Davos

Davos

Top: View of the Sertig Valley, Middle left: World Economic Forum congress centre, Middle right: Lake Davos, Bottom: View over Davos

Coat of arms
Davos
Davos
Coordinates: 46°48′N 9°50′E / 46.800°N 9.833°E / 46.800; 9.833Coordinates: 46°48′N 9°50′E / 46.800°N 9.833°E / 46.800; 9.833
Country Switzerland
Canton Graubünden
District Prättigau/Davos
Government
 • Executive Kleiner Landrat
with 5 members
 • Mayor Landammann (list)
Tarzisius Caviezel FDP/PLR
(as of March 2014)
 • Parliament Grosser Landrat
with 17 members
Area[1]
 • Total 283.98 km2 (109.65 sq mi)
Elevation (Church St. Theodul) 1,560 m (5,120 ft)
Highest elevation (Schwarzhorn (Flüela)) 3,146 m (10,322 ft)
Lowest elevation (Landwasser (river) near Leidboda) 1,052 m (3,451 ft)
Population (Dec 2015[2])
 • Total 11,109
 • Density 39/km2 (100/sq mi)
Demonym(s) German: Davoser/Davoserin
Postal code 7260 Davos Dorf, 7265 Davos Wolfgang, 7270 Davos Platz, 7272 Davos Clavadel, 7276 Davos Frauenkirch, 7277 Davos Glaris, 7278 Davos Monstein, 7294 Davos Wiesen
SFOS number 3851
Localities Davos Dorf, Davos Platz, Frauenkirch, Davos Glaris, Davos Wiesen, Davos Monstein, Davos Clavadel, Laret, Wolfgang, Obem See, Meierhof, Stilli, Bünda, Spina, Tschuggen, Dörfji, In den Büelen, Hof, Teufi, Gadmen, Am Rin, Dürrboden, Sertig Dörfli, Oberalp, Inneralp
Surrounded by Arosa, Bergün/Bravuogn, Klosters-Serneus, Langwies, S-chanf, Susch
Website www.gemeinde-davos.ch
SFSO statistics

Davos (German pronunciation [daˈvoːs][3], rarely [daˈfoːs],[4]; Romansh:  Tavau , archaic Italian: Tavate) is a Alpine town, and a municipality in the Prättigau/Davos Region in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has a permanent population of 11,109 (2015).[2] Davos is located on the river Landwasser, in the Rhaetian Alps, between the Plessur and Albula Range. At 1,560 m (5,120 ft), it is the highest "town" in Europe.

The former Alpine resort village consists of two parts: Davos Dorf (Village) to the north-east towards Klosters and further down through the Prättigau to Landquart, and Davos Platz (Place) to the south-west, which opens into the valley of the Landwasser (lit.: country water) and eventually leads to Filisur. During summer season the Flüela Pass leads south-east into the Lower Engadine.

Davos is host to the World Economic Forum (WEF), an annual meeting of global political and business elites (often referred to simply as Davos) and the home of one of Switzerland's biggest ski resorts. At the end of every year it serves as the site of the annual Spengler Cup ice hockey tournament, hosted by the HC Davos local hockey team.

History

The current settlement of the Davos area began in the High Middle Ages with the immigration of Rhaeto-Romans. The village of Davos is first mentioned in 1213 as Tavaus.[5] From about 1280 the barons of Vaz allowed German-speaking Walser colonists to settle down, and conceded them extensive self-administration rights, causing Davos to become the largest Walser settlement area in eastern Switzerland. Natives still speak a dialect that is atypical for Graubünden, showing similarities with German idioms of western parts of Switzerland, especially the Upper Valais.

In 1436, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions was founded in Davos.

Davos, 1915
Bobsled team in Davos, 1910

From the middle of the 19th century, Davos modeled on Sokołowsko became a popular destination for the sick and ailing because the microclimate in the high valley was deemed excellent by doctors (initiated by Alexander Spengler[6]) and recommended for lung disease patients. Robert Louis Stevenson, who suffered from tuberculosis, wintered in Davos in 1880 upon the recommendation of his Edinburgh physician Dr. George Balfour. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote an article about skiing in Davos in 1899. A sanatorium in Davos is also the inspiration for the Berghof Sanitorium in Thomas Mann's novel Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain). Between 1936 and 1938, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, then at the end of his life and living in Davos since 1917, depicted Davos and the Junkerboden. His painting has a both Romantic and pantheistic atmosphere and simplified formal structure.

