Democracy Index

The Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy index map for 2016.^[1]
Bluer colors represent more democratic countries.

The Democracy Index is an index compiled by the UK-based Economist Intelligence Unit that measures the state of democracy in 167 countries, of which 166 are sovereign states and 165 are UN member states. The index was first produced in 2006, with updates for 2008, 2010 and the following years since then. The index is based on 60 indicators grouped in five different categories measuring pluralism, civil liberties, and political culture. In addition to a numeric score and a ranking, the index categorizes countries as one of four regime types: full democracies, flawed democracies, hybrid regimes and authoritarian regimes.

Method

As described in the report,^[2] the democracy index is a weighted average based on the answers of 60 questions, each one with either two or three permitted alternative answers. Most answers are "experts' assessments"; the report does not indicate what kinds of experts, nor their number, nor whether the experts are employees of the Economist Intelligence Unit or independent scholars, nor the nationalities of the experts. Some answers are provided by public-opinion surveys from the respective countries. In the case of countries for which survey results are missing, survey results for similar countries and expert assessments are used in order to fill in gaps.

The questions are distributed in the five categories: electoral process and pluralism, civil liberties, functioning of government, political participation, and political culture. Each answer is translated to a mark, either 0 or 1, or for the three-answer alternative questions, 0.5. With the exceptions mentioned below, the sums are added within each category, multiplied by ten, and divided by the total number of questions within the category. There are a few modifying dependencies, which are explained much more precisely than the main rule procedures. In a few cases, an answer yielding zero for one question voids another question; e.g., if the elections for the national legislature and head of government are not considered free (question 1), then the next question, "Are elections... fair?" is not considered, but automatically marked zero. Likewise, there are a few questions considered so important that a low score on them yields a penalty on the total score sum for their respective categories, namely:

"Whether national elections are free and fair";
"The security of voters";
"The influence of foreign powers on government";
"The capability of the civil servants to implement policies".

The four category indices, which are listed in the report, are then averaged to find the Democracy Index for a given country. Finally, the Democracy Index, rounded to one decimal, decides the regime type classification of the country.

The report discusses other indices of democracy, as defined e.g. by Freedom House, and argues for some of the choices made by the team from the Economist Intelligence Unit. In this comparison, a higher emphasis has been put on the public opinion and attitudes, as measured by surveys, but on the other hand, economic living standard has not been weighted as one criterion of democracy (as seemingly some other investigators have done).^[3]^[4]

The report is widely cited in the international press as well as in peer reviewed academic journals.^[5]

Classification definitions

Full democracies are nations where civil liberties and basic political freedoms are not only respected, but also reinforced by a political culture conducive to the thriving of democratic principles. These nations have a valid system of governmental checks and balances, independent judiciary whose decisions are enforced, governments that function adequately, and media that is diverse and independent. These nations have only limited problems in democratic functioning.^[6]

Flawed democracies are nations where elections are fair and free and basic civil liberties are honored but may have issues (e.g. media freedom infringement). Nonetheless, these nations have significant faults in other democratic aspects, including underdeveloped political culture, low levels of participation in politics, and issues in the functioning of governance.^[6]

Hybrid regimes are nations where consequential irregularities exist in elections regularly preventing them from being fair and free. These nations commonly have governments that apply pressure on political opponents, non independent judiciaries, and have widespread corruption, harassment and pressure placed on the media, anemic rule of law, and more pronounced faults than flawed democracies in the realms of underdeveloped political culture, low levels of participation in politics, and issues in the functioning of governance.^[6]

Authoritarian regimes are nations where political pluralism has vanished or is extremely limited. These nations are often absolute dictatorships, may have some conventional institutions of democracy but with meager significance, infringements and abuses of civil liberties are commonplace, elections (if they take place) are not fair and free, the media is often state-owned or controlled by groups associated with the ruling regime, the judiciary is not independent, and the presence of omnipresent censorship and suppression of governmental criticism.^[6]

Changes from 2010 onwards

According to the issue of the index for 2012, Norway scored a total of 9.93 on a scale from zero to ten, keeping the first-place position it has held since 2010, when it replaced Sweden as the highest-ranked country in the index. North Korea scored the lowest with 1.08, remaining at the bottom in 167th place, the same as in 2010 and 2011.^[2]

