DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Agency overview

Formed	February 7, 1958 (1958-02-07) (as ARPA)
Headquarters	Arlington, Virginia, U.S.
Employees	240
Annual budget	US $2.97 billion^[1]
Agency executive	Dr. Steven Walker, Acting Director ^[2]
Parent agency	U.S. Department of Defense
Website	www.darpa.mil

DARPA's former headquarters in the Virginia Square neighborhood of Arlington. This agency recently moved to 675 North Randolph Street, near the Ballston Common Mall.

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.

Originally known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency was created in February 1958 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik 1 in 1957. Since its inception, the agency’s mission is ensuring that the United States avoids further technological surprise.^[3] By collaborating with academic, industry, and government partners, DARPA formulates and executes research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, often beyond immediate U.S. military requirements.^[3]

DARPA-funded projects have provided significant technologies that influenced many non-military fields, such as computer networking and the basis for the modern Internet, and graphical user interfaces in information technology.

DARPA is independent of other military research and development and reports directly to senior Department of Defense management. DARPA has about 240 employees, of whom approximately 15 are in management, and close to 140 are technical staff.

The name of the organization changed several times from its founding name ARPA: DARPA (March 1972), ARPA (February 1993), and DARPA (March 1996).

Mission

Currently, DARPA's mission statement is “to make pivotal investments in breakthrough technologies for national security.”^[4]

History

Early history

The creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was authorized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1958 for the purpose of forming and executing research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, and able to reach far beyond immediate military requirements,^[3] the two relevant acts being the Supplemental Military Construction Authorization (Air Force)^[5] (Public Law 85-325) and Department of Defense Directive 5105.15, in February 1958. Its creation was directly attributed to the launching of Sputnik and to U.S. realization that the Soviet Union had developed the capacity to rapidly exploit military technology. Initial funding of ARPA was $520 million.^[6] ARPA's first director, Roy Johnson, left a $160,000 management job at General Electric for an $18,000 job at ARPA.^[7] Herbert York from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was hired as his scientific assistant.^[8]

Johnson and York were both keen on space projects, but when NASA was established later in 1958 all space projects and most of ARPA's funding were transferred to it. Johnson resigned and ARPA was repurposed to do "high-risk," "high-gain," "far out" basic research, a posture that was enthusiastically embraced by the nation's scientists and research universities.^[9] ARPA's second director was Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, who resigned in early 1961. He was succeeded by Jack Ruina who served until 1963.^[10] Ruina, the first scientist to administer ARPA, managed to raise its budget to $250 million.^[11] It was Ruina who hired J. C. R. Licklider as the first administrator of the Information Processing Techniques Office, which played a vital role in creation of ARPANET, the basis for the future Internet.^[12]

Additionally, the political and defense communities recognized the need for a high-level Department of Defense organization to formulate and execute R&D projects that would expand the frontiers of technology beyond the immediate and specific requirements of the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines that address the full spectrum of national security needs.

From 1958 to 1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, ballistic missile defense, and nuclear test detection.^[13] During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the military space programs to the individual Services.

This allowed ARPA to concentrate its efforts on the Project Defender (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test detection), and Project AGILE (counterinsurgency R&D) Programs, and to begin work on computer processing, behavioral sciences, and materials sciences. The DEFENDER and AGILE Programs formed the foundation of DARPA sensor, surveillance, and directed energy R&D, particularly in the study of radar, infrared sensing, and x-ray/gamma ray detection.

ARPA at this point (1959) played an early role in Transit (also called NavSat) a predecessor to the Global Positioning System (GPS).^[14] "Fast-forward to 1959 when a joint effort between DARPA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory began to fine-tune the early explorers’ discoveries. TRANSIT, sponsored by the Navy and developed under the leadership of Dr. Richard Kirschner at Johns Hopkins, was the first satellite positioning system."^[15]^[16]

During the late 1960s, with the transfer of these mature programs to the Services, ARPA redefined its role and concentrated on a diverse set of relatively small, essentially exploratory research programs. The agency was renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972, and during the early 1970s, it emphasized direct energy programs, information processing, and tactical technologies.

Concerning information processing, DARPA made great progress, initially through its support of the development of time-sharing (all modern operating systems rely on concepts invented for the Multics system, developed by a cooperation among Bell Labs, General Electric and MIT, which DARPA supported by funding Project MAC at MIT with an initial two-million-dollar grant).^[17]

DARPA supported the evolution of the ARPANET (the first wide-area packet switching network), Packet Radio Network, Packet Satellite Network and ultimately, the Internet and research in the artificial intelligence fields of speech recognition and signal processing, including parts of Shakey the robot.^[18] DARPA also funded the development of the Douglas Engelbart's NLS computer system and The Mother of All Demos; and the Aspen Movie Map, which was probably the first hypermedia system and an important precursor of virtual reality.