During the natural ice era of winter sports, Davos and the Davos Eisstadion were a mecca for speed skating. Many international championships were held here, and many world records were set, beginning with Peder Østlund who set four records in 1898. The only European Bandy Championship was held in the town in 1913.[7] Subsequently, Davos became a famous ski resort, especially frequented by tourists from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. After peaking in the 1970s and 1980s, the city settled down as a leading but less high-profile tourist attraction.

Geography

Topography

View of Davos from paraglider looking south-west
Davos from the air looking north with Schatzalp and Parsenn ski areas

Davos has an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of 283.98 km2 (109.65 sq mi).[1] Of this area, about 35.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 22.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 40.5% is unproductive land. In the 2004/09 survey a total of 337 ha (830 acres) or about 1.2% of the total area was covered with buildings, an increase of 61 ha (150 acres) over the 1985 amount. Over the same time period, the amount of recreational space in the municipality increased by 10 ha (25 acres) and is now about 0.22% of the total area. Of the agricultural land, 1,296 ha (3,200 acres) is fields and grasslands and 9,056 ha (22,380 acres) consists of alpine grazing areas. Since 1985 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by 736 ha (1,820 acres). Over the same time period the amount of forested land has increased by 481 ha (1,190 acres). Rivers and lakes cover 285 ha (700 acres) in the municipality.[8][9]

Until 2017 the municipality was located in the Davos subdistrict of the Prättigau/Davos district, after 2017 it was part of the Prättigau/Davos Region.[10] It is in the Landwasser Valley. In terms of area, it was the largest municipality in Switzerland until the formation of the municipality of Glarus Süd in 2010, and is the largest in the canton of Graubünden. It consists of the village of Davos, with its two parts Davos Dorf (Davos-Village, north-east) and Davos Platz (Davos-Place, south-west), and the villages Frauenkirch, Davos Glaris, Davos Wiesen, Davos Monstein, and Davos Clavadel, and the hamlets of Laret, Wolfgang, Obem See, Meierhof, Stilli, Bünda, and Spina in the main valley. In the side valleys there are additional hamlets including Tschuggen, Dörfji, In den Büelen, Hof, Teufi, Gadmen, Am Rin, Dürrboden, Sertig Dörfli, Oberalp, Inneralp.

Davos lies in a high valley, the connection to Klosters needing a pass of only some 70m ascent from Davos Dorf. This tiny pass results in a flow direction of the river not corresponding to the main traffic routes of road and railway to the northeast but flowing in a southwesterly direction. Three long side valleys reach out to the south from the main valley.

Climate

Davos has a continental subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with an average of 124.7 days of precipitation per year and on average receives 1,022 mm (40.2 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Davos receives an average of 148 mm (5.8 in) of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 13.5 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is June, with an average of 13.6, but with only 126 mm (5.0 in) of precipitation. The driest month of the year is April with an average of 56 mm (2.2 in) of precipitation over 9.6 days, of which 50.9 cm (20.0 in) in 8.5 days are snowfall.[11]

Climate data for Davos (1981–2010, 1594m a.s.l.)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6)		 0.9
(33.6)		 3.8
(38.8)		 7.2
(45)		 12.4
(54.3)		 15.5
(59.9)		 18.1
(64.6)		 17.4
(63.3)		 14.1
(57.4)		 10.9
(51.6)		 4.2
(39.6)		 0.4
(32.7)		 8.7
(47.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.9
(23.2)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 2.2
(36)		 7.1
(44.8)		 10.2
(50.4)		 12.4
(54.3)		 11.9
(53.4)		 8.6
(47.5)		 5.1
(41.2)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 3.5
(38.3)
Average low °C (°F) −9.1
(15.6)		 −9.3
(15.3)		 −5.9
(21.4)		 −2.4
(27.7)		 2.1
(35.8)		 5.1
(41.2)		 7.2
(45)		 7.2
(45)		 4.0
(39.2)		 0.8
(33.4)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −1.0
(30.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 66
(2.6)		 56
(2.2)		 59
(2.32)		 56
(2.2)		 88
(3.46)		 126
(4.96)		 136
(5.35)		 148
(5.83)		 93
(3.66)		 61
(2.4)		 72
(2.83)		 62
(2.44)		 1,022
(40.24)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 90.0
(35.43)		 77.7
(30.59)		 67.3
(26.5)		 50.9
(20.04)		 13.4
(5.28)		 3.3
(1.3)		 0.6
(0.24)		 1.0
(0.39)		 4.6
(1.81)		 17.2
(6.77)		 66.3
(26.1)		 76.1
(29.96)		 468.4
(184.41)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.8 7.6 9.7 9.6 11.9 13.6 13.2 13.5 9.9 8.0 9.4 9.5 124.7
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 11.3 10.5 11.0 8.5 2.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.8 3.0 9.3 11.3 69.0
Average relative humidity (%) 75 72 71 70 71 73 73 76 77 74 77 78 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 111 121 144 138 151 162 187 175 159 149 104 93 1,696
Percent possible sunshine 54 53 48 44 44 45 52 53 52 55 50 48 49
Source: MeteoSwiss[11]

