
  2. ↑ O'Hara, p. 19.
  3. ↑ Ernest Harold Jenkins, History of the French Navy, ISBN 0-356-04196-4
  4. ↑ Paxton, Robert O. (1972). Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944. pp. 43 para 2. ISBN 978-0-394-47360-4.
  5. ↑ Martin Thomas, "After Mers-el-Kebir: The armed neutrality of the Vichy French Navy, 1940–43," English Historical Review (1997) 112#447 pp 643–70 in JSTOR
  6. ↑ P. M. H. Bell, France and Britain, 1940–1994: The Long Separation (1997) pp 19–20
  7. ↑ Bell (1997) pp 24–25
  8. ↑ Claude Farrère, Histoire de la Marine Française
  9. ↑ Greene & Massignani p.57
  10. ↑ Lacouture 1991, p246-7
  11. ↑ Hansard, War Situation, 25 June 1940, 304–05
  12. 1 2 3 4 Parker, Thomas (13 August 2016). "When Winston Churchill Bombed France: The Battle of Mers el-Kabir". National Interest.org. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  13. ↑ Lacouture 1991, p247
  14. ↑ Bell, France and Britain, 1940–1994 (1997) pp 19–20
  15. ↑ Auphan & Mordal, pp. 124–126
  16. ↑ J. R. M. Butler, (London, 1957) p. 223
  17. ↑ Jordan, John and Robert Dumas (2009), p. 77.
  18. ↑ Lacouture 1991, p247
  19. 1 2 3 4 Kappes, Irwin J. (2003) Mers-el-Kebir: A Battle Between Friends, Military History Online
  20. ↑ Lacouture 1991, p247
  21. 1 2 Christian-Jacques Ehrengardt & Christopher J. Shores, L'aviation de Vichy au combat. Tome I: les campagnes oubliées, Lavauzelle, 1985
  22. ↑ Lacouture 1991, p247
  23. ↑ The Road to Oran: Anglo-French naval relations, September 1939 – July 1940, By David Brow, Taylor and Francis 2204, page 198
  24. ↑ The Second World War volume two, Winston S Churchill, BCA 1985, page 210
  25. ↑ Philippe Masson La Marine française et la guerre 1939–1945 p. 164
  26. ↑ Piekałkiewicz, Janusz (1987), Sea War: 1939–1945, Blandford Press, London – New York, 1987.
  27. ↑ Lacouture 1991, p246
  28. ↑ Churchill, Roy Jenkins, Macmillan, London, 2001, pp. 623–625
  29. ↑ Lacouture 1991, p249
  30. ↑ Bond, Peter (2003), "The Third Century 1904–2004". 300 Years of British Gibraltar, 1704–2004 Peter-Tan Publishing Co, Gibraltar.
  31. ↑ Churchill's Darkest Decision, National Geographic Channel

Sources

  • Auphan, Paul & Mordal, Jacques, The French Navy in World War II (1976) Greenwood Press ISBN 0-8371-8660-9
  • Collier, Paul (2003). The Second World War: The Mediterranean 1940–1945. IV. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-539-6.  Online version at Google Books
  • Greene, Jack & Massignani, Alessandro The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 Chatham Publishing, London (1998) ISBN 1-885119-61-5
  • Lacouture, Jean. De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 (1984; English ed. 1991), 640 pp, W W Norton & Co, London. ISBN 978-0393026993
  • Lasterle, Philippe. "Could Admiral Gensoul Have Averted the Tragedy of Mers el-Kebir?." Journal of Military History (2003) 67#3 pp 835–844. online
  • O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3. 
  • Thomas, Martin. "After Mers-el-Kébir: The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy, 1940–43", English Historical Review (1997) 112#447 pp. 643–670 in JSTOR
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Attack on Mers-el-Kébir.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.