Czesław Miłosz

Czesław Miłosz

Czesław Miłosz,
a 1999 portrait by Artur Pawłowski
Born (1911-06-30)30 June 1911
Szetejnie, Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire
Died 14 August 2004(2004-08-14) (aged 93)
Kraków, Poland
Occupation Poet, prose writer, essayist
Nationality Polish
Citizenship Polish, American
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Literature (1980)
Signature

Czesław Miłosz ([ˈt͡ʂɛswaf ˈmiwɔʂ]; 30 June 1911 – 14 August 2004) was a Polish[1][2] poet, prose writer, translator and diplomat. His World War II-era sequence The World is a collection of twenty "naïve" poems. Following the war, he served as Polish cultural attaché in Paris and Washington, D.C., then in 1951 defected to the West. His nonfiction book The Captive Mind (1953) became a classic of anti-Stalinism. From 1961 to 1998 he was a professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Berkeley. He became a U.S. citizen in 1970.[3] In 1978 he was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, and in 1980 the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1999 he was named a Puterbaugh Fellow.[4] After the fall of the Iron Curtain, he divided his time between Berkeley, California, and Kraków, Poland.

Life in Europe

Czesław Miłosz was born on June 30, 1911, in the village of Szetejnie (Lithuanian: Šeteniai), Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire (now Kėdainiai district, Kaunas County, Lithuania) on the border between two Lithuanian historical regions, Samogitia and Aukštaitija, in central Lithuania. As the son of Aleksander Miłosz (d.1959), a Polish civil engineer of Lithuanian origin,[3][5][6][7][8] and Weronika, née Kunat (1887-1945), descendant of the Syruć noble family (she was a granddaughter of Szymon Syruć),[9] Miłosz was fluent in Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, English, and French.[10] His brother, Andrzej Miłosz (1917–2002), a Polish journalist, translator of literature and of film subtitles into Polish, was a documentary-film producer who created Polish documentaries about his brother.

Miłosz was raised Catholic in rural Lithuania and emphasized his identity with the multi-ethnic Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a stance that led to ongoing controversies. He refused to categorically identify himself as either a Pole or a Lithuanian.[11] He said of himself: "I am a Lithuanian to whom it was not given to be a Lithuanian",[12] and "My family in the sixteenth century already spoke Polish, just as many families in Finland spoke Swedish and in Ireland English, so I am a Polish not a Lithuanian poet. But the landscapes and perhaps the spirits of Lithuania have never abandoned me".[13] Miłosz memorialised his Lithuanian childhood in a 1955 novel The Issa Valley and in the 1959 memoir Native Realm.[14] He employed a Lithuanian-language tutor late in life to improve the skills acquired in his childhood. His explanation was that it might be the language spoken in heaven.[15] He often is quoted as having said, "Language is the only homeland."

Czesław Miłosz (right) with brother Andrzej Miłosz at PEN Club World Congress, Warsaw, May 1999

In his youth, Miłosz came to adopt, as he put it, a "scientific, atheistic position mostly", although he was later to return to the Catholic faith.[16] After graduation from Sigismund Augustus Gymnasium in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania), he studied law at Stefan Batory University. In 1931 he traveled to Paris, where he was influenced by his distant cousin Oscar Milosz, a French poet of Lithuanian descent and a Swedenborgian. In 1931, he formed the poetic group Żagary with the young poets Jerzy Zagórski, Teodor Bujnicki, Aleksander Rymkiewicz, Jerzy Putrament and Józef Maśliński.[17] Miłosz's first volume of poetry was published in 1934. After receiving his law degree that year, he again spent a year in Paris on a fellowship. Upon returning, he worked as a commentator at Radio Wilno, but was dismissed, an action described as stemming from either his leftist views or for views overly sympathetic to Lithuania.[12][18] Miłosz wrote all his poetry, fiction and essays in Polish and translated the Old Testament Psalms into Polish.