Later history

The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research (through ARPA/DARPA) only to projects with direct military application. Some contend that the amendment devastated American science, since ARPA/DARPA was a major funding source for basic science projects of the time; the National Science Foundation never made up the difference as expected.

The resulting "brain drain" is also credited with boosting the development of the fledgling personal computer industry. Some young computer scientists left the universities to startups and private research laboratories such as Xerox PARC.

Between 1976 and 1981, DARPA's major projects were dominated by air, land, sea, and space technology, tactical armor and anti-armor programs, infrared sensing for space-based surveillance, high-energy laser technology for space-based missile defense, antisubmarine warfare, advanced cruise missiles, advanced aircraft, and defense applications of advanced computing. These large-scale technological program demonstrations were joined by integrated circuit research, which resulted in submicrometer electronic technology and electron devices that evolved into the Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Program and the Congressionally-mandated charged particle beam program.

Many of the successful programs were transitioned to the Services, such as the foundation technologies in automatic target recognition, space based sensing, propulsion, and materials that were transferred to the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO), later known as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), now titled the Missile Defense Agency (MDA).

Recent history

During the 1980s, the attention of the Agency was centered on information processing and aircraft-related programs, including the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) or Hypersonic Research Program. The Strategic Computing Program enabled DARPA to exploit advanced processing and networking technologies and to rebuild and strengthen relationships with universities after the Vietnam War. In addition, DARPA began to pursue new concepts for small, lightweight satellites (LIGHTSAT) and directed new programs regarding defense manufacturing, submarine technology, and armor/anti-armor.

On October 28, 2009 the agency broke ground on a new facility in Arlington, Virginia a few miles from the Pentagon.^[19]

In fall 2011, DARPA hosted the 100-Year Starship Symposium with the aim of getting the public to start thinking seriously about interstellar travel.^[20]

On June 5, 2016, NASA and DARPA announced that it planned to build new X-planes with NASA's plan setting to create a whole series of X planes over the next 10 years.^[21]

In July 2016, it was announced that DARPA would bring a group of top-notch computer security experts to search for security vulnerabilities and create a fix that patches those vulnerabilities and it is called the Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC).^[22]

DARPA History

The formative years
(1958–1975)

The Cold War era
(1975–1989)

The Post-Soviet years
(1989–present)

Organization

Current program offices

DARPA has six technical offices that manage the agency's research portfolio, and two additional support offices that manage special projects and transition efforts. All offices report to the DARPA director:

The Adaptive Execution Office (AEO) is one of two new DARPA offices created in 2009 by the DARPA Director, Regina Dugan. The office's four project areas include technology transition, assessment, rapid productivity and adaptive systems. AEO provides the agency with robust connections to the warfighter community and assists the agency with the planning and execution of technology demonstrations and field trials to promote adoption by the warfighter, accelerating the transition of new technologies into DoD capabilities.
The Defense Sciences Office (DSO) vigorously pursues the most promising technologies within a broad spectrum of the science and engineering research communities and develops those technologies into important, radically new military capabilities.^[23] DSO identifies and pursues high-risk, high-payoff fundamental research initiatives across a broad spectrum of science and engineering disciplines – sometimes reshaping existing fields or creating entirely new disciplines – and transforms these initiatives into radically new, game-changing technologies for U.S. national security.
The Information Innovation Office (I2O) aims to ensure U.S. technological superiority in all areas where information can provide a decisive military advantage. Some of the program managers in I2O are Wade Shen (as of December 2014), Stuart Wagner (as of September 2014), Steve Jameson (as of August 2014), Angelos Keromytis (as of July 2014), and David Doermann (as of April 2014). John Launchbury is currently the office director.
The Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) mission focuses on the heterogeneous microchip-scale integration of electronics, photonics, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Their high risk/high payoff technology is aimed at solving the national level problems of protection from biological, chemical and information attack and to provide operational dominance for mobile distributed command and control, combined manned/unmanned warfare, and dynamic, adaptive military planning and execution.
The Strategic Technology Office (STO) mission is to focus on technologies that have a global theater-wide impact and that involve multiple Services.^[24]
The Tactical Technology Office (TTO) engages in high-risk, high-payoff advanced military research, emphasizing the "system" and "subsystem" approach to the development of aeronautic, space, and land systems as well as embedded processors and control systems.
The Biological Technologies Office (BTO) fosters, demonstrates, and transitions breakthrough fundamental research, discoveries, and applications that integrate biology, engineering, and computer science for national security. Created in April 2014 by then director Arati Prabhakar, taking programs from the MTO and DSO divisions.^[25]

