Déjà vu

Déjà vu (/ˌdeɪʒɑː ˈvuː/; French pronunciation: ​[deʒa vy]) from French, literally "already seen", is the phenomenon of having the feeling that the situation currently being experienced has already been experienced in the past.[1][2][3][4] Déjà vu is a feeling of familiarity, and déjà vécu (the feeling of having "already lived through" something)[5] is a feeling of recollection.[6] Scientific approaches reject the explanation of déjà vu as "precognition" or "prophecy", but rather explain it as an anomaly of memory, which creates a distinct impression that an experience is "being recalled".[7][8] This explanation is supported by the fact that the sense of "recollection" at the time is strong in most cases, but the circumstances of the "previous" experience (when, where, and how the earlier experience occurred) are uncertain or believed to be impossible. Two types of déjà vu are suggested to exist: the pathological type of déjà vu usually associated with epilepsy and the non-pathological which is a characteristic of healthy people and psychological phenomena.[9][10][11][12]

A 2004 review claimed that approximately two-thirds of the population have had déjà vu experiences.[13] Other studies confirm that déjà vu is a common experience in healthy individuals, with between 31% and 96% of individuals reporting it. Déjà vu experiences that are unusually prolonged or frequent, or in association with other symptoms such as hallucinations, may be an indicator of neurological or psychiatric illness.[14]

Early researchers tried to establish a link between déjà vu and mental disorders such as anxiety, dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia but failed to find correlations of any diagnostic value.[15] There does not seem to be a special association between déjà vu and schizophrenia.[16][17]

The strongest pathological association of déjà vu is with temporal lobe epilepsy.[18][19][20][21][22][23] This correlation has led some researchers to speculate that the experience of déjà vu is possibly a neurological anomaly related to improper electrical discharge in the brain, creating a strong sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced has already been experienced in the past. As most people suffer a mild (i.e. non-pathological) epileptic episode regularly (e.g. a hypnagogic jerk, the sudden "jolt" that frequently, but not always, occurs just prior to falling asleep), it is conjectured that a similar (mild) neurological aberration occurs in the experience of déjà vu, resulting in an erroneous sensation of memory. Scientists have even looked into genetics when considering déjà vu. Although there is not currently a gene associated with déjà vu, the LGII gene on chromosome 10 is being studied for a possible link. Certain forms of the gene are associated with a mild form of epilepsy and, though by no means a certainty, déjà vu, along with jamais vu, occurs often enough during seizures (such as simple partial seizures) that researchers have reason to suspect a link.[24]

A 2008 study found that déjà vu experiences are unlikely to be pathological dissociative experiences.[25]

Pharmacology

Certain drugs increase the chances of déjà vu occurring in the user, resulting in a strong sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced has already been experienced in the past. Some pharmaceutical drugs, when taken together, have also been implicated in the cause of déjà vu. Taiminen and Jääskeläinen (2001)[26] reported the case of an otherwise healthy male who started experiencing intense and recurrent sensations of déjà vu upon taking the drugs amantadine and phenylpropanolamine together to relieve flu symptoms. He found the experience so interesting that he completed the full course of his treatment and reported it to the psychologists to write up as a case study. Because of the dopaminergic action of the drugs and previous findings from electrode stimulation of the brain (e.g. Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren, 1994),[27] Taiminen and Jääskeläinen speculate that déjà vu occurs as a result of hyperdopaminergic action in the mesial temporal areas of the brain.

Explanations

Memory-based explanations

Research has associated déjà vu experiences with good memory functions.[28]

The similarity between a déjà-vu-eliciting stimulus and an existing, or non-existing but different, memory trace may lead to the sensation that an event or experience currently being experienced has already been experienced in the past.[15][29] Thus, encountering something that evokes the implicit associations of an experience or sensation that cannot be remembered may lead to déjà vu. In an effort to reproduce the sensation experimentally, Banister and Zangwill (1941)[30][31] used hypnosis to give participants posthypnotic amnesia for material they had already seen. When this was later re-encountered, the restricted activation caused thereafter by the posthypnotic amnesia resulted in 3 of the 10 participants reporting what the authors termed "paramnesias".

