DNA transposon
DNA transposons (also called Class II elements[1]) are a group of transposable elements (TEs) that can move in the DNA of an organism via a single- or double-stranded DNA intermediate.[2]
There are autonomous, as well as nonautonomous DNA transposons. The latter use the enzymatic machinery of the former for their amplification in a genome. It is estimated, that there are around 300,000 copies of DNA transposon fossils in the human genome and they make up around 3% of it.[3]
Examples of DNA Transposons
There are nine superfamilies of DNA Transposons defined.[4] The following is a list of these superfamilies, with some group members:
- Tc1-mariner[5]
- Tigger
- hAT (name is derived from hobo transposon of Drosophila melanogaster)
- Charlie
- Mutator
- Merlin
- Transib
- P
- piggyBac (first discovered in Trichoplusia ni[6])
- PIF/Harbinger
- CACTA
Activity
Today, there are no active DNA Transposons in the human genome anymore.[7] Therefore, the elements found in the human genome are called "fossils".
References
- ↑ Wicker, Thomas; Sabot, François; Hua-Van, Aurélie; Bennetzen, Jeffrey L.; Capy, Pierre; Chalhoub, Boulos; Flavell, Andrew; Leroy, Philippe; Morgante, Michele. "A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements". Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (12): 973–982. doi:10.1038/nrg2165.
- ↑ Feschotte, Cédric; Pritham, Ellen J. (December 2007). "DNA Transposons and the Evolution of Eukaryotic Genomes". Annual Review of Genetics. 41 (1): 331–368. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.40.110405.090448.
- ↑ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (Feb 2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome". Nature. 409 (6822): 860–921. PMID 11237011. doi:10.1038/35057062.
- ↑ Sinzelle, L; Izsvák, Z; Ivics, Z (March 2009). "Molecular domestication of transposable elements: from detrimental parasites to useful host genes.". Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS. 66 (6): 1073–93. PMID 19132291. doi:10.1007/s00018-009-8376-3.
- ↑ Oosumi, T; Belknap, WR; Garlick, B (14 December 1995). "Mariner transposons in humans.". Nature. 378 (6558): 672. PMID 7501013. doi:10.1038/378672a0.
- ↑ Fraser, MJ; Smith, GE; Summers, MD (August 1983). "Acquisition of Host Cell DNA Sequences by Baculoviruses: Relationship Between Host DNA Insertions and FP Mutants of Autographa californica and Galleria mellonella Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses.". Journal of Virology. 47 (2): 287–300. PMC 255260
. PMID 16789244. - ↑ Pace JK, 2nd; Feschotte, C (April 2007). "The evolutionary history of human DNA transposons: evidence for intense activity in the primate lineage.". Genome Research. 17 (4): 422–32. PMC 1832089 . PMID 17339369. doi:10.1101/gr.5826307.