Politics

Subdivisions

The municipality of Davos is divided into five Fraktionsgemeinden (which are also former municipalities): Davos Dorf, Davos Platz, Davos Frauenkirch, Davos Glaris, Davos Monstein, and Davos Wiesen.[12]

Government

The Small Country Council (Kleiner Landrat) constitutes the executive government of the municipality of Davos and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German: Landrat/-rätin), each presiding over a department (Departement) comprising several bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as president of the municipality (Landammann or Gemeindepräsident). In the mandate period 2017–2020 (Legislatur) the Small Country Council is presided by Landammann Tarzisius Caviezel. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Grand Country Council are carried by the Small Country Council. The regular election of the municipal councils by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of the municipality of Davos allowed to vote and being registered can be elected as a member of the Small Country Council for a maximal period of twelve years. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz. The president is elected as such as well by a public election while the heads of the other departments are assigned by the collegiate. They usually meet once a week.[13]

As of 2017, Davos's Small Country Council is made up of two members of FDP (FDP.The Liberals, of whom one is the president), one BDP (Conservative Democratic Party), one SP (Social Democratic Party), and one SVP (Swiss People's Party). The last regular elections (Landschaftswahlen) were held on 5 June 2016.[14]

The Small Country Council (Kleiner Landrat) of Davos[13]
Country Councilor
(Landrat/-rätin) 		Party Head of Department (Vorsteher, since) of elected since
Tarzisius Caviezel[KLR 1]      FDP President's Office (Präsidialdepartement, 2013) 2012
Stefan Waiser[KLR 2]      SP Civil Engineering and Public Facilities (Departement Tiefbau + öffentliche Betriebe, 2017) 2012
Simi Valär      FDP Structural Engineering and Environmental Protection (Departement Hochbau + Umweltschutz, 2017) 2012
Valérie Favre Accola      SVP Education and Energy (Departement Bildung + Energie, 2017) 2016
Herbert Mani      BDP Health and Security (Departement Gesundheit + Sicherheit, 2014) 2013
  1. ↑ President (Landammann or Gemeindepräsident)
  2. ↑ Vice President (Statthalter or Gemeindevizepräsident)

Parliament

The Grosse Landrat of Davos for the mandate period of 2017-2020

  SP (11.8%)
  independent (5.9%)
  EVP (5.9%)
  CVP (5.9%)
  BDP (5.9%)
  FDP (41.2%)
  SVP (23.5%)

The Grand Country Council (Grosser Landrat) holds legislative power. It is made up of 17 members, with elections held every four years. The Grand Country Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Small Country Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz.

The sessions of the Grand Country Council are public. They usually meet ten times a year. Members of the Grand Country Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Davos allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Grand Country Council for a maximal period of twelve years.[15]

The last regular election of the Grand Country Council was held on 5 June 2016 for the mandate period (German: Legislatur) from January 2017 to December 2020. Currently the Grand Country Council consist of 7 The Liberals (FDP/PLR), 4 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 2 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), and one each of the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD), Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PES), and one independent.[16]

Federal elections

National Council

In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 30.0% of the votes. The next five parties were the FDP (20.4%), the BDP (15.8%), the SP (14.7%), the glp (12.1%), and CVP (5.2%). In the federal election, a total of 3,231 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.7%.[17]

International relations

Sister and twin towns

None. Former relations have been cancelled since February 2010 by the council due to thorough austerity measures.