Memory-based explanations may lead to the development of a number of non-invasive experimental methods by which a long sought-after analogue of déjà vu can be reliably produced that would allow it to be tested under well-controlled experimental conditions. Cleary suggests that déjà vu may be a form of familiarity-based recognition (recognition that is based on a feeling that an event or experience currently being experienced has already been experienced in the past) and that laboratory methods of probing familiarity-based recognition hold promise for probing déjà vu in laboratory settings.[29]

A 2012 study that used virtual reality technology to study reported déjà vu experiences supported this idea. This virtual reality investigation suggested that similarity between a new scene's spatial layout and the layout of a previously experienced scene in memory (but which fails to be recalled) may contribute to the déjà vu experience.[32][32] When the previously experienced scene fails to come to mind in response to viewing the new scene, that previously experienced scene in memory can still exert an effect—that effect may be a feeling of familiarity with the new scene that is subjectively experienced as a feeling that an event or experience currently being experienced has already been experienced in the past, or of having been there before despite knowing otherwise.

Another possible explanation for the phenomenon of déjà vu is the occurrence of "cryptomnesia", which is where information learned is forgotten but nevertheless stored in the brain, and similar occurrences invoke the contained knowledge, leading to a feeling of familiarity because the event or experience being experienced has already been experienced in the past, known as "déjà vu". Some experts suggest that memory is a process of reconstruction, rather than a recall of fixed, established events. This reconstruction comes from stored components, involving elaborations, distortions, and omissions. Each successive recall of an event is merely a recall of the last reconstruction. The proposed sense of recognition (déjà vu) involves achieving a good "match" between the present experience and our stored data. This reconstruction, however, may now differ so much from the original event that we "know" we have never experienced it before, even though it seems similar.[33]

In 1963, Robert Efron of Boston's Veterans Hospital proposed that déjà vu is caused by dual neurological processing caused by delayed signals. Efron found that the brain's sorting of incoming signals is done in the temporal lobe of the brain's left hemisphere. However, signals enter the temporal lobe twice before processing, once from each hemisphere of the brain, normally with a slight delay of milliseconds between them. Efron proposed that if the two signals were occasionally not synchronized properly, then they would be processed as two separate experiences, with the second seeming to be a re-living of the first.[34][35]

Dream-based explanation

One theory of déjà vu attributes the feeling of having previously seen or experienced something that is currently being seen or experienced to that of having dreamt about a similar situation or place and then forgetting about it until one seems to be mysteriously reminded of the situation or the place while awake.[36] The spontaneity of these types of déjà vu "moments" can catch any person off-guard, especially when they get the sensation from visiting a specific place they have never been to before, to the point where they are in a temporary state of shock and disbelief.

Jamais vu

Jamais vu (from French, meaning "never seen") is a term in psychology which is used to describe any familiar situation which is not recognized by the observer.

Often described as the opposite of déjà vu, jamais vu involves a sense of eeriness and the observer's impression of seeing the situation for the first time, despite rationally knowing that he or she has been in the situation before. Jamais vu is more commonly explained as when a person momentarily does not recognize a word, person, or place that they already know. Jamais vu is sometimes associated with certain types of aphasia, amnesia, and epilepsy.

Theoretically, a jamais vu feeling in a sufferer of a delirious disorder or intoxication could result in a delirious explanation of it, such as in the Capgras delusion, in which the patient takes a known person for a false double or impostor.[37] If the impostor is himself, the clinical setting would be the same as the one described as depersonalisation, hence jamais vus of oneself or of the very "reality of reality", are termed depersonalisation (or surreality) feelings.

The feeling has been evoked through semantic satiation. Chris Moulin of the University of Leeds asked 95 volunteers to write the word "door" 30 times in 60 seconds. 68 percent of the subjects reported symptoms of jamais vu, with some beginning to doubt that "door" was a real word.[37]

The experience has also been named "vuja de" and "véjà du".[38][39]

Presque vu

Presque vu (French pronunciation: ​[pʁɛsk vy], from French, meaning "almost seen") is the intense feeling of being on the very brink of a powerful epiphany, insight, or revelation, without actually achieving the revelation. The feeling is often therefore associated with a frustrating, tantalizing sense of incompleteness or near-completeness.[40]