There was no significant improvement or regression in democracy between 2011 and 2012. In 2012 the index score stayed the same for 73 out of 167 countries, improved for 54 countries, and declined for 40. Libya experienced the biggest increase of any country in its score in 2012. Average regional scores in 2012 were very similar to scores in 2011. An exception is the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) where the average score increased by more than a tenth of a point, from 3.62 to 3.73 and three countries moved from authoritarian to hybrid regimes (Egypt, Libya, Morocco).^[2]

The Democracy Index for 2011 highlighted the impact of the Arab Spring and the greater effects it might have, as well as the impact of the global financial crisis in 2007–08 on politics throughout most of Europe. The Democracy Index score was lower in 2011 than in 2010 in 48 countries out of the 167 that are covered. It was higher in 41 ranked countries, and it stayed the same in 78.^[7]

In nine countries there was a change in regime type between 2010 and 2011; in four of these there was regression. Russia was downgraded from a hybrid regime to an authoritarian regime, which the report attributes to concerns over the December 4 legislative election and Vladimir Putin's decision to run again in the 2012 presidential election. Portugal was also downgraded to the flawed democracy category, attributed to the effects of the global financial crisis. Tunisia, Mauritania, Egypt, and Niger were all upgraded to hybrid regimes, and Zambia moved up to the flawed democracy category.^[7]

In 2016, the United States was downgraded from a full democracy to a flawed democracy; its score, which had been experiencing a persistent downward trend, crossed the threshold from 8.05 in 2015 to 7.98 in 2016. The report states that this was not due to the election of Donald Trump, but was caused by the same factors that led to his election.^[8]

Democracy Index by regime type

The following table gives the number and percentage of countries and the percentage of the world population for each regime type in 2016:^[1]

Type of regime	Scores (s)	Number of countries	Percentage of countries	Percentage of world population
Full democracies	8 ≤ s ≤ 10	19	11.4	4.5
Flawed democracies	6 ≤ s < 8	57	34.1	44.8
Hybrid regimes	4 ≤ s < 6	40	24.0	18.0
Authoritarian regimes	0 ≤ s < 4	51	30.5	32.7

World population refers to the total population of the 167 countries covered by the Index. Since this excludes only micro-states, this is nearly equal to the entire estimated world population.

Democracy Index by region

The following table gives the index average by world region, and the number of covered countries in 2016. Note that some regional groups (e.g., the 'Eastern Europe') are very heterogeneous and composed of full democracies as well as authoritarian regimes:

Rank	Region	Countries	2006^[4]	2008^[9]	2010^[3]	2011^[7]	2012^[2]	2013^[10]	2014^[11]	2015^[6]	2016^[1]
1	Northern America	2	8.64	8.64	8.63	8.59	8.59	8.59	8.59	8.56	8.56
2	Western Europe	21	8.60	8.61	8.45	8.40	8.44	8.41	8.41	8.42	8.40
3	Latin America and the Caribbean	24	6.37	6.43	6.37	6.35	6.36	6.38	6.36	6.37	6.33
4	Asia and Australasia	28	5.44	5.58	5.53	5.51	5.56	5.61	5.70	5.74	5.74
5	Central and Eastern Europe	28	5.76	5.67	5.55	5.50	5.51	5.53	5.58	5.55	5.43
6	Sub-Saharan Africa	44	4.24	4.28	4.23	4.32	4.33	4.36	4.34	4.38	4.37
7	Middle East and North Africa	20	3.54	3.48	3.52	3.62	3.73	3.68	3.65	3.58	3.56
	World	167	5.52	5.55	5.46	5.49	5.52	5.53	5.55	5.55	5.52

Democracy Index by country (2016)

Listing by country is available on The Economist website;^[1] for by-country tables in Wikipedia using similar measures, see List of freedom indices.