Former offices

Information Awareness Office: 2002–2003
The Advanced Technology Office (ATO) researched, demonstrated, and developed high payoff projects in maritime, communications, special operations, command and control, and information assurance and survivability mission areas.
The Special Projects Office (SPO) researched, developed, demonstrated, and transitioned technologies focused on addressing present and emerging national challenges. SPO investments ranged from the development of enabling technologies to the demonstration of large prototype systems. SPO developed technologies to counter the emerging threat of underground facilities used for purposes ranging from command-and-control, to weapons storage and staging, to the manufacture of weapons of mass destruction. SPO developed significantly more cost-effective ways to counter proliferated, inexpensive cruise missiles, UAVs, and other platforms used for weapon delivery, jamming, and surveillance. SPO invested in novel space technologies across the spectrum of space control applications including rapid access, space situational awareness, counterspace, and persistent tactical grade sensing approaches including extremely large space apertures and structures.
The Information Systems Office (ISO) in the 1990s developed system applications of advanced information technologies. It was a predecessor to the Information Exploitation Office.

A 1991 reorganization created several offices which existed throughout the early 1990s:^[26]

The Electronic Systems Technology Office combined areas of the Defense Sciences Office and the Defense Manufacturing Office. This new office will focus on the boundary between general-purpose computers and the physical world, such as sensors, displays and the first few layers of specialized signal-processing that couple these modules to standard computer interfaces.
The Computing Systems Technology Office combined functions of the old Information Sciences and Tactical Technology office. The office "will work scalable parallel and distributed heterogeneous computing systems technologies," DoD said.
The Software and Intelligent Systems Technology Office and the Computing Systems office will have responsibility associated with the Presidential High-Performance Computing Initiative. The Software office will also be responsible for "software systems technology, machine intelligence and software engineering."
The Land Systems Office was created to develop advanced land vehicle and anti-armor systems, once the domain of the Tactical Technology Office
The Undersea Warfare Office combined areas of the Advanced Vehicle Systems and Tactical Technology offices to develop and demonstrate submarine stealth and counterstealth and automation.

Reorganization in 2010 merged two offices:

The Transformational Convergence Technology Office (TCTO) mission was to advance new crosscutting capabilities derived from a broad range of emerging technological and social trends, particularly in areas related to computing and computing-reliant subareas of the life sciences, social sciences, manufacturing, and commerce. The TCTO was folded into the I2O in 2010.^[24]^[27]
The Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) focused on inventing the networking, computing, and software technologies vital to ensuring DOD military superiority. The IPTO was combined with TCTO in 2010 to form the I2O.^[28]

Projects

A list of DARPA's active and archived projects is available on the agency's website. Because of the agency's fast pace, programs constantly start and stop based on the needs of the U.S. government.

Active projects

Aerial Reconfigurable Embedded System (ARES, formerly TX): Cargo carrying UAV.^[29]
ACTUV: A project to build an unmanned Anti-submarine warfare vessel.
Air Dominance Initiative: Developmental technologies to be used in sixth-generation jet fighters.^[30]
Big Mechanism: Cancer research.^[31]
BlockADE: Rapidly constructed barrier.^[32]
Boeing X-37
Captive Air Amphibious Transporter
Clean-Slate Design of Resilient, Adaptive, Secure Hosts (CRASH), a TCTO initiative^[33]
Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System
Collaborative Operations in Denied Environment (CODE): Modular software architecture for UAVs to pass information to each other in contested environments to identify and engage targets with limited operator direction.^[34]^[35]
Combat Zones That See: "track everything that moves" in a city by linking up a massive network of surveillance cameras
Computational Weapon Optic (CWO): Computer rifle scope that combines various features into one optic.^[36]
DARPA XG: technology for Dynamic Spectrum Access for assured military communications
Experimental Spaceplane 1 (XS-1): first stage of a reusable space transport
Gremlins: Air-launched and recoverable UAVs with distributed capabilities to provide low-cost flexibility over expensive multirole platforms.^[37]
Ground X-Vehicle Technology
Force Application and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON): a research effort within TTO to develop a small satellite launch vehicle.^[38] This vehicle is under development by AirLaunch LLC.^[39]
Fast Lightweight Autonomy: Software algorithms that enable small UAVs to fly fast in cluttered environments without GPS or external communications.^[40]
High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System
High Productivity Computing Systems
Hydra: Undersea network of mobile unmanned sensors.^[41]
Integrated Sensor is Structure
Long Range Anti-Ship Missile
MEMS Exchange: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Implementation Environment
Near Zero Power RF and Sensor Operations (N-ZERO): Reducing or eliminating the standby power unattended ground sensors consume.^[42]
Persistent Close Air Support
Protein Design: Processes
Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites program: a telerobotic and autonomous robotic satellite-servicing project, conceived in 2017, and planned for launch no earlier than the 2020s.^[43]
Remote-controlled insects^[44]
SafeGenes: a synthetic biology project to program "undo" sequences into gene editing programs ^[45]
Satellite Remote Listening System: a satellite mounted system that can eavesdrop on a targeted area on the surface of the planet in coordination with satellite cameras. This project is in its infant stage.
System of Systems Integration Technology and Experimentation (SoSITE): Combinations of aircraft, weapons, sensors, and mission systems that distribute air warfare capabilities across a large number of interoperable manned and unmanned platforms.^[46]
Squad X Core Technologies (SXCT): Digitized, integrated technologies that improve infantry squads' awareness, precision, and influence.^[47]
SyNAPSE: Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics
SIGMA: A network of radiological detection devices the size of smart phones that can detect small amounts of radioactive materials. The devices are paired with larger detector devices along major roads and bridges.^[48]
Tactical Boost Glide (TBG): Air-launched hypersonic boost glide missile under development.^[49]^[50]^[51]
Tactically Exploited Reconnaissance Node: Ship-based long-range ISR UAV.^[52]
UAVForge^[53]
Upward Falling Payloads: Payloads stored on the ocean floor that can be activated and retrieved when needed.^[54]
ULTRA-Vis (Urban Leader Tactical Response, Awareness and Visualization): Heads-up display for individual soldiers.^[55]
VTOL X-Plane^[56]
Warrior Web: Soft exosuit to alleviate musculoskeletal stress on soldiers when carrying heavy loads.^[57]
XDATA: Processing and analyzing vast amounts of information.^[58]
Neural implants for soldiers.^[59]^[60]
AGM-158C LRASM: Anti-ship cruise missile.

