Declension of Greek nouns in Latin
Greek Substantives, especially proper names, are commonly Latinized, and declined regularly according to their stem-characteristics. Many Substantives, however, either retain their Greek forms exclusively, or have the Greek and Latin forms side by side. These variations occur principally in the Singular, in the Plural the declension is usually regular. Note, however, that many Greek names, of the third declension in Latin, pass over into the first declension in the Plural; as, Thūcȳdidās, Hyperīdae, and many names in -crates (such as, Sōcratae as well as Sōcratēs).
In the Vocative Singular, Names in -is, -ys, -ēs, -eus and -ās (Gen., -antis) form the Vocative by dropping the s from the Nominative.
In the Accusative Singular, many Proper and some common nouns, imparisyllabic, often take the Greek -a for -em. Names in -ēs, is and ys take -ēn, -in and -yn as well as -ēm, -im and ym.
A few Greek nouns in -os, mostly geographical, belong to the second declension, and sometimes make Accusative in -on as Dēlos, Acc. Dēlon (but Dēlum in prose).
In the Genitive Singular, names in -ēs, parisyllabic, take -ī as well as -is. Some Feminine nouns in -ô have Genitive in -ūs.
Greek Names ending in -eus are declined both according to the Greek and according to the Latin Second Declension (but the Genitive -eī and the Dative -eō are often pronounced as one syllable in poets).
In the Nominative Plural, imparisyllabic Nouns often take -es instead of -ēs and, in the Accusative Plural, the same Nouns often take -ā instead of -ēs.
In the Genitive Plural, -ōn and -eōn are found in the titles of books; as, Geōrgicōn and Metamorphōseōn.
Greek Neuter Nouns in -ma (Gen., -matis) always make their Dative and Ablative Plurals in -īs instead of -ibus.[1]
First declension
(Proper names ending in -ē (Fem.) and -ās (Masc.), and many in -ēs (Masc.), especially Patronymics in -dēs, belong to the First Declension. So a few common nouns, as sōphistēs "sophist". Many Greek names in -ē have two forms, one Greek and one Latin: as Atalantē, -ēs, or Atalanta, -ae.)
Declension of proper names
| Pēnelopē, -ēs f. | Circē, -ēs/-ae f. | Aenēās, -ae m. | Leōnidās, -ae m. | Anchīsēs, -ae m. | Alcīdēs, -ae Hercules m. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Pēnelopē | -ē | Circē | -ē | Aenēās | -ās | Leōnidās | -ās | Anchīsēs | -ēs | Alcīdēs | -ēs |
| Vocative | Aenēā | -ā | Leōnidā | -ā | Anchīsē Anchīsa Anchīsā | -ē -a -ā | Alcīdē | -ē | ||||
| Accusative | Pēnelopēn | -ēn | Circēn | -ēn | Aenēān Aenēam | -ān -am | Leōnidān Leōnidam | -ān -am | Anchīsēn Anchīsam | -ēn -am | Alcīdēn Alcīdam | -ēn -am |
| Genitive | Pēnelopēs | -ēs | Circēs Circae | -ēs -ae | Aenēae | -ae | Leōnidae | -ae | Anchīsae | -ae | Alcīdae | -ae |
| Dative | Pēnelopae | -ae | Circae | -ae | ||||||||
| Ablative | Pēnelopā | -ā | Circē Circā | -ē -ā | Aenēā | -ā | Leōnidā | -ā | Anchīsā | -ā | Alcīdē Alcīdā | -ē -ā |
Declension of nouns
| nymphē, -ae f. nympha |
comētēs, -ae f. comet, meteor |
xiphiās, -ae m. swordfish | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||||
| Nominative | nymphē | -ē | nymphae | -ae | comētēs | -ēs | cometae | -ae | xiphiās | -ās | xiphiae | -ae |
| Vocative | comētē | -ē | xiphiā | -ā | ||||||||
| Accusative | nymphēn | -ēn | nymphās | -ās | comētēn | -ēn | comētās | -ās | xiphiān xiphiam | -ān -am | xiphiās | -ās |
| Genitive | nymphae | -ae | nymphārum | -ārum | comētae | -ae | comētārum | -ārum | xiphiae | -ae | xiphiārum | -ārum |
| Dative | nymphīs | -īs | comētīs | -īs | xiphiīs | -īs | ||||||
| Ablative | nymphē | -ē | comētē | -ē | xiphiās | -ā | ||||||
Second declension
Declension of proper names
| Īlion/-um, -ī m. Troy |
Panthūs, -ī m. | Androgeōs/-us, -ī m. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Īlion Īlium | -on -um | Panthūs | -ūs | Androgeōs Androgeus | -ōs -us |
| Vocative | Īlie | -e | Panthū | -ū | Androgeū | -ū |