Democracy Index 2016
Rank	Country	Score	Electoral process and pluralism	Functioning of government	Political participation	Political culture	Civil liberties	Category
1	Norway	9.93	10.00	9.64	10.00	10.00	10.00	Full democracy
2	Iceland	9.50	10.00	8.93	8.89	10.00	9.71	Full democracy
3	Sweden	9.39	9.58	9.64	8.33	10.00	9.41	Full democracy
4	New Zealand	9.26	10.00	9.29	8.89	8.13	10.00	Full democracy
5	Denmark	9.20	9.58	9.29	8.33	9.38	9.41	Full democracy
6	Canada	9.15	9.58	9.64	7.78	8.75	10.00	Full democracy
6	Ireland	9.15	9.58	7.86	8.33	10.00	10.00	Full democracy
8	Switzerland	9.09	9.58	9.29	7.78	9.38	9.41	Full democracy
9	Finland	9.03	10.00	8.93	7.78	8.75	9.71	Full democracy
10	Australia	9.01	9.58	8.93	7.78	8.75	10.00	Full democracy
11	Luxembourg	8.81	10.00	8.93	6.67	8.75	9.71	Full democracy
12	Netherlands	8.80	9.58	8.57	8.33	8.13	9.41	Full democracy
13	Germany	8.63	9.58	8.57	7.78	7.50	9.71	Full democracy
14	Austria	8.41	9.58	7.86	8.33	6.88	9.41	Full democracy
15	Malta	8.39	9.17	8.21	6.11	8.75	9.71	Full democracy
16	United Kingdom	8.36	9.58	7.14	7.22	8.75	9.12	Full democracy
17	Spain	8.30	9.58	7.14	7.22	8.13	9.41	Full democracy
18	Mauritius	8.28	9.17	8.21	5.56	8.75	9.71	Full democracy
19	Uruguay	8.17	10.00	8.93	4.44	7.50	10.00	Full democracy
Rank	Country	Score	Electoral process and pluralism	Functioning of government	Political participation	Political culture	Civil liberties	Category
20	Japan	7.99	8.75	8.21	6.67	7.50	8.82	Flawed democracy
21	United States	7.98	9.17	7.14	7.22	8.13	8.24	Flawed democracy
21	Italy	7.98	9.58	6.43	7.22	8.13	8.53	Flawed democracy
23	Cape Verde	7.94	9.17	7.86	6.67	6.88	9.12	Flawed democracy
24	France	7.92	9.58	7.14	7.78	6.25	8.82	Flawed democracy
24	South Korea	7.92	9.17	7.50	7.72	7.50	8.24	Flawed democracy
26	Costa Rica	7.88	9.58	7.14	6.11	6.88	9.71	Flawed democracy
27	Botswana	7.87	9.17	7.14	6.11	7.50	9.41	Flawed democracy
28	Portugal	7.86	9.58	6.79	6.67	6.88	9.41	Flawed democracy
29	Israel	7.85	9.17	7.50	8.89	7.50	6.18	Flawed democracy
29	Estonia	7.85	9.58	7.86	6.11	6.88	8.82	Flawed democracy
31	Czech Republic	7.82	9.58	7.14	6.67	6.88	8.82	Flawed democracy
32	India	7.81	9.58	7.50	7.22	5.63	9.12	Flawed democracy
33	Taiwan	7.79	9.58	8.21	6.11	5.63	9.41	Flawed democracy
34	Chile	7.78	9.58	8.57	4.44	6.88	9.41	Flawed democracy
35	Belgium	7.77	9.58	8.57	5.00	6.88	8.82	Flawed democracy
36	Cyprus	7.65	9.17	6.43	6.67	6.88	9.12	Flawed democracy
37	Slovenia	7.51	9.58	7.14	6.67	5.63	8.53	Flawed democracy
38	Lithuania	7.47	9.58	5.71	6.11	6.25	9.71	Flawed democracy
39	South Africa	7.41	7.92	7.86	8.33	5.00	7.94	Flawed democracy
40	Jamaica	7.39	9.17	6.79	5.00	6.88	9.12	Flawed democracy
41	Latvia	7.31	9.58	5.71	5.56	6.88	8.82	Flawed democracy
42	Slovakia	7.29	9.58	7.14	5.56	5.63	8.53	Flawed democracy
43	Timor-Leste	7.24	8.67	7.14	5.56	6.88	7.94	Flawed democracy
44	Greece	7.23	9.58	5.36	6.11	6.25	8.82	Flawed democracy
45	Panama	7.13	9.58	6.43	6.11	5.00	8.82	Flawed democracy
46	Trinidad and Tobago	7.10	9.58	7.14	5.56	5.00	8.24	Flawed democracy
47	Bulgaria	7.01	9.17	6.07	7.22	4.38	8.24	Flawed democracy