Miłosz spent World War II in Warsaw, under Nazi Germany's "General Government". Here he attended underground lectures by Polish philosopher and historian of philosophy and aesthetics Władysław Tatarkiewicz. He did not join the Polish Home Army's resistance or participate in the Warsaw Uprising, partly from an instinct for self-preservation and partly because he saw its leadership as right-wing and dictatorial.[19] According to Irena Grudzińska-Gross, he saw the uprising as a "doomed military effort" and lacked "patriotic elation" — he called it "a blameworthy, lightheaded enterprise."[19][20]

Czesław Miłosz on a post stamp issued in Lithuania to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his birth

After World War II, Miłosz served as cultural attaché of the newly formed People's Republic of Poland in and Washington, D.C. and Paris. For this he was criticized in some emigre circles. Conversely, he was attacked and censored in Poland when, in 1951, he defected and obtained political asylum in France. He described his life in Paris as difficult — there was still considerable intellectual sympathy for Communism. Albert Camus was supportive, but Pablo Neruda denounced him as "The Man Who Ran Away."[21] His attempts to seek asylum in the US were denied for several years, due to the climate of McCarthyism.[22]

Miłosz's 1953 book, The Captive Mind, is a study about how intellectuals behave under a repressive regime. Miłosz observed that those who became dissidents were not necessarily those with the strongest minds but rather those with the weakest stomachs; the mind can rationalize anything, he said, but the stomach can take only so much. Throughout the Cold War, the book was often cited by U.S. conservative commentators such as William F. Buckley, Jr., and it has been a staple in political science courses on totalitarianism.

In 1953 he received the Prix Littéraire Européen (European Literary Prize).

Righteous Among the Nations

During the Nazi occupation of Poland, Miłosz was active in the work of Organizacja Socjalistyczno-Niepodległościowa "Wolność" ("The 'Freedom' Socialist Pro-Independence Organisation"). In his activity with "Wolność", Miłosz gave aid to Warsaw Jews. His brother Andrzej Miłosz was also active in helping Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland, and in 1943 Andrzej transported the Polish Jew Seweryn Tross and his wife from Vilnius to Warsaw. Czesław Miłosz took in the Trosses, found them a hiding place, and supported them financially. The Trosses ultimately died during the Warsaw Uprising. Miłosz helped at least three other Jews — Felicja Wołkomińska and her brother and sister. For these efforts, Miłosz received the medal of the Righteous Among the Nations in Yad Vashem, Israel in 1989.[23][24]

Life in the United States

Miłosz, 1998

In 1960 Miłosz emigrated to the United States, and in 1970 he became a U.S. citizen. In 1961 he began a professorship in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Berkeley.[25]

In 1978 he received the Neustadt International Prize for Literature.[25] He retired the same year but continued teaching at Berkeley. His attitude about living in Berkeley is sensitively portrayed in his poem, "A Magic Mountain," contained in a collection of translated poems, Bells in Winter (Ecco Press, 1985).

In 1980 Miłosz received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Since his works had been banned in Poland by the communist government, this was the first time that many Poles became aware of him.[26] After the Iron Curtain fell, he was able to return to Poland, at first to visit, later to live part-time in Kraków. He divided his time between his home in Berkeley and an apartment in Kraków.

In 1977 he had been given an honorary doctorate by the University of Michigan; two weeks after he received the 1980 Nobel Prize in Literature, he returned to Michigan to lecture, and in 1983 he became the Visiting Walgreen Professor of Human Understanding. In 1989 he received the U.S. National Medal of Arts and an honorary doctorate from Harvard University.

In a 1994 interview, Miłosz spoke of the difficulty of writing religious poetry in a largely post-religious world. He reported a recent conversation with his compatriot Pope John Paul II; the latter, commenting upon some of Miłosz's work, in particular Six Lectures in Verse, said to him: "You make one step forward, one step back." The poet answered: "Holy Father, how in the twentieth century can one write religious poetry differently?" The Pope smiled.[27] A few years later, in 2000, Miłosz dedicated a rather straightforward ode to John Paul II, on the occasion of the pope's eightieth birthday.[28]

Death and legacy

Miłosz's final resting place: Skałka Roman Catholic Church, Kraków
Miłosz's sarcophagus

Czesław Miłosz died on 14 August 2004 at his Kraków home, aged 93. He was buried in Kraków's Skałka Roman Catholic Church, becoming one of the last to be commemorated there.[29] Protesters threatened to disrupt the proceedings on the grounds that he was anti-Polish, anti-Catholic, and had signed a petition supporting gay and lesbian freedom of speech and assembly.[30] Pope John Paul II, along with Miłosz's confessor, issued public messages to the effect that Miłosz had been receiving the sacraments, which quelled the protest.[31]

His first wife, Janina (née Dłuska, b. 1909), whom he married in 1944, died in 1986; they had two sons, Anthony (b. 1947) and John Peter (b. 1951). His second wife, Carol Thigpen (b. 1944), an American-born historian, died in 2002.