| Accusative | Īlion Īlium | -on -um | Panthūn Panthum | -ūn -um | Androgeō Androgeōn Androgeōna | -ō -ōn -ōna |
| Genitive | Īliī | -ī | Panthī | -ī | Androgeī | -ī |
| Dative | Īliō | -ō | Panthō | -ō | Androgeō | -ō |
| Ablative | ||||||
Declension of nouns
| atomos/-us, -ī m. atom |
phaenomenon/-um, -ī n. phenomenon | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||
| Nominative | atomos atomus | -os -us | atomī | -ī | phaenomenon phaenomenum | -on -um | phaenomena | -a |
| Vocative | atome | -e | ||||||
| Accusative | atomon atomum | -on -um | atomōs | -ōs | phaenomenōs | -ōs | ||
| Genitive | atomī | -ī | atomōrum | -ōrum | phaenomenī | -ī | phaenomenōrum | -ōrum |
| Dative | atomō | -ō | atomīs | -īs | phaenomenō | -ō | phaenomenīs | -īs |
| Ablative | ||||||||
Third declension
Declension of proper names
| Solōn/Solo, -is m. | Xenophōn, -ntis m. | Atlās, -ntis m. | Paris, -idis/-idos m. | Thalēs, -is/-ētis m. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Solōn Solo | -ōn -o | Xenophōn | -ōn | Atlās | -ās | Paris | -is | Thalēs | -ēs |
| Vocative | Solōn | -ōn | Atlā | -ā | Pari Paris | -i -is | Thalē | -ē | ||
| Accusative | Solōna Solōnem | -ōna -ōnem | Xenophōnta Xenophōntem | -ōnta -ōntem | Atlanta Atlantem | -anta -antem | Parida Paridin Parm | -ida -in -im | Thalēta Thalēn Thalem | -ēta -ēn -em |
| Genitive | Solōnis | -is | Xenophōntis | -ōntis | Atlantis | -antis | Paridis Paridos | -idis -idos | Thalētis Thalis | -ētis -is |
| Dative | Solōnī | -ī | Xenophōntī | -ōntī | Atlantī | -antī | Paridī Paridi | -idī -idi | Thalētī Thalī | -ētī -ī |
| Ablative | Solōne | -e | Xenophōne | -e | Atlante | -ante | Paride | -ide | Thalē | -ē |
Declension of nouns
| āēr, -eris, -eros air m. or f. |
hērōs, -is hero m. |
haeresis, -is sect, heresy f. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||||
| Nominative | āēr | -ēr | āerēs | -ēs | hērōs | -s | hērōēs | -ēs | haeresis | -is | haeresēs | -ēs |
| Vocative | ||||||||||||
| Accusative | āera āerem | -a -em | āerēs āera | -es -a | hērōem | -em | haeresem haeresim | -em -im | haeresēs haeresīs | -ēs -īs | ||
| Genitive | āeris āeros | -is -os | āerum | -um | hērōis | -is | hērōum | -um | haeresis | -is | haeresium | -ium |
| Dative | āerī | ī | āeribus | -ibus | hērōī | -ī | hērōibus | -ibus | haeresī | -ī | haeresibus | -ibus |
| Ablative | āere | -e | hērōe | -e | haerese haeresī | -e -ī | ||||||
Fourth declension
Declension of nouns
| ēchō, -ūs f. echo | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Nominative | ēchō | -ō | ēchūs | -ūs |
| Vocative | ||||
| Accusative | ēchum | -um | ||
| Genitive | ēchūs | -ūs | ēchuum | -uum |
| Dative | ēchuī | -uī | ēchibus | -ibus |
| Ablative | ēchū | -ū | ||
Mixed declension
Declension of proper names
| Orphēūs, -eus/-ēī m. | Athōs, -ō/-ōnis m. | Oedipus/-ūs, -odis/-odī m. | Achillēs/-eus, -eī/-īs/-ī/-is m. | Sōcratēs, -ī/-is m. | Dīdō, -ūs/-ōnis f. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Orphēūs | -ēūs | Athōs | -ōs | Oedipus Oedipūs | -us -ūs | Achillēs Achilleus | -ēs -eus | Sōcratēs | -ēs | Dīdō | -ō |
| Vocative | Orphēū | -ēū | Oedipus | -us | Achillēs Achille Achillē Achillēī | -ēs -e -ē -ēī | Sōcratē Socrates | -ē -es | ||||
| Accusative | Orphea Orpheum | -ea -eum | Athō Athōn Athōnem | -ō -ōn -ōnem | Oedipoda Oedipum | -oda -um | Achillea Achillēn Achillem | -ea -ēn -em | Sōcratōn Sōcratēn Sōcratem | -ōn -ēn -em | Dīdō Dīdōnem | -ō -ōnem |
| Genitive | Orpheus Orphēī | -eus -ēī | Athō Athōnis | -ō -ōnis | Oedipodī Oedipodis | -odis -odī | Achilleī Achilleīs Achillī Achillis | -eī -īs -ī -is | Sōcratī Sōcratis | -ī -is | Dīdūs Dīdōnis | -ūs -ōnis |
| Dative | Orpheō | -eō | Athō | -ō | Oedipodī | -odī | Achillī | -ī | Sōcratī | -ī | Dīdō Dīdōnī | -ō -ōnī |
| Ablative | Athōne | -ōne | Oedipode Oedipō | -ode -ō | Achille Achillē Achillī | -e -ē -ī | Sōcrate | -e | Dīdō Dīdōne | -ō -ōne | ||