Murder of John Lennon

Coordinates: 40°46′35.74″N 73°58′35.44″W / 40.7765944°N 73.9765111°W / 40.7765944; -73.9765111

Murder of John Lennon

Police artist's drawing of the murder
Location The Dakota, New York City, New York
Date December 8, 1980 (1980-12-08)
10:50 pm (US Eastern time (UTC−05:00))
Weapon Charter Arms Undercover .38 Special revolver[1]
Victim 1 (John Lennon)
Perpetrator Mark David Chapman

John Winston Ono Lennon was an English musician who gained worldwide fame as one of the members of the Beatles, for his subsequent solo career, and for his political activism and pacifism. On Monday, December 8, 1980, Lennon was shot by Mark David Chapman in the archway of the Dakota, his residence in New York City. Lennon had just returned from Record Plant Studio with his wife, Yoko Ono.

After sustaining four major gunshot wounds, Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival at Roosevelt Hospital. At the hospital, it was stated that nobody could have lived longer than a few minutes after sustaining such injuries. Shortly after local news stations reported Lennon's death, crowds gathered at Roosevelt Hospital and in front of the Dakota. Lennon was cremated at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York, two days after his death; the ashes were given to Ono, who chose not to hold a funeral for him. The first media report of Lennon's death to a US national audience was announced by Howard Cosell, on ABC's Monday Night Football.

Chapman admitted to the murder of Lennon in 1981 and was sentenced to 20 years to life imprisonment. He remains in prison almost four decades later, having being denied parole nine times since becoming eligible for parole in December 2000.

Events preceding his death

8 December 1980

Leibovitz's portrait of Lennon and Ono, taken on the day of the killing

Photographer Annie Leibovitz went to the Lennons' apartment to do a photo shoot for Rolling Stone magazine.[2] Leibovitz promised Lennon that a photo with Ono would make the front cover of the magazine, even though she initially tried to get a picture with Lennon by himself.[3] Leibovitz said, "Nobody wanted [Ono] on the cover".[4] Lennon insisted that both he and his wife be on the cover, and after taking the pictures, Leibovitz left their apartment at 3:30 p.m.[2] After the photo shoot, Lennon gave what would be his last interview, to San Francisco DJ Dave Sholin, for a music show to be broadcast on the RKO Radio Network.[5] At 5:40 p.m., Lennon and Ono, delayed by a late limousine, left their apartment to mix the song "Walking on Thin Ice" (an Ono song featuring Lennon on lead guitar) at the Record Plant Studio.[6]

Mark David Chapman

As Lennon and Ono walked to a limousine, shared with the RKO Radio crew, they were approached by several people seeking autographs. Among them was Mark David Chapman.[7] It was common for fans to wait outside the Dakota to meet Lennon and ask for his autograph.[8] Chapman, a 25-year-old security guard from Honolulu, Hawaii, had previously travelled to New York to murder Lennon in October (before the release of Double Fantasy), but had changed his mind and returned home.[9] Chapman silently handed Lennon a copy of Double Fantasy, and Lennon obliged with an autograph.[7] After signing the album, Lennon asked, "Is this all you want?" Chapman smiled and nodded in agreement. Photographer and Lennon fan Paul Goresh took a photo of the encounter.[10] Chapman had been waiting for Lennon outside the Dakota since mid-morning and had even approached the Lennons' five-year-old son, Sean, who was with the family nanny, Helen Seaman, when they returned home in the afternoon. According to Chapman, he briefly touched the boy's hand.[11] The Lennons spent several hours at the Record Plant studio before returning to the Dakota, at approximately 10:50 pm.[2] Lennon had decided against dining out so he could be home in time to say goodnight to his son, before going on to the Stage Deli restaurant with Ono.[2] Lennon liked to oblige, with autographs or pictures, any fans who had been waiting for long periods of time to meet him, and once said during a 6 December 1980 interview with BBC Radio's Andy Peebles: "People come and ask for autographs, or say 'Hi', but they don't bug you."[2] The Lennons exited their limousine on 72nd Street instead of driving into the more secure courtyard of the Dakota.[12]

Murder

The Dakota's doorman, Jose Perdomo, and a nearby cab driver saw Chapman standing in the shadows by the archway.[13] As Lennon passed by, he glanced briefly at Chapman, appearing to recognize him from earlier.[14] Seconds later, Chapman took aim directly at the center of Lennon's back and fired five hollow-point bullets at him from a Charter Arms .38 Special revolver, in rapid succession, from a distance of about 9 or 10 feet (about 3 m).[1] Based on statements made that night by NYPD Chief of Detectives James Sullivan, numerous radio, television, and newspaper reports claimed at the time that, before firing, Chapman called out, "Mr. Lennon", and dropped into a combat stance.[15]