Rank	Country	Score	Electoral process and pluralism	Functioning of government	Political participation	Political culture	Civil liberties	Category
48	Indonesia	6.97	7.75	7.14	6.67	6.25	7.06	Flawed democracy
49	Argentina	6.96	9.17	5.00	6.11	6.88	7.65	Flawed democracy
50	Philippines	6.94	9.17	5.71	7.22	4.38	8.24	Flawed democracy
51	Brazil	6.90	9.58	6.79	5.56	3.75	8.82	Flawed democracy
52	Poland	6.83	9.17	5.71	6.67	4.38	8.24	Flawed democracy
53	Suriname	6.77	9.17	6.43	5.00	5.00	8.24	Flawed democracy
54	Croatia	6.75	9.17	6.07	5.56	5.00	7.94	Flawed democracy
54	Ghana	6.75	8.33	5.71	6.11	6.25	7.35	Flawed democracy
56	Hungary	6.72	9.17	6.07	4.44	6.88	7.06	Flawed democracy
57	Dominican Republic	6.67	8.75	5.71	5.00	6.25	7.65	Flawed democracy
57	Colombia	6.67	9.17	7.14	4.44	4.38	8.24	Flawed democracy
59	Peru	6.65	9.17	5.36	6.11	4.38	8.24	Flawed democracy
60	El Salvador	6.64	9.17	6.07	4.44	5.00	8.53	Flawed democracy
61	Romania	6.62	9.17	5.71	5.00	5.00	8.24	Flawed democracy
61	Mongolia	6.62	9.17	5.71	5.00	5.00	8.24	Flawed democracy
63	Lesotho	6.59	8.25	5.36	6.67	5.63	7.06	Flawed democracy
64	Serbia	6.57	8.75	5.36	6.67	5.00	7.06	Flawed democracy
65	Malaysia	6.54	6.92	7.86	6.11	6.25	5.59	Flawed democracy
66	Sri Lanka	6.48	7.83	6.79	5.00	6.88	5.88	Flawed democracy
67	Mexico	6.47	7.92	6.07	7.22	4.38	6.76	Flawed democracy
68	Hong Kong	6.42	3.92	5.71	5.56	7.50	9.41	Flawed democracy
69	Tunisia	6.40	6.00	6.07	7.78	6.25	5.58	Flawed democracy
70	Singapore	6.38	4.33	7.86	6.11	6.25	7.35	Flawed democracy
71	Namibia	6.31	5.67	5.36	6.67	5.63	8.24	Flawed democracy
72	Paraguay	6.27	8.33	5.71	5.00	4.38	7.94	Flawed democracy
73	Guyana	6.25	8.33	5.36	6.11	4.38	7.06	Flawed democracy
74	Senegal	6.21	7.92	5.36	4.44	6.25	7.06	Flawed democracy
75	Papua New Guinea	6.03	6.92	6.07	3.89	5.63	7.65	Flawed democracy
76	Moldova	6.01	7.92	4.29	6.11	4.38	7.35	Flawed democracy
Rank	Country	Score	Electoral process and pluralism	Functioning of government	Political participation	Political culture	Civil liberties	Category
77	Zambia	5.99	7.08	5.36	3.89	6.88	6.76	Hybrid regime
78	Georgia	5.93	8.67	4.29	6.11	5.00	5.59	Hybrid regime
79	Honduras	5.92	9.17	5.71	3.89	4.38	6.47	Hybrid regime
79	Guatemala	5.92	7.92	6.07	3.89	4.38	7.35	Hybrid regime
81	Albania	5.91	7.00	4.36	5.56	5.00	7.65	Hybrid regime
82	Ecuador	5.81	8.25	4.64	5.00	4.38	6.76	Hybrid regime
83	Tanzania	5.76	7.00	5.00	5.56	6.25	5.00	Hybrid regime
84	Bangladesh	5.73	7.42	5.07	5.00	4.38	6.76	Hybrid regime
85	Montenegro	5.72	7.08	5.36	5.00	4.38	6.76	Hybrid regime
86	Ukraine	5.70	5.83	3.93	6.67	5.00	7.06	Hybrid regime
86	Mali	5.70	7.42	3.93	4.44	6.25	6.47	Hybrid regime
88	Benin	5.67	6.50	5.36	5.00	5.63	5.88	Hybrid regime
89	Fiji	5.64	4.58	5.71	6.67	5.63	5.59	Hybrid regime
90	Bolivia	5.63	7.00	5.36	5.00	3.75	7.06	Hybrid regime
91	Malawi	5.55	6.58	4.29	4.44	6.25	6.18	Hybrid regime
92	Kenya	5.33	4.33	5.00	6.67	5.63	5.00	Hybrid regime
93	Liberia	5.31	7.83	2.57	5.56	5.00	5.59	Hybrid regime
94	Uganda	5.26	5.25	3.57	4.44	6.88	6.18	Hybrid regime
95	Macedonia	5.23	6.92	3.21	6.11	3.75	6.18	Hybrid regime