Déjà entendu

Déjà entendu, (literally "already heard") is the experience of feeling sure about having already heard something, even though the exact details are uncertain or were perhaps imagined.[41][42]

Déjà vécu

Déjà vécu is a memory mis-attribution where one feels they have been through an experience and even remember details of what happened.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Brown, A. S. (2003). "A Review of the Deja Vu Experience". Psychological Bulletin. 129: 394–413. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.394.
  2. ↑ O'Connor, A. R; Moulin, C. J. A. (2010). "Recognition without identification, erroneous familiarity, and déjà vu". Current Psychiatry Reports. 12: 165–173. doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0119-5.
  3. ↑ Schnider, Armin. (2008). The Confabulating Mind: How the Brain Creates Reality. Oxford University Press. pp. 167–168. ISBN 978-0-19-920675-9
  4. ↑ Blom, Jan Dirk. (2010). A Dictionary of Hallucinations. Springer. pp. 132-134. ISBN 978-1-4419-1222-0
  5. ↑ Ratliff, E. (02-06-2006). "Déjà Vu, Again and Again". The New York Times
  6. ↑ Illman, N. A.; Butler, C. R.; Souchay, C.; Moulin, C. J. A. (2012). "Déjà Experiences in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy". Epilepsy Research and Treatment. 2012: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2012/539567.
  7. ↑ "The Meaning of Déjà Vu", Eli Marcovitz, M.D. (1952). Psychoanalytic Quarterly, vol. 21, pages: 481–489
  8. ↑ The déjà vu experience, Alan S. Brown, Psychology Press, (2008), ISBN 0-203-48544-0, Introduction, page 1
  9. ↑ Warren-Gash, Charlotte; Zeman, Adam (2003). "Déjà vu". Practical Neurology. 3: 106–109. doi:10.1046/j.1474-7766.2003.11136.x.
  10. ↑ Nathan A. Illman, Chris R. Butler, Celine Souchay, and Chris J. A. Moulin. (2012). Déjà Experiences in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Epilepsy Research and Treatment 1–15.
  11. ↑ Vlasov, P. N.; Chervyakov, A. V.; Gnezditskii, V. V. (2013). "Déjà vu phenomenon-related EEG pattern: Case report". Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports. 1: 136–141. doi:10.1016/j.ebcr.2013.08.001.
  12. ↑ Labate, Angelo; Cerasa, Antonio; Mumoli, Laura; Ferlazzo, Edoardo; Aguglia, Umberto; Quattrone, Aldo; Gambardella, Antonio (2015). "Neuro-anatomical differences among epileptic and non-epileptic déjà-vu". Cortex. 64: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.09.020.
  13. ↑ Brown, A. S. (2004). "The déjà vu illusion". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 13: 256–259. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00320.x.
  14. ↑ Wild, E (Jan 2005). "Deja vu in neurology.". Journal of neurology. 252 (1): 1–7. PMID 15654548. doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0677-3.
  15. 1 2 Brown, Alan S. (2004). The Déjà Vu Experience. Psychology Press. ISBN 1-84169-075-9.
  16. ↑ Adachi, T.; Adachi, N.; Takekawa, Y.; Akanuma, N.; Ito, M.; Matsubara, R.; Ikeda, H.; Kimura, M.; Arai, H. (2006). "Déjà Vu Experiences in Patients with Schizophrenia". Compr Psychiatry. 47: 389–393. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.12.003.
  17. ↑ Adachi, N.; Adachi, T.; Akanuma, N.; Matsubara, R.; Ito, M.; Takekawa, Y.; Ikeda, H.; Arai, H. (2007). "Déjà vu experiences in schizophrenia: relations with psychopathology and antipsychotic medication". Compr Psychiatry. 48: 592–596. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.05.014.
  18. ↑ Neurology Channel
  19. ↑ Howstuffworks "What is déjà vu?"
  20. ↑ Kovacs, N.; Auer, T.; Balas, I.; Karadi, K.; Zambo, K.; Schwarcz, A.; et al. (2009). "Neuroimaging and cognitive changes during déjà vu.". Epilepsy and Behavior. 14: 190–196. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.08.017.
  21. ↑ Akgül, S; Öksüz-Kanbur, N; Turan, G (2013). "Persistent déjà vu associated with temporal lobe epilepsy in an adolescent". Turk J Pediatr. 55: 552–554.
  22. ↑ Warren-Gash, C; Zeman, A (2014). "Is there anything distinctive about epileptic déjà vu?". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 85: 143–147. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2012-303520.