Demographics

Davos with the Vaillant Arena (center)

Population

Davos has a population (as of December 2015) of 11,109.[2] As of 2014, 27.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. In 2015 7.3% of the population was born in Germany and 6.9% of the population was born in Portugal.[18] Over the last 4 years (2010-2014) the population has changed at a rate of -0.27%. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2014, was 9.1, while the death rate was 8.2 per thousand residents.[9]

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (86.3%), with Serbo-Croat being second most common (2.8%) and Italian being third (2.7%).[19]

As of 2014, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 64.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.2%.[9] In 2015 there were 5,099 single residents, 4,666 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 550 widows or widowers and 794 divorced residents.[20]

In 2014 there were 5,441 private households in Davos with an average household size of 2.03 persons. Of the 2,133 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 30.7% were single family homes and 39.1% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 25.9% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 8.3% were built between 1991 and 2000.[21] In 2013 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 23.46. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2015, was 0.71%.[9]

Park on the Promenade

Historic population

The historic population is given in the following chart:[22]

Education

In Davos about 74% of the population (ages 25–64) have completed either nonmandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).[19]

Economy

Davos is a tourist community and a regional center.[23]

As of 2014, there were a total of 8,853 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 203 people worked in 80 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 996 workers in 145 separate businesses. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 7,654 jobs in 926 businesses. In 2014 a total of 5,211 employees worked in 908 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 17 mid sized businesses with 2,074 employees and 1 large business which employed 369 people.[24] In 2014 a total of 23.5% of the population received social assistance.[9]

In 2015 local hotels had a total of 797,348 overnight stays, of which 46.9% were international visitors.[25]

Religion

From the 2000 census, 5,321 residents (46.6% of the population) belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church while 3,950 residents (34.6%) are Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 10 individuals (or about 0.09% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic faith, 439 individuals (3.85% of the population) who belonged to the Orthodox Church, 274 (2.40%) who belonged to another Christian church, 79 (0.69%) who were Muslim, 56 (0.49%) who belonged to another faith (not listed), and eight residents (0.07%) were Jewish. In addition, 832 residents (7.29%) belonged to no faith, were agnostic or atheist, and 448 individuals (3.92%) did not answer the question.[26]

Sports

The ice stadium, including the largest natural ice skating field in Europe

Davos is known throughout Switzerland for its famous ice hockey team, HC Davos, which plays in the National League (NL). Their home arena is the Vaillant Arena.

Besides being famous for cross-country skiing, offering some 97 km (60 mi) of pistes, Davos has the largest natural ice skating field in Europe. Bandy is occasionally played there.[27] An international tournament, starting in 2014, has been organised.[28][29] The 1913 European Bandy Championships in Davos is so far the only one of its kind.

There are six main ski areas in winter, with a total of 320 kilometres (200 mi) of slopes:

All areas offer summer transport as well on to the main peaks from mid May until end of October. The remote side valleys heading towards the Engadine area are worth long hikes towards the passes of Sertig or Scaletta Pass to reach, for example, Piz Kesch, an Ultra prominent peak. To the north there are no valleys but rather a direct one-day ascent to continue across a pass into the "Schanfigg" valley towards the rival resort of Arosa or even to continue to Lenzerheide in a two-day hike.[30]

Culture

Davos is home to seven sites that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. These heritage sites include the Town Archives, the Kirchner Museum, the Grosses Jenatschhaus (a type of charity house known as a Pfrundhaus) and the Forest Cemetery (Waldfriedhof). Several hotels and spas are also included on the list. The three hotels or former hotels are: Berghotel Schatzalp, the former Grand Hotel Belvédère, and the Zürcher Höhenklinik von R. Gaberel.[31]

Davos hosts annual meetings of the World Economic Forum. The city was featured in an episode of Viva La Bam, when cities around Europe were visited. On 14 March 2003, a festival called Winterjam was held in the city and bands such as Sum 41, Crazy Town, and Guano Apes performed during this event.[32]

Transport

Davos is part of the rail network of the Rhaetian Railway (RhB). The RhB has two main stations in Davos: Davos Dorf railway station (north-east) and the Davos Platz railway station (south-west). Further Rhb also calls Davos Wolfgang and Davos Laret towards Klosters, and Davos Frauenkirch, Davos Glaris, Davos Monstein, and Davos Wiesen towards Filisur.