96	Madagascar	5.07	5.92	3.57	5.56	5.63	4.71	Hybrid regime
97	Turkey	5.04	5.83	6.07	5.00	5.63	2.65	Hybrid regime
Rank	Country	Score	Electoral process and pluralism	Functioning of government	Political participation	Political culture	Civil liberties	Category
98	Kyrgyzstan	4.93	7.42	2.93	5.56	3.75	5.00	Hybrid regime
98	Bhutan	4.93	8.33	5.36	2.78	4.38	3.82	Hybrid regime
100	Thailand	4.92	4.50	3.93	5.00	5.00	6.18	Hybrid regime
101	Bosnia and Herzegovina	4.87	6.50	2.93	5.00	3.75	6.18	Hybrid regime
102	Lebanon	4.86	4.42	2.14	7.78	4.38	5.59	Hybrid regime
102	Nepal	4.86	4.33	4.29	4.44	5.63	5.59	Hybrid regime
104	Nicaragua	4.81	4.50	3.29	3.89	5.63	6.76	Hybrid regime
105	Morocco	4.77	4.75	4.64	4.44	5.63	4.41	Hybrid regime
106	Burkina Faso	4.70	4.42	4.29	4.44	5.63	4.71	Hybrid regime
107	Venezuela	4.68	5.67	2.50	5.56	4.38	5.29	Hybrid regime
108	Sierra Leone	4.55	6.58	1.86	2.78	6.25	5.29	Hybrid regime
109	Nigeria	4.50	6.08	4.29	3.33	4.38	4.41	Hybrid regime
110	Palestine	4.49	4.33	2.14	7.78	4.38	3.82	Hybrid regime
111	Pakistan	4.33	6.00	5.36	2.78	2.50	5.00	Hybrid regime
112	Cambodia	4.27	3.17	5.71	3.33	5.00	4.12	Hybrid regime
113	Myanmar	4.20	3.17	3.57	4.44	6.88	2.94	Hybrid regime
114	Iraq	4.08	4.33	0.07	7.22	4.38	4.41	Hybrid regime
115	Mozambique	4.02	4.42	2.14	5.00	5.00	3.53	Hybrid regime
115	Haiti	4.02	5.17	2.21	2.22	3.75	6.76	Hybrid regime
Rank	Country	Score	Electoral process and pluralism	Functioning of government	Political participation	Political culture	Civil liberties	Category
117	Mauritania	3.96	3.00	4.29	5.00	3.13	4.41	Authoritarian
117	Jordan	3.96	4.00	4.29	3.89	4.38	3.24	Authoritarian
117	Niger	3.96	4.75	2.21	2.22	3.75	6.76	Authoritarian
120	Armenia	3.88	4.33	2.86	4.44	1.88	5.88	Authoritarian
121	Kuwait	3.85	3.17	4.29	3.89	4.38	3.53	Authoritarian
122	Ivory Coast	3.81	3.42	2.86	3.33	5.63	3.82	Authoritarian
123	Gabon	3.74	2.58	2.21	4.44	5.63	3.82	Authoritarian
124	Comoros	3.71	4.33	2.21	4.44	3.75	3.82	Authoritarian
125	Ethiopia	3.60	0.00	3.57	5.56	5.63	3.24	Authoritarian
126	Algeria	3.56	2.58	2.21	3.89	5.00	4.12	Authoritarian
127	Belarus	3.54	1.33	3.57	3.89	6.25	2.65	Authoritarian
128	Cameroon	3.46	2.00	3.21	3.89	4.38	3.82	Authoritarian
128	Cuba	3.46	1.75	4.64	3.89	4.38	2.65	Authoritarian
130	Angola	3.40	0.92	3.21	5.56	4.38	2.94	Authoritarian
131	Vietnam	3.38	0.00	3.21	3.89	6.88	2.94	Authoritarian
132	Togo	3.32	3.58	1.14	2.78	5.00	4.12	Authoritarian
133	Egypt	3.31	2.58	3.93	3.33	3.75	2.94	Authoritarian
134	Russia	3.24	2.67	2.50	5.00	2.50	3.53	Authoritarian
135	Qatar	3.18	0.00	3.93	2.22	5.63	4.12	Authoritarian
136	China	3.14	0.00	4.64	3.33	6.25	1.47	Authoritarian
136	Guinea	3.14	3.50	0.43	4.44	4.38	2.94	Authoritarian
138	Rwanda	3.07	0.83	5.00	2.22	4.38	2.94	Authoritarian
139	Kazakhstan	3.06	0.50	2.14	4.44	4.38	3.82	Authoritarian
140	Zimbabwe	3.05	0.50	2.00	3.89	5.63	3.24	Authoritarian
141	Oman	3.04	0.00	3.93	2.78	4.38	4.12	Authoritarian
142	Swaziland	3.03	0.92	2.86	2.22	5.63	3.53	Authoritarian
Rank	Country	Score	Electoral process and pluralism	Functioning of government	Political participation	Political culture	Civil liberties	Category