Past or Transitioned Projects

4MM (4-minute mile): Wearable jetpack to enable soldiers to run at increased speed.^[61]
Adaptive Vehicle Make: Revolutionary approaches to the design, verification, and manufacturing of complex defense systems and vehicles.
ArcLight: Ship-based weapon system capable of striking targets nearly anywhere on the globe, based on the Standard Missile 3.
ARPANET, earliest predecessor of the Internet
ASTOVL, precursor of the Joint Strike Fighter Program^[62]
The Aspen Movie Map allowed one to virtually tour the streets of Aspen, Colorado. Developed in 1978, it is the earliest predecessor to products like Google Street View.
Atlas: A humanoid robot.
Battlefield Illusion^[63]
BigDog/Legged Squad Support System: legged robots.^[64]
The Boeing X-45 unmanned combat air vehicle refers to a mid-2000s concept demonstrator for autonomous military aircraft.
Boomerang (mobile shooter detection system): an acoustic gunfire locator developed by BBN Technologies for detecting snipers on military combat vehicles.
CALO or "Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes": software
CPOF: the command post of the future—networked information system for Command control.
DAML
ALASA: (Airborne Launch Assist Space Access): A rocket capable of launching a 100-pound satellite into low Earth orbit for less than $1 million.
FALCON
DARPA Grand Challenge: driverless car competition
DARPA Network Challenge^[65]
DARPA Shredder Challenge 2011^[66] – Reconstruction of shredded documents
DARPA Silent Talk: A planned program attempting to identify EEG patterns for words and transmit these for covert communications.^[67]
DARPA Spectrum Challenge^[68]
DEFENDER
EATR
EXACTO: Sniper rifle firing guided smart bullets.
GALE: Global Autonomous Language Exploitation
High Performance Knowledge Bases
HISSS
Human Universal Load Carrier: battery-powered human exoskeleton
Hypersonic Research Program
Luke Arm, a DEKA creation produced under the Revolutionizing Prosthetics program.
MAHEM: Molten penetrating munition
MeshWorm: an earthworm-like robot.^[69]
Mind's Eye: A visual intelligence system capable of detecting and analyzing activity from video feeds.^[70]
MOSIS
MQ-1 Predator
Multics
Next Generation Tactical Wearable Night Vision: Smaller and lighter sunglass-sized night vision devices that can switch between different viewing bands.^[71]^[72]
NLS/Augment: the origin of the canonical contemporary computer user interface
Northrop Grumman Switchblade: an unmanned oblique-wing flying aircraft for high speed, long range and long endurance flight
One Shot: Sniper scope that automatically measures crosswind and range to ensure accuracy in field conditions.^[73]
Onion routing, a technique developed in the mid-1990s and later employed by Tor to anonymize communications over a computer network.
Passive radar
Phoenix: A 2012–early-2015 satellite project with the aim to recycle retired satellite parts into new on-orbit assets. The project was initiated in July 2012 with plans for system launches no earlier than 2016.^[74]^[75] At the time, Satlet tests in low Earth orbit were projected to occur as early as 2015.^[76]
Policy Analysis Market
POSSE
Project AGILE, a Vietnam War-era investigation into methods of remote, asymmetric warfare for use in conflicts with Communist insurgents.
Project MAC
Proto 2: a thought-controlled prosthetic arm
Rapid Knowledge Formation
Sea Shadow
SIMNET: Wide area network with vehicle simulators and displays for real-time distributed combat simulation: tanks, helicopters and airplanes in a virtual battlefield.
DARPA Silent Talk: A planned program attempting to identify EEG patterns for words and transmit these for covert communications.^[67]
System F6—Future, Fast, Flexible, Fractionated Free-flying Spacecraft United by Information Exchange—technology demonstrator: a 2006–2012
I3 (Intelligent Integration of Information),^[77] supported the Digital Library research effort through NSF
Strategic Computing Program
Synthetic Aperture Ladar for Tactical Applications (SALTI)
XOS: powered military exoskeletonUS$226 million technology development program. Cancelled in 2013 before the notionally planned 2015 launch date.^[74]^[76]
SURAN (1983–87)
Project Vela (1963)
Vulture: Long endurance, high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle
VLSI Project - Its offspring include BSD Unix, the RISC processor concept, many CAD tools still in use today.