The bottom station Davos Dorf DKB of the funicular Parsennbahn to Weissfluhjoch (Parsenn) is in Davos Dorf, the one to Schatzalp, the station Davos Platz Schatzalpbahn in Davos Platz. Also in Davos Platz are the bottom stations of the cable car to the Jakobshorn, the station Davos Platz DKB (right next to the corresponding railway station), but also the one of the chair lift to Usser Isch, namely the Davos Platz (Talstation Carjöl).

The bottom station of the lift to Rinerhorn is just righ next to RhB station Davos Glaris. The one (Dörfji) of the Pischa area in the side valley of the Flüela, reachable by bus.

Local buses are operated by Verkehrsbetrieb der Landschaft Davos Gemeinde (vbd).

Research

Davos boasts several research institutes: the AO Foundation focusing on trauma and disorders of the musculoskeletal system, the Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), the WSL institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF), and the World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC).

Notable residents and people connected to Davos

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeindedaten nach 4 Hauptbereichen
  2. 1 2 3 Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB, online database – Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit (in German) accessed 30 August 2016
  3. ↑ Eva-Maria Krech, Eberhard Stock, Ursula Hirschfeld, Lutz, Christian Anders, eds. (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, p. 432, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6, retrieved 2016-01-29
  4. ↑ Boesch, Bruno, ed. (1957), Die Aussprache des Hochdeutschen in der Schweiz. Eine Wegleitung, Zürich: Schweizer Spiegel Verlag, p. 36
  5. ↑ Davos in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  6. ↑ Alexander Spengler Davos Klosters
  7. ↑ Web.archive.org
  8. ↑ "Arealstatistik Land Use - Gemeinden nach 10 Klassen". http://www.landuse-stat.admin.ch. Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016. External link in |website= (help)
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Regional portraits accessed 27 October 2016
  10. ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz - Mutationsmeldungen 2016 accessed 16 February 2017
  11. 1 2 "Climate Normals Davos, Reference period 1981–2010" (PDF). Climate diagrams and normal values per stations. Zürich Airport, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss). 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  12. ↑ "Fraktionsgemeinden" (official website) (in German). Davos, Switzerland: Gemeinde Davos. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  13. 1 2 "Kleiner Landrat" (official website) (in German). Davos, Switzerland: Gemeinde Davos. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  14. ↑ "Wahl Kleiner Landrat" (PDF) (official website) (in German). Davos, Switzerland: Gemeinde Davos. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  15. ↑ "Grosser Landrat" (official site) (in German). Davos, Switzerland: Gemeinde Davos. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  16. ↑ "Wahl Grosser Landrat" (PDF) (official website) (in German). Davos, Switzerland: Gemeinde Davos. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  17. ↑ "Nationalratswahlen 2015: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung nach Gemeinden" (XLS) (in German and French). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office FSO. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  18. ↑ Federal Statistical Office - Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit (Land) accessed 31 October 2016
  19. 1 2 Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 28-Oct-2009
  20. ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geschlecht, Zivilstand und Geburtsort (in German) accessed 8 September 2016
  21. ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Thema 09 - Bau- und Wohnungswesen (in German) accessed 5 May 2016
  22. ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, 1850-2000 (in German) accessed 27 April 2016
  23. ↑ "Die Raumgliederungen der Schweiz 2016" (in German, French, Italian, and English). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  24. ↑ Federal Statistical Office -Arbeitsstätten und Beschäftigte nach Gemeinde, Wirtschaftssektor und Grössenklasse accessed 31 October 2016
  25. ↑ Federal Statistical Office - Hotellerie: Ankünfte und Logiernächte der geöffneten Betriebe accessed 31 October 2016
  26. ↑ Graubunden Population Statistics Archived 27 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. (in German) accessed 21 September 2009
  27. ↑ Bandy field at the ice stadium
  28. ↑ Video from the international bandy tournament, Czech Republic vs the Netherlands
  29. ↑ Czech Republic and Germany playing in the international bandy tournament 2014
  30. ↑ (in English) Hiking Alps in Switzerland, Davos, Graubünden Archived 14 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ↑ Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance Archived 1 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. 21.11.2008 version, (in German) accessed 28-Oct-2009
  32. ↑ SkisnowboardEurope.com

Further reading

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