Later court hearings and witness interviews did not include either "Mr. Lennon" or the "combat stance" description. Chapman has said he does not remember calling out to Lennon before he fired,[16][17][18] but he claimed to have taken a "combat stance" in a 1992 interview with Barbara Walters.[19] The first bullet missed, passing over Lennon's head and hitting a window of the Dakota building. Two of the next bullets struck Lennon in the left side of his back, and the other two penetrated his left shoulder.

Lennon, bleeding profusely from external wounds and from his mouth, staggered up five steps to the security/reception area, saying, "I'm shot, I'm shot". He then fell to the floor, scattering cassettes that he had been carrying. The concierge, Jay Hastings, first started to make a tourniquet, but upon ripping open Lennon's blood-stained shirt and realizing the severity of the musician's multiple injuries, he covered Lennon's chest with his uniform jacket, removed his blood-covered glasses, and summoned the police.[2]

The Dakota, location of the killing

Outside, doorman Perdomo shook the gun out of Chapman's hand then kicked it across the sidewalk.[13] Chapman then removed his coat and hat in preparation for the arrival of police—to show he was not carrying any concealed weapons—and sat down on the sidewalk. Perdomo shouted at Chapman, "Do you know what you've just done?", to which Chapman calmly replied, "Yes, I just shot John Lennon."

The first policemen to arrive were Steven Spiro and Peter Cullen, who were at 72nd Street and Broadway when they heard a report of shots fired at the Dakota. The officers arrived around two minutes later and found Chapman sitting "very calmly" on the sidewalk. They reported that Chapman had dropped the revolver to the ground and was holding a paperback book, J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. They immediately put Chapman in handcuffs and placed him in the back seat of their squad car. Chapman made no attempt to flee or resist arrest.[20]

Side view of Dakota entryway showing steps Lennon climbed before collapsing in the lobby

He later claimed "If you were able to view the actual copy of 'The Catcher in the Rye' that was taken from me on the night of Dec. 8, you would find in it the handwritten words 'This is my statement.'"[21]

The second team, officer Herb Frauenberger and his partner, Tony Palma, arrived a few minutes later. They found Lennon lying face down on the floor of the reception area, blood pouring from his mouth, and his clothing already soaked with blood, with Hastings attending to him.[22] Realizing the extent of Lennon's injuries, the policemen decided not to wait for an ambulance, immediately carried him into their squad car, and rushed him to St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center. Officer James Moran said they placed Lennon in the back seat.[23]

Reportedly, Moran asked, "Are you John Lennon?" to which Lennon nodded and replied, "Yes."[24] There are conflicting accounts of this, however. According to another account by officer Bill Gamble, Lennon nodded slightly and tried to speak, but could only manage to make a gurgling sound, and lost consciousness shortly thereafter.[25]

Dr. Stephan Lynn, head of the Emergency Department,[26] who had been called in again after having just returned home after a 13-hour-long work shift, received Lennon in the emergency room at Roosevelt Hospital a few minutes before 11:00 pm, when Officers Frauenberger and Moran arrived, with Moran carrying Lennon on his back from their squad car and onto a gurney, into the emergency room demanding a doctor for a multiple gunshot wound victim. When Lennon arrived, he had no pulse and was not breathing. Dr. Lynn, two other doctors, a nurse, and two or three other medical attendants worked on Lennon for 10 to 15 minutes in a desperate attempt to resuscitate him. As a last resort, Dr. Lynn cut open Lennon's chest and attempted manual heart massage to restore circulation, but he quickly discovered that the damage to the blood vessels above and around Lennon's heart from the multiple bullet wounds was too great.[27]

Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival in the emergency room at the Roosevelt Hospital at 11:15 pm by Dr. Lynn,[28] but the time of 11:07 pm has also been reported.[29] Lennon's body was then taken to the city morgue at 520 First Avenue and autopsied. The cause of death was reported as "hypovolemic shock, caused by the loss of more than 80% of blood volume due to multiple through-and-through gunshot wounds to the chest and aortic arch". The pathologist who performed the autopsy on Lennon also stated in his report that even with prompt medical treatment, no person could have lived for more than a few minutes with such multiple bullet injuries to all of the major arteries and veins around the heart.[30]