  23. ↑ Wells, CE; Moulin, CJ; Ethridge, P; Illman, NA; Davies, E; Zeman, A (2014). "Persistent psychogenic déjà vu: a case report". J Med Case Rep. 8: 414. PMC 4295571 Freely accessible. PMID 25482434. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-414.
  24. ↑ Brynie, Faith (2009). Brain Sense: The Science of the Senses and How We Process the World Around Us. Amacom. p. 195.
  25. ↑ Adachi, N.; Akanu, N.; Adachi, T.; Takekawa, Y.; Adachi, Y.; Ito, M.; Ikeda, H. (2008). "Déjà vu experiences are rarely associated with pathological dissociation". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 196: 417–419. doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31816ff36d.
  26. ↑ Taiminen, T.; Jääskeläinen, S. (2001). "Intense and recurrent déjà vu experiences related to amantadine and phenylpropanolamine in a healthy male". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 8 (5): 460–462. PMID 11535020. doi:10.1054/jocn.2000.0810.
  27. ↑ Bancaud, J.; Brunet-Bourgin, F.; Chauvel, P.; Halgren, E. (1994). "Anatomical origin of déjà vu and vivid 'memories' in human temporal lobe epilepsy". Brain : a journal of neurology. 117 (1): 71–90. PMID 8149215. doi:10.1093/brain/117.1.71.
  28. ↑ Adachi, N.; Adachi, T.; Kimura, M.; Akanuma, N.; Takekawa, Y.; Kato, M. (2003). "Demographic and psychological features of déjà vu experiences in a nonclinical Japanese population". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 191: 242–247. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000061149.26296.dc.
  29. 1 2 Cleary, Anne M. (2008). "Recognition memory, familiarity and déjà vu experiences". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 17 (5): 353–357. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00605.x.
  30. ↑ Banister H, Zangwill OL (1941). "Experimentally induced olfactory paramnesia". British Journal of Psychology. 32: 155–175. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1941.tb01018.x.
  31. ↑ Banister H, Zangwill OL (1941). "Experimentally induced visual paramnesias". British Journal of Psychology. 32: 30–51. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1941.tb01008.x.
  32. 1 2 Cleary; Brown, AS; Sawyer, BD; Nomi, JS; Ajoku, AC; Ryals, AJ; et al. (2012). "Familiarity from the configuration of objects in 3-dimensional space and its relation to déjà vu: A virtual reality investigation". Consciousness and Cognition. 21 (2): 969–975. PMID 22322010. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.12.010.
  33. ↑ Youngson, R. "Deja Vu". The Royal Society of Medicine Health Encyclopedia. Dr R.M. Youngson. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  34. ↑ Robert, Efron. "TEMPORAL PERCEPTION, APHASIA AND DÉJÀ VU". Brain. 86: 403–424. doi:10.1093/brain/86.3.403.
  35. ↑ How déjà vu works by Lee Ann Obringer - How Stuff Works
  36. ↑ Lohff, David C. (2004). The Dream Directory: The Comprehensive Guide to Analysis and Interpretation. Running Press. ISBN 0-7624-1962-8.
  37. 1 2 Ahuja, Anjana (2006-07-24). "Doctor, I've got this little lump on my arm . . . Relax, that tells me everything". London: Times Online. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
  38. ↑ "The power of "Vuja De"". 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2016-04-11. something else that you’ve done a hundred times before—and you suddenly feel as if you’re experiencing something completely new. This is vuja de,
  39. ↑ "Adam Grant TED Talk 2016 (HD): The surprising habits of original thinkers" (published 2016-04-03). February 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-11. Véjà du is when you look at something you've seen many times before and all of a sudden see it with fresh eyes position mm:ss 11:12
  40. ↑ Blom, Jan Dirk (2009). A Dictionary of Hallucinations. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 422.
  41. ↑ Grinnel, Renée (2008). "Déjà Entendu". PsychCentral. Retrieved 2011-04-10
  42. ↑ Mental Status Examination Rapid Record Form

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