WolfPack^[78]

Notable fiction

DARPA is well known as a high-tech government agency, and as such has many appearances in popular fiction. Some realistic references to DARPA in fiction are as "ARPA" in Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X (DARPA consults on a technical threat),^[79] in episodes of television program The West Wing (the ARPA-DARPA distinction), the television program Numb3rs^[80] (DARPA research into creating the first self-aware computer), and in the motion picture Executive Decision (use of a one-of-a-kind experimental prototype in an emergency).

References

↑ "Budget". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. n.d. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
↑ ""Dr. Steven H. Walker"". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. n.d. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
1 2 3 Dwight D. Eisenhower and Science & Technology, (2008). Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, Source.
↑ "DARPA Mission". www.darpa.mil. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
↑ Fiscal Year 1958 Supplemental Military Construction Authorization (Air Force): Hearings, Eighty-fifth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 9739. January 21, 24, 1958. Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ "$ 520 million appropriation and a $ 2 billion budget plan." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 20). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
↑ "Roy Johnson, ARPA’s first director, was, like his boss, a businessman. At age fifty-two, he had been personally recruited by McElroy, who convinced him to leave a $160,000 job with General Electric and take an $18,000 job in Washington." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
↑ "Herbert York, whom Killian had been keen on, was given the job and moved to ARPA from the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
↑ "The staff of ARPA saw an opportunity to redefine the agency as a group that would take on the really advanced "far-out" research....The scientific community, predictably, rallied to the call for a reinvention of ARPA as a "high-risk high-gain" research sponsor— the kind of R& D shop they had dreamed of all along" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (pp. 21,22). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
↑ "In early 1961 ARPA’s second director, Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, resigned" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (pp. 23,24) Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
↑ "Ruina raised ARPA’s annual budget to $ 250 million." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
↑ "J. C. R. Licklider." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (pp. 27–39). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
↑ "Projects in ballistic missile defense and nuclear test detection, couched in terms of basic research, were the top priorities." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition
↑ Helen E. Worth; Mame Warren (2009). Transit to Tomorrow. Fifty Years of Space Research at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (PDF).
↑ Catherine Alexandrow (Apr 2008). "The Story of GPS". Archived from the original on 2011-06-29.
↑ DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap. Apr 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-05-06.
↑ Stefanie Chiou; Craig Music; Kara Sprague; Rebekah Wahba (5 Dec 2001). "A Marriage of Convenience: The Founding of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-14.
↑ "Oral History: Bertram Raphael". IEEE Global History Network. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
↑ Washington Times, "Pentagon Agency Breaks Ground", October 29, 2009.
↑ Casey, Tina (2012-01-28). "Forget the Moon Colony, Newt: DARPA Aims for 100 Year Starship". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
↑ Grady, Mary (June 5, 2016). "NASA and DARPA plan to release new X-Planes". Yahoo Tech. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
↑ Howley, Daniel (17 July 2016). "Darpa to create Cyber Grand Challenge to fight security vulnerabilities". Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
↑ "DARPA/DSO Home Page". archive.org. 2 December 1998. Archived from the original on 2 December 1998. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2009-11-08. DARPA Offices. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
↑ "2014/04/01 DARPA Launches Biological Technologies Office". archive.org. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
↑ "DARPA restructures/creates new offices". Defense Daily. 1991. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08.
↑ "Embedded Clouds: A Look Back at HPEC 2010". HPCwire. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
↑ "Schedule – sxsw.com". SXSW Schedule 2014. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
↑ Transformer (TX) Archived 2010-08-06 at the Wayback Machine. darpa.mil. Retrieved: 4 August 2010.
↑ New Budget Will Feature 6th Gen Fighter – Defensenews.com, 28 January 2015
↑ You, J. (2015). "DARPA sets out to automate research". Science. 347 (6221): 465. PMID 25635066. doi:10.1126/science.347.6221.465.
↑ DARPA calls on industry to develop compact, push-button wall – MarineCorpstimes.com, 5 July 2014
↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2014-09-04.
↑ DARPA invites industry to explore collaborative UAV technology Archived 2015-02-03 at the Wayback Machine. – Flightglobal.com, 23 January 2015
↑ Pentagon issues call for drones that hunt like a pack of wolves Archived 2015-02-03 at the Wayback Machine. – Defensesystems.com, 22 January 2015
↑ What It Feels Like to Shoot With the Military’s Experimental Smart Scope Archived 2015-05-06 at the Wayback Machine. – Gizmodo.com, 28 April 2015
↑ The Military Wants Swarm Bots It Can Retrieve in Midair Archived 2015-09-01 at the Wayback Machine. – Defenseone.com, 28 August 2015
↑ "Falcon". DARPA. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22.
