Nandrolone

Nandrolone
Clinical data
Pronunciation /ˈnændrəloʊn/[1]
Trade names Deca-Durabolin (as nandrolone decanoate), Durabolin (as nandrolone phenylpropionate), others
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: X (Contraindicated)
Routes of
administration		 Intramuscular injection
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Oral: 2.24%
Intramuscular: 100%
Metabolism Hepatic
Biological half-life 6 days
Identifiers
Synonyms Nortestosterone; 19-Nortestosterone; Estr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one; 19-Norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one; 17β-Hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one; 10-Nortestosterone; Norandrostenolone; Nortestrionate; Nortestonate; Oestrenolone; Estrenolone; SG-4341[2][3]
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ECHA InfoCard 100.006.457
Chemical and physical data
Formula C18H26O2
Molar mass 274.40 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Nandrolone is an injected anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) which is used medically in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate (brand name Deca-Durabolin) and nandrolone phenylpropionate (brand name Durabolin).[2][3][3][4] They are not active by mouth, and must be administered via intramuscular injection.[4] When administered in this way, they form a depot from which they are slowly released, and hence have a long duration of action. Nandrolone esters are prodrugs, and are rapidly hydrolyzed into nandrolone once in the circulation.

Medical uses

Nandrolone esters are used clinically, although increasingly rarely, for people in catabolic states with major burns, cancer, and AIDS, and an ophthalmological formulation was available to support cornea healing.[5]:134

Non-medical uses

Nandrolone esters are used for physique- or performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.[6]

Side effects

Pharmacology

The positive effects of the drug include muscle growth, appetite stimulation and increased red blood cell production, and bone density.[7] Clinical studies have shown it to be effective in treating anemia, osteoporosis and some forms of neoplasia including breast cancer, and also acts as a progestin-based contraceptive.

Unlike testosterone and certain other AAS, nandrolone is not potentiated in androgenic tissues like the scalp, skin, and prostate, and hence, deleterious effects in these tissues are lessened to a degree.[8] This is because nandrolone is metabolized by 5α-reductase to the much weaker androgen 5α-dihydronandrolone (DHN), which has both reduced affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) relative to nandrolone in vitro and weaker androgenic activity in vivo.[8] The lack of alkylation on the 17α-carbon drastically reduces the hepatotoxic potential of nandrolone. Estrogenic effects resulting from reaction with aromatase are also reduced due to lessened enzyme interaction,[9] but effects such as gynaecomastia and reduced libido may still occur at sufficiently high doses.

Other side effects of high doses of nandrolone can include erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular damage, as well as several ailments resulting from the drug's effect of lowering levels of luteinizing hormone through negative feedback. Erectile dysfunction is attributed to the weaker action of DHN in the penis since dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a known sexual modulator.

In addition to its androgenic activity, unlike many other AAS, nandrolone is also a potent progestogen.[10] It binds to the progesterone receptor with approximately 22% of the affinity of progesterone.[10] The progestogenic activity of nandrolone may serve to augment its antigonadotropic effects,[11] as antigonadotropic action is a known property of progestogens.[12][13]

Anabolic and androgenic activity

Nandrolone has a very high ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity.[14] In fact, nandrolone-like AAS like nandrolone itself and trenbolone are said to have among the highest ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect of all AAS.[11] This is attributed to the fact that, whereas testosterone is potentiated via conversion into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in androgenic tissues, the opposite is true with nandrolone and similar AAS (i.e., other 19-nortestosterone derivatives).[14] As such, nandrolone-like AAS, namely nandrolone esters, are the most frequently used AAS in clinical settings in which anabolic effects are desired; for instance, in the treatment of AIDS-associated cachexia, severe burns, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[11] However, AAS with a very high ratio of anabolic to androgenic action like nandrolone still have significant androgenic effects and can produce symptoms of virilization like hirsutism and voice deepening in women and children with extended use.[14]

Pharmacokinetics

Metabolism

Nandrolone is metabolized by the enzyme 5α-reductase, among others. Metabolites of nandrolone include 5α-dihydronandrolone, 19-norandrosterone, and 19-noretiocholanolone, and these metabolites may be detected in urine.[15]

Chemistry

Nandrolone, with the differences from testosterone highlighted in red. The methyl group in testosterone at the C19 position has been removed, and the C17β position is where esters are attached to nandrolone.

Nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone (19-NT) or as estrenolone, as well as estra-4-en-17β-ol-3-one or 19-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one,[16] is a naturally occurring estrane (19-norandrostane) steroid and a derivative of testosterone (androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one).[2][3] It is specifically the C19 demethylated (nor) analogue of testosterone.[2][3] Nandrolone esters have an ester such as decanoate or phenylpropionate attached at the C17β position.[2][3]

Derivatives

Esters

A variety of esters of nandrolone have been marketed and used medically.[2][3] The most commonly used esters are nandrolone decanoate and to a lesser extent nandrolone phenylpropionate. Examples of other nandrolone esters include nandrolone cyclohexylpropionate, nandrolone cypionate, nandrolone hexyloxyphenylpropionate, nandrolone laurate, nandrolone sulfate, and nandrolone undecanoate.[2][3][6]

Anabolic steroids

Nandrolone is the parent compound of a large group of AAS. Notable examples include the non-17α-alkylated trenbolone and the 17α-alkylated ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol) and metribolone (R-1881), as well as the 17α-alkylated designer steroids norboletone and tetrahydrogestrinone (THG). The following is list of derivatives of nandrolone that have been developed as AAS:[6]

Progestins

Nandrolone, together with ethisterone (17α-ethynyltestosterone), is also the parent compound of a large group of progestins, the norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) derivatives.[17][18] This family is subdivided into two groups: the estranes and the gonanes.[17] The estranes include norethisterone (norethindrone), norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate, lynestrenol, etynodiol diacetate, and noretynodrel, while the gonanes include norgestrel, levonorgestrel, desogestrel, etonogestrel, gestodene, norgestimate, dienogest (actually a 17α-cyanomethyl-19-nortestosterone derivative), and norelgestromin.[17]

Synthesis

19-Nortestosterone synthesis:[19] alternative:[20][21]

The elaboration of a method for the reduction of aromatic rings to the corresponding dihydrobenzenes under controlled conditions by A. J. Birch opened a convenient route to compounds related to the putative 19-norprogesterone.

This reaction, now known as the Birch reduction,[22] is typified by the treatment of the monomethyl ether of estradiol (1) with a solution of lithium metal in liquid ammonia in the presence of alcohol as a proton source. Initial reaction constituents of 1,4-dimetalation of the most electron deficient positions of the aromatic ring–in the case of an estrogen, the 1 and 4-positions. Rxn of the intermediate with the proton source leads to a dihydrobenzene; a special virtue of this sequence in steroids is the fact that the double bind at 2 is in effect becomes an enol ether moiety. Treatment of this product (2) with weak acid, oxalic acid for e.g., leads to the hydrolysis of the enol ether, producing β,γ-unconjugated ketone 3. Hydrolysis under more strenuous conditions (mineral acids) results in migration/conjugation of the olefin to yield nandrolone (4).

Esters

Detection in body fluids

Nandrolone use is directly detectable in hair or indirectly detectable in urine by testing for the presence of 19-norandrosterone, a metabolite. The International Olympic Committee has set a limit of 2.0 μg/L of 19-norandrosterone in urine as the upper limit,[25] beyond which an athlete is suspected of doping. In the largest nandrolone study performed on 621 athletes at the 1998 Nagano Olympic Games, no athlete tested over 0.4 μg/L. 19-Norandrosterone was identified as a trace contaminant in commercial preparations of androstenedione, which until 2004 was available without a prescription as a dietary supplement in the U.S.[26][27][28][29]