Miłosz is honoured at Israel's Yad Vashem memorial to the Holocaust, as one of the "Righteous among the Nations". A poem by Miłosz appears on a Gdańsk memorial to protesting shipyard workers who had been killed by government security forces in 1970. His books and poems have been translated by many hands, including Jane Zielonko, Peter Dale Scott, Robert Pinsky, and Robert Hass.

In November 2011, Yale University hosted a conference on Miłosz's relationship with America.[32] The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, which holds the Czesław Miłosz Papers,[33] also hosted an exhibition celebrating Miłosz's life and work, entitled Exile as Destiny: Czeslaw Miłosz and America. 2011 was deemed "The Miłosz Year," which culminated in a large conference in Kraków (May 9–15, 2011).

Selected works

Poetry collections

  • 1936: Trzy zimy (Three Winters); Warsaw: Władysława Mortkowicz
  • 1945: Ocalenie (Rescue); Warsaw: Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza Czytelnik
  • 1954: Światło dzienne (The Light of Day); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1957: Traktat poetycki (A Poetical Treatise); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1962: Król Popiel i inne wiersze (King Popiel and Other Poems); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1965: Gucio zaczarowany (Gucio Enchanted); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1969: Miasto bez imienia (City Without a Name); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1974: Gdzie słońce wschodzi i kedy zapada (Where the Sun Rises and Where it Sets); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1982: Hymn o Perle (The Poem of the Pearl); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1984: Nieobjęta ziemia (The Unencompassed Earth); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1989: Kroniki (Chronicles); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1991: Dalsze okolice (Farther Surroundings); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1994: Na brzegu rzeki (Facing the River); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 2000: To (It), Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 2002: Druga przestrzen (The Second Space); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 2003: Orfeusz i Eurydyka (Orpheus and Eurydice); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 2006: Wiersze ostatnie (Last Poems) Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak

Prose collections

  • 1953: Zniewolony umysł (The Captive Mind); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1955: Zdobycie władzy (The Seizure of Power); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1955: Dolina Issy (The Issa Valley); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1959: Rodzinna Europa (Native Realm); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1969: The History of Polish Literature; London-New York: MacMillan
  • 1969: Widzenia nad Zatoką San Francisco (A View of San Francisco Bay); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1974: Prywatne obowiązki (Private Obligations); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1976: Emperor of the Earth; Berkeley: University of California Press
  • 1977: Ziemia Ulro (The Land of Ulro); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1979: Ogród Nauk (The Garden of Science); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1981: Nobel Lecture; New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux
  • 1983: The Witness of Poetry; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
  • 1985: Zaczynając od moich ulic (Starting from My Streets); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1986: A mi Európánkról (About our Europe); New York: Hill and Wang
  • 1989: Rok myśliwego (A year of the hunter); Paris: Instytut Literacki
  • 1992: Szukanie ojczyzny (In Search of a Homeland); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1995: Metafizyczna pauza (The Metaphysical Pause); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1996: Legendy nowoczesności (Modern Legends, War Essays); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 1997: Zycie na wyspach (Life on Islands); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1997: Piesek przydrożny (Roadside Dog); Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 1997: Abecadło Milosza (Milosz's Alphabet); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 1988: Inne Abecadło (A Further Alphabet); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 1999: Wyprawa w dwudziestolecie (An Excursion through the Twenties and Thirties); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 2001: To Begin Where I Am: Selected Essays; New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux
  • 2004: Spiżarnia literacka (A Literary Larder); Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie
  • 2004: Przygody młodego umysłu; Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak
  • 2004: O podróżach w czasie; (On time travel) Kraków: Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak

Novels

  • 2017: The Mountains of Parnassus; Yale University Press

Translations by Miłosz

See also

References

  1. ↑ Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1985). The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 652. ISBN 0-19-866130-4.
  2. ↑ Krzyżanowski, Julian, ed. (1986). Literatura polska: przewodnik encyklopedyczny, Volume 1: A–M. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. pp. 671–672. ISBN 83-01-05368-2.
  3. 1 2 "The Civic and the Tribal State: The State, Ethnicity, and the Multiethnic State" By Feliks Gross - Page 124
  4. ↑ "Puterbaugh Fellows | Puterbaugh Festival of International Literature & Culture". World Literature Today. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  5. ↑ Saulius Sužiedėlis (1 February 2011). Historical Dictionary of Lithuania. Scarecrow Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-8108-4914-3. Miłosz often emphasized his Lithuanian origins
  6. ↑ Irena Grudzińska-Gross (24 November 2009). Czesław Miłosz and Joseph Brodsky: fellowship of poets. Yale University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-300-14937-1. ...The "true" Poles reminded the nation of Milosz's Lithuanian origin, his religious unorthodoxy, and his leftist past
  7. ↑ Encyclopedia of World Biography, Volume 11 - Page 40
  8. ↑ Robinson Jeffers, Dimensions of a poet - Page 177
  9. ↑ Brus, Anna (2009). "Szymon Syruć". Polski Słownik Biograficzny. 46. Polska Akademia Nauk & Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 314.
  10. ↑ Anderson, Raymond H. (August 15, 2004). "Czeslaw Milosz, Poet and Nobelist Who Wrote of Modern Cruelties, Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  11. ↑ "In Memoriam". University of California. Retrieved 2008-03-17. Miłosz would always place emphasis upon his identity as one of the last citizens of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a place of competing and overlapping identities. This stance—not Polish enough for some, not Lithuanian to others—would give rise to controversies that have not ceased with his death in either country.
  12. 1 2 (in Lithuanian) "Išėjus Česlovui Milošui, Lietuva neteko dalelės savęs". Mokslo Lietuva (Scientific Lithuania) (in Lithuanian). Retrieved October 16, 2007.
  13. ↑ Aušra Paulauskienė: Lost and found: the discovery of Lithuania in American fiction. Rodopi 2007, page 24
  14. ↑ Marech, Rona (15 August 2004). "CZESLAW MILOSZ 1911-2004". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
  15. ↑ Czeslaw Milosz (4 April 2006). Selected Poems: 1931-2004 (Biographical note). HarperCollins. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-06-018867-2. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  16. ↑ Haven, Cynthia L., "'A Sacred Vision': An Interview with Czesław Miłosz", in Haven, Cynthia L. (ed.), Czesław Miłosz: Conversations. University Press of Mississippi, 2006, p. 145.
  17. ↑ Between Anxiety and Hope: The Poetry and Writing of Czeslaw Milosz by Edward Możejko. University of Alberta Press, 1988. pp 2f.
  18. ↑ "Czeslaw Milosz, a Polish émigré poet, died on August 14th, aged 93". The Economist. 2004-08-14. Retrieved 2011-04-06. In pre-war Poland Mr Milosz felt stifled by the prevailing Catholic-nationalist ethos; he was sacked from a Polish radio station for being too pro-Lithuanian.
  19. 1 2 Enda O’Doherty. "Apples at World’s End". Dublin Review of Books. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
  20. ↑ "The Year of Czesław Miłosz" (PDF). Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. August 2012.
  21. ↑ Cynthia L. Haven (2006). Czesław Miłosz: Conversations. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-57806-829-6.
  22. ↑ Eric Thomas Chester (26 June 1995). Covert Network: Progressives, the International Rescue Committee, and the CIA. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-7656-3495-5.
  23. ↑ Czesław Miłosz – his activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website
  24. ↑ "Czesław Miłosz (1911-2011)". [Leksykon Lublin].
  25. 1 2 "Czeslaw Milosz - Biographical". nobelprize.org (Nobel Prize Media). Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  26. ↑ Merriman, John; Winter, Jay (2006). "Milosz, Czeslaw (1911-2004)" in Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction, vol. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 1765–1766. ISBN 0684313707.
  27. ↑ "Czesław Miłosz Interviewed by Robert Faggen", The Paris Review No. 133 (Winter 1994).
  28. ↑ Andreas Dorschel, 'Es ist eine Lust zu beichten', Süddeutsche Zeitung nr. 192 (20 August 2004), p. 14.
  29. ↑ Photos from Miłosz's funeral in Krakow
  30. ↑ Agnieszka Tennant. "The Poet Who Remembered - Poland (mostly) honors Czeslaw Miłosz upon his death". booksandculture.com.
  31. ↑ Irena Grudzińska-Gross (2009). Czeslaw Milosz and Joseph Brodsky. Yale University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-300-14937-1. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  32. ↑ conference on Miłosz and America
  33. ↑ Czesław Miłosz Papers

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