↑ "Airlaunchllc News". Airlaunch. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14.
↑ DARPA solicits tender for UAV urban operation algorithms Archived 2015-02-03 at the Wayback Machine. – Flightglobal.com, 23 December 2014
↑ DARPA’s Plan to Flood the Sea With Drones, Carrying More Drones Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. – Wired.com, 13 September 2013
↑ DARPA N-ZERO program seeks to reduce or eliminate need for standby power on unattended sensors Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Machine. – Militaryaerospace.com, 9 February 2015
↑ http://spectrum.ieee.org/video/aerospace/robotic-exploration/robot-mechanic-could-prevent-satellites-from-becoming-space-junk
↑ Ewen Callaway (2009-10-01). "Free-flying cyborg insects steered from a distance". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
↑ U.S. Military Preps for Gene Drives Run Amok Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. - ScientificAmerican.com, 18 November 2016
↑ DARPA unveils new SoSITE program for maintaining air superiority Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. – Airrecognition.com, 1 April 2015
↑ DARPA’s Squad X Core Technologies program looks to create smarter, more aware infantry squads Archived 2015-02-14 at the Wayback Machine. – Gizmag.com, 10 February 2015
↑ Murtha, Alex. "DARPA develops pocket-sized, affordable, networked radiation sensor". Homeland Preparedness News (26 August 2016). Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
↑ "DARPA gives Lockheed $147.3 million to research Hypersonic Tactical Boost Glide Missiles - NextBigFuture.com". nextbigfuture.com. 20 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
↑ "Lockheed to Build a Mach 20 Hypersonic Weapon System". popularmechanics.com. 21 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
↑ Raytheon wins DARPA TBG contract modification Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine. – Shephardmedia.com, 4 May 2015
↑ DARPA, Navy want long-range ISR drones for smaller ships Archived 2014-11-12 at the Wayback Machine. – Defensesystems.com, 13 June 2014
↑ "CAN YOU DESIGN, BUILD AND FLY THE NEXT-GENERATION UAV?". Darpa.mil. 2011-05-25. Archived from the original on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
↑ Pentagon plans to seed ocean floor with payloads waiting to be activated Archived 2014-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. – Defensesystems.com, 27 March 2014
↑ DARPA’s ULTRA-Vis Augments Reality For Foot Troops Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. – Breakingdefense.com, 21 May 2014
↑ Ackerman, Spencer (2013-02-25). "Darpa Wants to Rethink the Helicopter to Make It Go Way Faster". Wired. Archived from the original on 2013-02-26. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
↑ DARPA's Warrior Web project may provide super-human enhancements Archived 2014-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. – Army.mil, 5 May 2014
↑ "XDATA". archive.org. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
↑ "Pentagon Rolls Out DARPA Plan To Implant Chips In Soldiers’ Brains – The Rundown Live". therundownlive.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
↑ "Pentagon wants to fit soldiers with a little black box brain implant - Geek.com". geek.com. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
↑ Jetpacks Help Soldiers Run At The Speed Of Olympic Athletes Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. – Businessinsider.com, 12 September 2014
↑ A history of the Joint Strike Fighter Program, Martin-Baker. Retrieved 4 August 2010
↑ Shachtman, Noah (2012-02-14). "Darpa's Magic Plan: ‘Battlefield Illusions' to Mess With Enemy Minds". Wired. Archived from the original on 2014-03-29.
↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
↑ "DARPA Network Challenge". Darpa.mil. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
↑ "DARPA Shredder Challenge". DARPA. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
1 2 Warwick, Graham (May 22, 2009). "Darpa Plans Triple-Target Missile Demo". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011.
↑ "DARPA Spectrum Challenge". Darpa.mil. Archived from the original on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
↑ "Meshworm: DARPA, MIT robot a sluggish breakthrough in soft robotics". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
↑ "DARPA Kicks Off Mind's Eye program" (PDF). Darpa.mil. 2011-01-04. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-01-24. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
↑ Military Wants Next Generation Night Vision Goggles Archived 2014-11-03 at the Wayback Machine. – Kitup.Military.com, 30 September 2014
↑ Next-gen night vision would enable troops to see farther, clearer Archived 2015-03-22 at the Wayback Machine. – Armytimes.com, 12 October 2014
↑ DARPA Develops Mountable One Shot Sniper System Archived 2014-12-20 at the Wayback Machine. – Kitup.Military.com, 8 February 2014
1 2 Ferster, Warren (2013-05-17). "DARPA Cancels Formation-flying Satellite Demo". Space News. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
↑ Graham Warwick (2013-01-23). "Darpa Touts Progress On GEO Satellite Recycling Concept". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
1 2 Gruss, Mike (2014-03-21). "DARPA Space Budget Increase Includes M for Spaceplane". Space News. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
↑ "I3 Initiative Home Page". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
↑ "STO: WolfPack". Darpa.mil. Strategic Technology Office. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
↑ Victor Appleton II, 1961. Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine., originally published by Grosset & Dunlap of New York, now re-published by Project Gutenberg. ARPA is referred to on page 68 Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. published 1961
↑ Numb3ers, Season 1, Episode 5 Archived 2010-03-25 at the Wayback Machine., and Season 5, Episode 17 Archived 2010-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.