A number of nandrolone cases in athletics occurred in 1999, which included high-profile athletes such as Merlene Ottey, Dieter Baumann and Linford Christie.[30] However, the following year the detection method for nandrolone at the time was proved to be faulty. Mark Richardson, a British Olympic relay runner who tested positive for the substance, gave a significant amount of urine samples in a controlled environment and delivered a positive test for the drug, demonstrating that false positives could occur, which led to an overhaul of his competitive ban.[31]

Heavy consumption of the essential amino acid lysine (as indicated in the treatment of cold sores) has allegedly shown false positives in some and was cited by American shotputter C. J. Hunter as the reason for his positive test, though in 2004 he admitted to a federal grand jury that he had injected nandrolone.[32] A possible cause of incorrect urine test results is the presence of metabolites from other AAS, though modern urinalysis can usually determine the exact steroid used by analyzing the ratio of the two remaining nandrolone metabolites. As a result of the numerous overturned verdicts, the testing procedure was reviewed by UK Sport. On October 5, 2007, three-time Olympic gold medalist for track and field Marion Jones admitted to use of the drug, and was sentenced to six months in jail for lying to a federal grand jury in 2000.[33]

Mass spectrometry is also used to detect small samples of nandrolone in urine samples, as it has a unique molar mass.

History

QV Nandrolone Deca, a form of nandrolone used by athletes.

Nandrolone was first synthesized in 1950.[2][16][5]:130[34] It was first introduced, as nandrolone phenylpropionate, in 1959, and then as nandrolone decanoate in 1962, followed by additional esters.[35]

Society and culture

Generic name

Nandrolone is the generic name of the drug and its INN, BAN, DCF, and DCIT.[2][3][36] The generic names of nandrolone esters include nandrolone cyclohexylpropionate (BANM), nandrolone cyclotate (USAN), nandrolone decanoate (USAN, USP, BANM, JAN), nandrolone laurate (BANM), nandrolone phenpropionate (USP), and nandrolone phenylpropionate (BANM, JAN).[2][3][36]

Use as a doping agent in sports

Nandrolone was probably among the first steroids to be used as a doping agent in sports in the 1960s. It has been banned at the Olympics since 1974.[5]:128

Research

Nandrolone has been studied in several indications. It was intensively studied for osteoporosis, and increased calcium uptake and decreased bone loss, but caused virilization in about half of the women who took it; it was abandoned for this use when better drugs like the bisphosphonates became available.[53]

It has also been studied in clinical trials for chronic kidney failure, aplastic anaemia, and as a male contraceptive.[5]:134