143	Republic of the Congo	2.91	1.67	2.86	3.33	3.75	2.94	Authoritarian
143	Gambia	2.91	1.75	3.21	2.22	5.00	2.35	Authoritarian
145	Djibouti	2.83	0.42	2.14	3.33	5.63	2.65	Authoritarian
146	Bahrain	2.79	1.25	3.21	2.78	4.38	2.35	Authoritarian
147	United Arab Emirates	2.75	0.00	3.57	2.22	5.00	2.94	Authoritarian
148	Azerbaijan	2.65	0.50	2.14	3.33	3.75	3.53	Authoritarian
149	Afghanistan	2.55	2.50	1.14	2.78	2.50	3.82	Authoritarian
150	Burundi	2.40	0.33	0.79	3.89	5.00	2.65	Authoritarian
151	Sudan	2.37	0.00	1.79	3.89	5.00	1.18	Authoritarian
151	Eritrea	2.37	0.00	2.14	1.67	6.88	1.18	Authoritarian
151	Laos	2.37	0.83	2.86	1.67	5.00	1.47	Authoritarian
154	Iran	2.34	0.00	3.21	3.89	3.13	1.47	Authoritarian
155	Libya	2.25	1.00	0.00	1.67	5.63	2.94	Authoritarian
156	Yemen	2.07	0.00	0.00	4.44	5.00	0.88	Authoritarian
157	Guinea-Bissau	1.98	1.67	0.00	2.78	3.13	2.35	Authoritarian
158	Uzbekistan	1.95	0.08	1.86	2.22	5.00	0.59	Authoritarian
159	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1.93	0.92	0.71	2.78	4.38	0.88	Authoritarian
159	Saudi Arabia	1.93	0.00	2.86	2.22	3.13	1.47	Authoritarian
161	Tajikistan	1.89	0.58	0.07	1.67	6.25	0.88	Authoritarian
162	Turkmenistan	1.83	0.00	0.79	2.78	5.00	0.59	Authoritarian
163	Equatorial Guinea	1.70	0.00	0.43	2.22	4.38	1.47	Authoritarian
164	Central African Republic	1.61	1.75	0.36	1.11	2.50	2.35	Authoritarian
165	Chad	1.50	0.00	0.00	1.11	3.75	2.65	Authoritarian
166	Syria	1.43	0.00	0.00	2.78	4.38	0.00	Authoritarian
167	North Korea	1.08	0.00	2.50	1.67	1.25	0.00	Authoritarian

References

1 2 3 4 "Democracy Index 2016: Revenge of the “deplorables”". eiu.com. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
1 2 3 4 "Democracy index 2012: Democracy at a standstill" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
1 2 "Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in retreat" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 6 December 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
1 2 Laza Kekic, director, country forecasting services (15 November 2006). "The Economist Intelligence Unit’s index of democracy" (PDF). The World in 2007. Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
↑ "More State than Nation: Lukashenko's Belarus | JIA SIPA". Journal of International Affairs. 65 (1): 93–113. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
1 2 3 4 5 "Democracy Index 2015: Democracy in an age of anxiety" (PDF). The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
1 2 3 "Democracy index 2011: Democracy under stress". Economist Intelligence Unit. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
↑ "Declining trust in government is denting democracy". The Economist. 25 January 2017.
↑ "Index of Democracy 2008" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
↑ "Democracy Index 2013: Democracy in limbo". The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
↑ "Democracy Index 2014:Democracy and its discontents" (PDF). The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 January 2017.

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