This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

DARPA Home Page
Ongoing Research Programs
Declassified DARPA documents, OSD & Joint Staff FOIA Service
DARPA FY2015 Research Program

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
Offices	Adaptive Execution Biological Technologies Defense Sciences Information Innovation Microsystems Technology Strategic Technology Tactical Technology
Directors	Johnson Betts Ruina Sproull Herzfeld Rechtin Lukasik Heilmeier Fossum Cooper Duncan Colladay Fields Reis Denman Lynn Fernandez Tether Dugan Prabhakar
History	ARPANET The Mother of All Demos Project AGILE Shakey the robot Aspen Movie Map Network Challenge Grand Challenge
Annual budget $2.8 billion USD Employees 240 Website www.darpa.mil

United States Department of Defense

Headquarters: The Pentagon

Office of the Secretary of Defense
(including Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities)

Deputy Secretary of Defense	Deputy's Advisory Working Group Office of Net Assessment Special Access Program Oversight Committee
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics	Director, Defense Research and Engineering Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Missile Defense Agency Defense Contract Management Agency Defense Logistics Agency Defense Technical Information Center Defense Threat Reduction Agency Office of Economic Adjustment Defense Acquisition University Defense Acquisition Board
Under Secretary of Defense for Policy	Defense Security Cooperation Agency Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee
Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)	Defense Contract Audit Agency Defense Finance and Accounting Service
Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness	Defense Commissary Agency Department of Defense Education Activity DoD Human Resources Activity Military Health System Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence	Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Security Service Defense Information Systems Agency National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency (Director)
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs	Defense Media Activity (American Forces Press Service, American Forces Radio and Television Service, Stars and Stripes, The Pentagon Channel)
General Counsel of the Department of Defense	Defense Legal Services Agency
Director of Administration and Management	Pentagon Force Protection Agency Washington Headquarters Services

Military Departments

Department of the Army	Secretary of the Army The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Army Assistant Secretary for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology Assistant Secretary for Civil Works Assistant Secretary (Financial Management and Comptroller) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy and Environment Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs General Counsel of the Army The Administrative Assistant The Army Staff: Chief of Staff of the Army Vice Chief of Staff of the Army Sergeant Major of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff G-8 Chief of Chaplains Judge Advocate General Provost Marshal General Surgeon General U.S. Army field organizations: see Structure of the United States Army
Department of the Navy	Secretary of the Navy The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Navy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) General Counsel of the Navy Judge Advocate General Naval Criminal Investigative Service Naval Inspector General Headquarters Marine Corps: Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Chaplain U.S. Marine Corps field organizations: see Organization of the United States Marine Corps Office of the Chief of Naval Operations: Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Director of Naval Reactors Chief of Chaplains Chief of Naval Personnel Surgeon General United States Navy field organizations: see Structure of the United States Navy
Department of the Air Force	Secretary of the Air Force The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Air Force Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Financial Management & Comptroller) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations, Environment & Logistics) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs) General Counsel of the Air Force Air Force Office of Special Investigations The Air Staff: Chief of Staff of the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Chief of Chaplains Chief of Safety Chief Scientist Judge Advocate General Surgeon General U.S. Air Force field organizations: Major Commands Direct Reporting Units Field Operating Agencies