The surgeon also noted—as did other witnesses—that, at the moment Lennon was pronounced dead, a Beatles song ("All My Loving") came over the hospital's sound system.[31]

Three of the four bullets that struck Lennon's back passed completely through his body and out of his chest, one of which hit and became lodged in his upper left arm, while the fourth lodged itself in his aorta beside his heart; nearly all of them would have been fatal by themselves as each bullet hit vital arteries around the heart. As Lennon had been shot four times at close range with hollow-point bullets, Lennon's affected organs (particularly his left lung) and major blood vessels above his heart were virtually destroyed upon impact. Lynn later stated to reporters on the extent of Lennon's injuries: "If he [Lennon] had been shot this way in the middle of the operating room with a whole team of surgeons ready to work on him... he still wouldn't have survived his injuries".[32]

When told by Dr. Lynn of her husband's death, Ono started sobbing and said, "Oh no, no, no, no ... tell me it's not true!" Dr. Lynn remembers that Ono lay down and began hitting her head against the floor, but calmed down when a nurse gave Lennon's wedding ring to her.[33] In a state of shock, she was led away from Roosevelt Hospital by Geffen Records' president, David Geffen.[34]

The above account of treatment is disputed by Dr. David Halleran in a 2005 New York Times article and subsequent interviews. He was in the hospital as surgical resident that night, and in charge of the ER. John Lennon was his patient, and it was he who performed the surgery. Two other doctors entered the treatment room and assisted.[35] This is what is depicted in the film The Lennon Report (2016) and the reason the film was made

″The reason we came forward with the story was because in order for the truth to have any weight or credibility, people really needed to understand what happened.” One of the biggest revelations of the film is that Dr. David Halleran ..., not Dr. Stephan Lynn ..., performed the surgery on Lennon that night. ... Dr. Marks, who worked alongside Halleran.″

The credits at the end of the film contain eye witness accounts by those in attendance in the ER.

The account that Yoko Ono banged her head on the floor is also disputed, by two of the nurses who attended[36]

Announcements

Monday Night Football

Howard Cosell broke the news of Lennon's death on ABC's Monday Night Football

Ono asked the hospital not to report to the media that her husband was dead until she had informed their five-year-old son Sean, who was at home. Ono said he was probably watching television and did not want him to learn of his father's death from a TV announcement.[34]

Meanwhile, news producer Alan J. Weiss from WABC-TV had been waiting to be treated in the emergency room at Roosevelt Hospital due to having been involved in an accident earlier that evening while riding his motorcycle. Weiss recalled in an interview for the CNN series Crimes of the Century in 2013 that he had seen Lennon being wheeled into the room surrounded by several police officers. After he learned what happened, Weiss called back to the station to relay the information. Eventually, word made its way through the chain of command to ABC News president Roone Arledge, who was tasked with finding a way to bring this major development to the viewing audience.[37]

While all of this was happening Arledge, who was also the president of the network's sports division, was presiding over ABC's telecast of Monday Night Football in his capacity as its executive producer. At the exact moment he received word of Lennon's death, the game between the New England Patriots and the Miami Dolphins was tied with less than a minute left in the fourth quarter and the Patriots were driving toward the potential winning score.

As the Patriots tried to put themselves in position for a field goal, Arledge informed Frank Gifford and Howard Cosell of the shooting and suggested that they be the ones to report on the murder. Cosell, who had interviewed Lennon during a Monday Night Football broadcast in 1974, was chosen to do so but was apprehensive of it at first, as he felt the game should take precedence and that it was not their place to break such a big story. Gifford convinced Cosell otherwise, saying that he should not "hang on to (the news)" as the significance of the event was much greater than the finish of the game.

The following exchange begins with thirty seconds left in the fourth quarter, shortly after Gifford and Cosell were informed of what had transpired.[38]

Cosell: ... but (the game)'s suddenly been placed in total perspective for us; I'll finish this, they're in the hurry-up offense.
Gifford: Third down, four. (Chuck) Foreman ... it'll be fourth down. (Matt) Cavanaugh will let it run down for one final attempt, he'll let the seconds tick off to give Miami no opportunity whatsoever. (Whistle blows.) Timeout is called with three seconds remaining, John Smith is on the line. And I don't care what's on the line, Howard, you have got to say what we know in the booth.
Cosell: Yes, we have to say it. Remember this is just a football game, no matter who wins or loses. An unspeakable tragedy confirmed to us by ABC News in New York City: John Lennon, outside of his apartment building on the West Side of New York City, the most famous perhaps, of all of the Beatles, shot twice in the back, rushed to Roosevelt Hospital, dead on arrival. Hard to go back to the game after that newsflash, which, in duty bound, we have to take. Frank?
Gifford: (after a pause) Indeed, it is.[39]