References

  1. ↑ http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/nandrolone
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 660–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 716–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  4. 1 2 Walter Sneader (23 June 2005). Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-0-471-89979-2.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Hemmersbach, Peter; Große, Joachim (2009). "Nandrolone: A Multi-Faceted Doping Agent". In Thieme, Detlef; Hemmersbach, Peter. Doping in sports. Berlin: Springer. pp. 127–154. ISBN 978-3-540-79088-4.
  6. 1 2 3 Llewellyn W (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4.
  7. ↑ Handelsman, David J (2013). "Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology and Abuse". In De Groot, Leslie J. Endotext. 4.1.2 Pharmacologic Androgen Therapy – via NCBI Bookshelf. Both testosterone and its non-aromatizable derivative nandrolone, produce increased bone density in men with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with minimal short-term side-effects....
  8. 1 2 Bergink EW, Janssen PS, Turpijn EW, van der Vies J (1985). "Comparison of the receptor binding properties of nandrolone and testosterone under in vitro and in vivo conditions". J. Steroid Biochem. 22 (6): 831–6. PMID 4021486. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(85)90293-6.
  9. ↑ Brueggemeier RW (September 16, 2006). "Sex Hormones (Male): Analogs and Antagonists". In Meyers RA. Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine. Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine (abstract). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 3527600906. doi:10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200500066. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  10. 1 2 Kuhl H (2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration". Climacteric. 8 Suppl 1: 3–63. PMID 16112947. doi:10.1080/13697130500148875.
  11. 1 2 3 de Souza GL, Hallak J (2011). "Anabolic steroids and male infertility: a comprehensive review". BJU Int. 108 (11): 1860–5. PMID 21682835. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10131.x.
  12. ↑ Couzinet B, Young J, Brailly S, Chanson P, Thomas JL, Schaison G (1996). "The antigonadotropic activity of progestins (19-nortestosterone and 19-norprogesterone derivatives) is not mediated through the androgen receptor". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81 (12): 4218–23. PMID 8954018. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.12.8954018.
  13. ↑ Mauvais-Jarvis, P. "Progesterone and progestins: a general overview." (1983): 1-16.
  14. 1 2 3 Kicman AT (2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". Br. J. Pharmacol. 154 (3): 502–21. PMC 2439524 Freely accessible. PMID 18500378. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165.
  15. ↑ David R. Mottram (12 November 2010). Drugs in Sport. Routledge. pp. 63–. ISBN 978-1-135-25825-2.
  16. 1 2 R Schnitzer (1 January 1967). Experimental Chemotherapy. Elsevier Science. pp. 165–. ISBN 978-0-323-14611-1.
  17. 1 2 3 Schindler, Adolf E; Campagnoli, Carlo; Druckmann, René; Huber, Johannes; Pasqualini, Jorge R; Schweppe, Karl W; Thijssen, Jos H.H (2003). "Classification and pharmacology of progestins". Maturitas. 46: 7–16. ISSN 0378-5122. PMID 14670641. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.014.
  18. ↑ A. Wayne Meikle (24 April 2003). Endocrine Replacement Therapy in Clinical Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 489–. ISBN 978-1-59259-375-0. Estranes. Estrane and gonane progestogens are derived from 19-nortestosterone, the progestogenic parent compound used in oral contraceptives in the United States. Estranes are characterized by the presence of an ethinyl group at position 17 and by the absence of a methyl group between the A and B rings (see Fig. 10). The estrane progestogens that are related structurally to norethindrone (norethynodrel, lynestrenol, norethindrone acetate, ethynodiol diacetate) are converted to this parent compound. Norethindrone is the second most commonly used progestogen in the United States for HRT. Gonanes. The gonanes share the structural modifications found in the estranes and also possess an ethinyl group at position 13 and a keto group at position 3 (see Fig. 11). Norgestrel was synthesized in 1963 and is a racemic mixture of dextro and levorotatory forms. The levorotatory form, levonorgestrel, provides the biologic activity. Third-generation gonanes (desogestrel, gestodene, and norgestimate) have been developed to reduce unwanted side effects of progestogens, [...]
  19. ↑ Wilds, A. L.; Nelson, Norman A. (1953). "The Facile Synthesis of 19-Nortestosterone and 19-Norandrostenedione from Estrone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (21): 5366–5369. doi:10.1021/ja01117a065.