Joint Chiefs of Staff
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Joint Requirements Oversight Council Director of the Joint Staff Joint Staff National Military Command Center Alternate National Military Command Center National Defense University

Combatant Commands
Africa Command Central Command European Command Northern Command Pacific Command Southern Command Special Operations Command (Joint Special Operations Command) Strategic Command (Cyber Command) Transportation Command

National Guard Bureau
Chief of the National Guard Bureau Air National Guard Army National Guard

Office of the Inspector General
Defense Criminal Investigative Service

Research and development agencies of the federal government of the United States

Independent agencies

National Science Foundation (NSF)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development
Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA)
Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs

Agriculture

Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)
Economic Research Service (ERS)
United States Forest Service Research and Development (R&D)

Commerce

Defense

Air Force	Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC) Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center (NWC) Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT)
Army	Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM) U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Army Research Laboratory (ARL)
Navy	Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL) Office of Naval Research (ONR) Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC) Naval Warfare Centers Air (NAWC) Surface (NSWC) Undersea (NUWC) Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance (NCCOSC) Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)
Other	Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU)

Education

Energy

Office of Science (DOE SC)
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E)
National Laboratories

Health and Human Services

Homeland Security

Directorate for Science and Technology (S&T)
Coast Guard Research & Development Center (CG RDC)

Interior

United States Geological Survey (USGS)

Justice

National Institute of Justice (NIJ)

Transportation

Research and Innovative Technology Administration
Federal Aviation Administration Research, Engineering, and Development
Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology

Veterans Affairs

Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development (ORD)

Multi-agency initiatives

U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)
Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program (NITRD)
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

Judicial branch

Federal Judicial Center

Policy-making bodies

Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) (defunct)
House Committee on Science, Space and Technology
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th President of the United States (1953–1961) Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1951–1952) Chief of Staff of the Army (1945–1948) Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (1943–1945)
Military career	Military career 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy Louisiana Maneuvers Operation Torch European Theater of Operations Allied invasion of Sicily Normandy landings Operation Veritable Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany Disarmed Enemy Forces European Advisory Commission Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952
Presidency	Presidency 1953 inauguration 1957 inauguration Korean War Armistice 1953 Iranian coup d'état "Chance for Peace" speech "Atoms for Peace" speech Civil Rights Act of 1957 Cold War Domino theory Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization New Look policy 1955 Geneva Summit 1960 U-2 incident NASA DARPA National Defense Education Act Interstate Highway System Suez Crisis Eisenhower Doctrine Little Rock Nine intervention Operation 40 Farewell address / "Military–industrial complex" Office of Food for Peace President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports People to People Student Ambassador Program State of the Union Address (1955 1956 1960) Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court
Books	Crusade in Europe (1948)
Elections	Draft Eisenhower movement Republican Party presidential primaries, 1948 1952 1956 Republican National Convention, 1952 1956 United States Presidential election, 1952 1956
Legacy	Birthplace Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite Boyhood home Eisenhower National Historic Site Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Eisenhower Executive Office Building Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Eisenhower Fellowships Eisenhower Institute Eisenhower Monument Eisenhower dollar commemorative U.S. Postage stamps Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Eisenhower Medical Center Eisenhower Trophy Eisenhower Golf Club Eisenhower Theater Places named for Eisenhower Other tributes and memorials
Popular culture	Eisenhower jacket Eisenhower Tree Crusade in Europe (1949 television series) Ike (1979 miniseries) Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004 film) Pressure (2014 play)
Family	Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (wife) Doud Eisenhower (son) John Eisenhower (son) David Eisenhower (grandson) Anne Eisenhower (granddaughter) Susan Eisenhower (granddaughter) Mary Jean Eisenhower (granddaughter) Jennie Eisenhower (great-granddaughter) Ida Stover Eisenhower (mother) Earl D. Eisenhower (brother) Edgar N. Eisenhower (brother) Milton S. Eisenhower (brother)
Related	Eisenhower baseball controversy Camp David "And I don't care what it is" Atoms for Peace Award Eddie Slovik Kay Summersby
← Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy → Category

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 132454617 LCCN: n79004228 ISNI: 0000 0001 1956 0321 GND: 305022-1 SUDOC: 121455025 BNF: cb125097352 (data) NLA: 35566156

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.