Other announcements

It has been claimed that the first nationally telecast bulletin about the shooting was made by Kathleen Sullivan as part of a standard newscast on Cable News Network; Sullivan reported that Lennon had been shot but his condition was not known at the time of the bulletin. NBC-TV momentarily broke into its East Coast feed of The Best of Carson for its bulletin of Lennon's death before returning in the middle of a comedy piece being performed by Johnny Carson.[40]

New York rock station WNEW-FM 102.7 immediately suspended all programming and opened its lines to calls from listeners. Stations throughout the country switched to special programming devoted to Lennon and/or Beatles music.[41]

The following day, Ono issued a statement: "There is no funeral for John. John loved and prayed for the human race. Please do the same for him. Love, Yoko and Sean."[42]

Aftermath

"The outpouring of grief, wonder and shared devastation that followed Lennon's death had the same breadth and intensity as the reaction to the killing of a world figure: some bold and popular politician, like John or Robert Kennedy, or a spiritual leader, like Martin Luther King Jr. But Lennon was a creature of poetic political metaphor, and his spiritual consciousness was directed inward, as a way of nurturing and widening his creative force. That was what made the impact, and the difference — the shock of his imagination, the penetrating and pervasive traces of his genius — and it was the loss of all that, in so abrupt and awful a way, that was mourned last week, all over the world."

- Jay Cocks, TIME, 22 December 1980[8]

Lennon's murder triggered an outpouring of grief around the world on an unprecedented scale.[43] Lennon's remains were cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, Westchester County, N.Y.; no funeral was held.[44] Ono sent word to the chanting crowd outside the Dakota that their singing had kept her awake; she asked that they re-convene at Central Park's Naumburg Bandshell the following Sunday for ten minutes of silent prayer.[45] On 14 December 1980, millions of people around the world responded to Ono's request to pause for ten minutes of silence to remember Lennon.[46] Thirty thousand gathered in Liverpool, and the largest group—over 225,000—converged on New York's Central Park, close to the scene of the shooting.[46] For those ten minutes, every radio station in New York City went off the air.[47]

At least three Beatles fans committed suicide after the murder,[48] leading Ono to make a public appeal asking mourners not to give in to despair.[49] On January 18, 1981, a full-page open letter from Ono appeared in the New York Times and the Washington Post. Titled "In Gratitude", it expressed thanks to the millions of people who mourned John's loss and wanted to know how they could commemorate his life and help her and Sean.[50]

Ono released a solo album, Season of Glass, in 1981. The cover of the album is a photograph of Lennon's blood-spattered glasses. That same year she also released "Walking on Thin Ice", the song the Lennons had mixed at the Record Plant less than an hour before he was murdered, as a single.[34] Chapman pleaded guilty in 1981 to murdering Lennon.[51][52][53][54] Under the terms of his guilty plea, Chapman was sentenced to 20-years-to-life and later automatically became eligible for parole in 2000.[55] However, Chapman has been denied parole nine times and remains incarcerated at the Wende Correctional Facility.[56][57]

Memorials and tributes

Memorial behind the Iron Curtain: Lennon Wall in Prague, August 1981

Photography

Annie Leibovitz's photo of a naked Lennon embracing his wife, taken on the day of the murder, was the cover of Rolling Stone's 22 January 1981 issue, most of which was dedicated to articles, letters and photographs commemorating Lennon's life and death.[58] In 2005, the American Society of Magazine Editors ranked it as the top magazine cover of the last 40 years.[59]

Awards

Events

Exhibits and museums

Music

Physical memorials and visual art

The Imagine mosaic in Strawberry Fields
Strawberry Fields with the Dakota in the background

Place names

Streets

On film

Several films dramatizing the murder of Lennon have been released, all more than 25 years after the event. These include:

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Police Trace Tangled Path Leading To Lennon's Slaying at the Dakota". elvispelvis.com. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Badman, Keith (2001), The Beatles After the Breakup 1970–2000: A Day-by-Day Diary, Omnibus Press, pp. 270–272, ISBN 978-0-7119-8307-6.
  3. ↑ "Hours After This Picture Was Taken John Lennon Was Dead". The Guardian. 12 August 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
  4. ↑ Lucas, Dean (2007). "Naked Lennon". Famous Pictures Magazine. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  5. ↑ Smith, Harry (8 December 2005). "John Lennon Remembered". CBS News. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  6. ↑ "The Last Days of Dead Celebrities". ABC, Inc. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  7. 1 2 McGunagle, Fred. "Mark David Chapman: The Man Who Killed John Lennon". Crimelibrary. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
  8. 1 2 Cocks, Jay (22 December 1980), "The Last Day In The Life: John Lennon is shot to death at 40, and a bright dream fades.", TIME, pp. 18–24, retrieved 23 October 2010
  9. ↑ "Descent Into Madness". People. 22 June 1981.
  10. ↑ Buskin, Richard (3 July 2007). "John Lennon Encounters Mark David Chapman". Howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  11. ↑ Maeder 1999, p. 173.
  12. ↑ Ledbetter, Les (9 December 1980). "John Lennon of Beatles Is Killed". The New York Times.
  13. 1 2 "Do It, Do It, Do It!". Courtroom Television Network. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
  14. ↑ "A Look Back at Mark David Chapman in His Own Words". CNN. 30 September 2000. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  15. ↑ Montgomery, Paul L. (10 December 1980). "Police Trace Tangled Path Leading to Lennon's Slaying at the Dakota". The New York Times. pp. A1, B6. (unverified quotes attributed to NYPD Chief of Detectives James T. Sullivan and in turn to an unnamed witness)
  16. ↑ "I don't recall saying, 'Mr. Lennon'". The Daily Telegraph. London. 21 August 2008.
  17. ↑ "Transcript of 2008 parole hearing in which Chapman denies calling out 'Mr Lennon'". Google News. 12 December 1980. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  18. ↑ "Transcript of 1981 competency hearing in which Chapman says he did not say anything to Lennon". Jfkmontreal.com. 22 June 1981. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  19. ↑ Walters, Barbara (4 December 1992). "Interview with Mark David Chapman". 20/20. "I pulled the .38 revolver out of my pocket and I went into what's called a combat stance".
  20. ↑ Montgomery, Paul L. (9 February 1981). "Lennon Murder Suspect Preparing Insanity Defense". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  21. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/09/nyregion/lennon-murder-suspect-preparing-insanity-defense.html
  22. ↑ "The day John Lennon died: Jimmy Breslin writes iconic tale of NYPD cops who drove the dying Beatles star to the hospital". Daily News. New York. 9 December 1980. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  23. ↑ Edwards, David (3 December 2005). "Lennon's Last Day". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
  24. ↑ "The John Lennon Assassination". American Justice. 1997. A&E Home Video.
  25. ↑ "Lennon shot on way to see son". Toronto Star. Toronto. 10 June 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
  26. ↑ "Lennon's last moments revealed". Toronto Sun. Toronto. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  27. ↑ Kilgannon, Corey (8 December 2005). "Recalling the Night He Held Lennon's Still Heart". The New York Times.
  28. ↑ "John Lennon Death Certificate". JFKmontreal.com. 22 June 2004. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  29. ↑ Ingham 2006, p. 82.
  30. ↑ "John Lennon". FindADeath.com.
  31. ↑ Summers, Sue (5 December 2010). "John Lennon's last day: A gripping new eyewitness account on the 30th anniversary of Beatle's murder". Daily Mail.
  32. ↑ O'Donovan, Gerard (7 December 2010). "The Day John Lennon Died, ITV1, review". The Daily Telegraph.
  33. ↑ "John Lennon: New eyewitness accounts". Daily Mail. 5 December 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  34. 1 2 3 "The Day John Lennon Died | Week 49 - ITV Press Centre". Itv.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012.
  35. ↑ "Syracuse Doctor Remembers Trying to Save John Lennon's Life". CNY Central.
  36. ↑ Marinucci, Steve (October 7, 2016). "Filmmakers say 'The Lennon Report' Will Set Record Straight on ex-Beatle's Death". Billboard.
  37. ↑ Crimes of the Century. CNN Original Productions, originally aired in 2013.
  38. ↑ Ausiello, Jeff (5 December 2010). "Ex-Pats kicker forever linked to Lennon". ESPN. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  39. ↑ Monkovic, Toni (6 December 2010). "Behind Cosell's Announcement of Lennon's Death". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  40. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvcydIVLthM
  41. ↑ http://www.radiotapes.com/Lennon/John_Lennon_1.mp3