  20. ↑ Ueberwasser, H.; Heusler, K.; Kalvoda, J.; Meystre, Ch.; Wieland, P.; Anner, G.; Wettstein, A. (1963). "19-Norsteroide II. Ein einfaches Herstellungsverfahren für 19-Norandrostan-Derivate. Über Steroide, 193. Mitteilung". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 46: 344–352. doi:10.1002/hlca.19630460135.
  21. ↑ Shimizu, Isao; Naito, Yoichiro; Tsuji, Jiro (1980). "Synthesis of optically active (+)-19-nortestosterone by asymmetric bis-annulation reaction". Tetrahedron Letters. 21 (5): 487–490. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)71440-7.
  22. ↑ Birch, Arthur J. (1950). "The reduction of organic compounds by metal-ammonia solutions". Quarterly Reviews, Chemical Society. 4: 69. doi:10.1039/QR9500400069.
  23. ↑ DeWytt, E. D.; Overbeek, O.; Overbeek, G. A.; U.S. Patent 2,998,423 (1961 to Organon).
  24. ↑ CH 206119 (1939 to Gesellschaft für Chemische Industrie Basel).
  25. ↑ "Clarification about Nandrolone Testing". World Anti-Doping Agency. 2005-05-30. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
  26. ↑ Bresson M, Cirimele V, Villain M, Kintz P (May 2006). "Doping control for metandienone using hair analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry". J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 836 (1–2): 124–8. PMID 16597518. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.040.
  27. ↑ Ueki M, Ikekita A, Takao Y (2000). "[Nandrolone metabolite in urine of Nagano Olympic athlete]". Jap. J. For. Tox. (in Japanese). 18: 198–199.
  28. ↑ Catlin DH, Leder BZ, Ahrens B, Starcevic B, Hatton CK, Green GA, Finkelstein JS (2000). "Trace contamination of over-the-counter androstenedione and positive urine test results for a nandrolone metabolite". JAMA. 284 (20): 2618–21. PMID 11086369. doi:10.1001/jama.284.20.2618.
  29. ↑ Baselt RC (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 1078–1080. ISBN 0-9626523-7-7.
  30. ↑ Baron, Peter (2000-09-19). The Drugs Issue: Baumann to fight all the way. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2010-11-13.
  31. ↑ Richardson M (2004-02-19). "Athletics: Mark Richardson explains how he felt at his disciplinary hearing". Athletics. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-11-13. It was as daunting a line-up as I had ever faced on athletics tracks
  32. ↑ "Track Star Marion Jones to Admit Steroid Use". National Public Radio. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
  33. ↑ UK Sport Anti-doping Directorate (January 2000). Nandrolone Review (PDF) (Report). UK Sport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2013-02-02.
  34. ↑ Birch, Arthur J. (1950). "80. Hydroaromatic steroid hormones. Part I. 10-Nortestosterone". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 367. ISSN 0368-1769. doi:10.1039/jr9500000367.
  35. ↑ Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments. United Nations Publications. 1983. pp. 154–. ISBN 978-92-1-130230-1.
  36. 1 2 https://www.drugs.com/international/nandrolone.html
  37. ↑ "Disgraced Hudson faces sack from Bulls". Daily Mail. London. March 10, 2005.
  38. ↑ "Guardiola fails second test". BBC News. November 28, 2001.
  39. ↑ "Korda failed Wimbledon drugs test". BBC. December 23, 1998.
  40. ↑ All-Star Roster Shows Up on Mitchell Report washingtonpost.com, 12-13-2007
  41. ↑ "BBC Sport".
  42. ↑ "Royce Gracie Suspended, Fined For Steroids | TheSweetScience.com Boxing". Thesweetscience.com. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
  43. ↑ "Cricinfo - A tale of intrigue, injuries and incidents". Content-ind.cricinfo.com. January 1, 1970. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
  44. ↑ "Sean Sherk". Cage Potato. January 1, 1970. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  45. ↑ "news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/411951.stm". BBC News. August 4, 1999. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
  46. ↑ "Former NBA player banned after steroid test". USA Today. February 13, 2010.
  47. ↑ "Three Minor League players suspended". MLB.com. September 30, 2010.
  48. ↑ Indian athlete Rani Yadav fails dope test at Commonwealth Games, The Times of India, October 13, 2010.
  49. ↑ "news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/3381111.stm". BBC News. January 9, 2004. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  50. ↑ "Rusedski cleared: Greg Rusedski has been cleared of a doping offence following his positive test for nandrolone". BBC News. March 10, 2004. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  51. ↑ "Minor leaguer suspended". August 13, 2014.
  52. ↑ "Pirates' Starling Marte suspended 80 games for violating MLB's performance-enhancing drug policy". USAToday.com. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  53. ↑ Pan, MM; Kovac, JR (April 2016). "Beyond testosterone cypionate: evidence behind the use of nandrolone in male health and wellness.". Translational andrology and urology. 5 (2): 213–9. PMC 4837307 Freely accessible. PMID 27141449.
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