  42. ↑ "Retro: Lennon shot dead". Yorkshire Evening Post. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  43. ↑ Buskin, Richard (1 December 1997). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Beatles. Alpha. p. 185. ISBN 0-02-862130-1.
  44. ↑ "Lennon slaying linked to quote". Milwaukee Sentinel. 11 December 1980.
  45. ↑ Gentile, Fiorella Dorotea. "The Central Park Vigil, New York, 14 December 1980". Thou Art. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
  46. 1 2 Clyde Haberman, "Silent Tribute to Lennon's Memory is Observed Throughout the World," The New York Times, 15 December 1980 pA1
  47. ↑ Ward, Bob (2010-12-08). "Bob Ward: Remembering Lennon. With Silence.". myfoxboston.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-28. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  48. ↑ Hampson, Rick; McShane, Larry (1990-11-25). "10 years after death, Lennon legend still lives". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  49. ↑ ""Suicides push Lennon's wife to caution his fans", The Bulletin (Bend, Deschuets County, Oregon)". Google News. 12 December 1980. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  50. ↑ Yoko Ono, "In Gratitude". New York Times, January 18, 1981, section 4, p. 24. Entire text on line at the Washington Post where it also appeared January 18, 1981.
  51. ↑ "Divine Justice". Time. 6 July 1981.
  52. ↑ "A Matched Pair of Gunmen". Time. 7 September 1981.
  53. ↑ "John Lennon's Killer: The Nowhere Man", New York Magazine, 22 June 1981. Books.google.com. 22 June 1981. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  54. ↑ Montgomery, Paul L. (9 February 1981). "Lennon Murder Suspect Preparing Insanity Defense". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  55. ↑ John Lennon killer Chapman denied parole - Entertainment - Celebrities - TODAY.com
  56. ↑ "John Lennon's killer Mark David Chapman transferred to another NY prison". New York Post. Associated Press. 16 May 2012.
  57. ↑ "Transcript of 2008 Chapman parole hearing". Scribd.com. 12 August 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  58. ↑ Leibovitz, Annie (Photographer) (22 January 1981). "John Lennon & Yoko Ono-RS 335".
  59. ↑ "Lennon Leads List of Top Magazine Covers". MSNBC. 17 October 2005. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  60. ↑ "Lifetime Achievement Award". grammy.org. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  61. ↑ Wayne, Gary. "Capitol Records Building". Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  62. 1 2 "John Lennon Northern Lights Festival in Durness". Scotland homepage. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
  63. ↑ Ross, John (19 May 2007). "Village strikes a chord with Lennon festival". The Scotsman. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
  64. ↑ Lennon Fans Remember From the Daily News (New York) and reprinted in the Palm Beach Sun-Sentinel, 12 December 2005, page found 3 March 2010.
  65. ↑ Winter, Michael (30 September 2010). "First John Lennon museum closes after 10 years". USA Today.
  66. ↑ Carucci, John (12 May 2009). "Yoko Ono displays John Lennon's bloodied clothes". The Huffington Post.
  67. ↑ David Currie, ed. (1985). David Bowie: The Starzone Interviews. England: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-0685-3.
  68. ↑ Greene, Andy (17 July 2012). "First Details of Bob Dylan's Upcoming Album 'Tempest'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  69. ↑ "Music Chart". Billboard.
  70. ↑ "John Lennon". songfacts.com. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
  71. ↑ "Strawberry Fields". centralpark.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  72. ↑ "The Democratic Revolution in Czechoslovakia" (Briefing Book). The National Security Archive. Prague. October 1999. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  73. ↑ Robinson, Ben. "March Marx Magic". Ben Robinson. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  74. ↑ "Once-shunned Lennon now feted in communist Cuba". CNN. 8 December 2000. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  75. ↑ "La Jornada de Oriente en Internet". Puebla. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
  76. ↑ "The Imagine Peace Tower". Imagine Peace. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
  77. ↑ "Lennon's planet". cfa.harvard.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
  78. ↑ http://jaymartinwrites.wordpress.com/posts/finnish-houses/
  79. ↑ "Background Information". Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
  80. ↑ "LJMU to rename arts academy after John Lennon". Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  81. ↑ "From Lenin to Lennon: Ukraine changes street name from Russian tyrant to honour former Beatle". Daily Mirror. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  82. ↑ Smith, Kyle (4 January 2008). "The Killing of John Lennon". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  83. ↑ Emerson, Jim (25 April 2008). "Chapter 27". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  84. ↑ Marinucci, Steve (7 October 2016). "Filmmakers say 'The Lennon Report' Will Set Record Straight on ex-Beatle's Death". Billboard. Retrieved 8 October 2016.

Further reading


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