Stone circle

Swinside stone circle, in the Lake District, England.
Bryn Cader Faner, North Wales.

A stone circle is a monument of standing stones arranged in a circle. Such monuments have been constructed in many parts of the world throughout history for many different reasons. Outside of Europe, stone circles have also been erected, such as the 6300~6900 BCE Atlit Yam in Israel and 3000~4000 BCE Gilgal Refaim nearby, or the Bronze Age examples from Hong Kong.

The best known tradition of stone circle construction occurred across the British Isles and Brittany in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, with over 1000 examples still surviving to this day, including famous examples like Avebury, the Rollright Stones and Stonehenge. Another prehistoric stone circle tradition occurred in southern Scandinavia during the Iron Age, where they were built to be mortuary monuments to the dead.

The size and number of the stones varies from example to example, and the circle shape can be an ellipse.

Dates and archaeology of European Megalithic stone circles

All experts agree that stone circles are of pre-Christian date, but beyond that stone circles have proven difficult to date accurately. Radiocarbon dating has produced a wide range of dates at different sites. This is at least partly due to an inadequacy of materials suitable for radiocarbon dating that can be reliably obtained from the sites. The diversity of radiocarbon evidence may also suggest that stone circles were constructed over a very long period, or were sometimes reconstructed at later dates. It is often not clear when building started. A further obstacle to dating is that there are generally no other archaeological artifacts associated with the stone circles. Traditional archaeological artifacts, such as pottery sherds, bones, etc., are not often found at the sites, and when found are frequently of a later date than the associated stone circle.

The sites display no evidence of human dwelling, and rarely encompass graves. This suggests that stone circles were constructed for ceremonies (perhaps religious ceremonies) and were in use on ceremonial occasions only. The type of ceremonies (if any) is entirely unknown. An alternative hypothesis is that they were a form of amulet or talisman, i.e., an entity acknowledging and appeasing supposed spirits dwelling in nature, meaning that their ceremonial use was secondary to their talismanic value, or equal to it. The crudeness and variety of the stones excludes the possibility that they had astronomical observation purposes of any precision. Sometimes a stone circle is found in association with a burial pit or burial chamber, but the great majority of these monuments have no such association. A stone circle is an entirely different entity from a henge, and different also from an isolated monolith, yet sometimes these other types of ancient stone monuments are found in close proximity.

The earliest known circles were apparently erected around five thousand years ago during the Neolithic period and may have evolved from earlier burial mounds which often covered timber or stone mortuary houses. The suggestion that they may have evolved from earlier burial mounds is undercut by the fact that, of the hundreds of Neolithic and Bronze Age circles that have been identified, none are provably centered on a burial. That suggests religious context, the details of which are still obscure.

During the Middle Neolithic (c. 3700–2500 BC) stone circles began to appear in coastal and lowland areas towards the north of the United Kingdom. The Langdale axe industry in the Lake District appears to have been an important early centre for circle building, perhaps because of its economic power. Many had closely set stones, perhaps similar to the earth banks of henges, others were made from unfounded boulders rather than standing stones.

By the later Neolithic, stone circle construction had attained a greater precision and popularity. Rather than being limited to coastal areas, they began to move inland and their builders grew more ambitious, producing examples of up to 400 m diameter in the case of the Outer Circle at Avebury. Most circles, however, measured around 25 m in diameter. Designs became more complex, with double and triple ring designs appearing along with significant regional variation. These monuments are often classed separately as concentric stone circles.

The final phase of stone circle construction took place in the early to middle Bronze Age (c. 2200–1500 BC) and saw the construction of numerous small circles which, it has been suggested, were built by individual family groups rather than the large numbers that monuments like Avebury would have required.

By 1500 BC stone circle construction had all but ceased. It is thought that changing weather patterns led people away from upland areas and that new religious thinking led to different ways of marking life and death.

Variants

Concentric stone circle

A concentric stone circle is a type of prehistoric monument consisting of a circular or oval arrangement of two or more stone circles set within one another. They were in use from the late Neolithic to the end of the early Bronze Age, and are found in England and Scotland.

Connected features at some sites include central mounds, outlying standing stones, avenues or circular banks on which the stones are set. Burials have been found at all excavated concentric stone circles: both inhumations and either urned or unurned cremations. A funerary purpose is thought likely, especially by Burl who sees the Cumbrian sites as being analogous to the kerbs that surround some chamber tombs, and cobble pavements have been found in the centre of many examples. Alternatively, they may be skeuomorphs of earlier timber circle sites rebuilt in stone, especially the examples in Wessex.

Recumbent stone circle

Easter Aquhorthies recumbent stone circle near Inverurie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Dunnideer recumbent stone circle near Insch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

Recumbent stone circles are a variation of the types of circle found throughout the British Isles and Brittany with the recumbent type being peculiar to the north east of Scotland, where there are 71 examples,[1] and south west Ireland (at least 20 examples, including Drombeg stone circle near Glandore and Rosscarbery, Co. Cork). Recumbent stone circles date back to approx 3000 BC.

A recumbent circle is formed principally of a ring of stones, like all other stone circles; however, there is one, large recumbent stone laid on its side. Recumbent circles can be divided into two distinct groups:

Scottish Recumbent Circles

In these, the recumbent stone is usually flanked by the two largest of the standing stones immediately on either side. These are known as 'flankers'. The stones are commonly graded in height with the lowest stones being diametrically opposite to the tall flankers. It is not uncommon for the circle to contain a ring cairn and cremation remains. The recumbent stone typically lies between the SSE and SW points of the circle.[2] It is thought that this configuration was used for lunar observations; however such an alignment also coincides with the Winter Solstice Sunset. These circles are usually in good farmland, near hill-tops.

Irish Recumbent Circles

These circles are found in the counties of Cork and Kerry in the southwest of Ireland. There are no tall flanking stones on either side of the recumbent stone. Instead, there are two tall stones at the side of the circle opposite the recumbent stone. These are known as 'portals' as they form an entrance into the circle. Often the portals are turned so that their flat sides face each other, rather than facing into the centre of the circle. The stones of the circle are often graded in height, with the tallest being the portals, and the heights getting less gradually down to the recumbent stone which is the lowest.[3]

Distribution

Megalithic monuments are found in especially great number on the European Atlantic fringe, with stone circles particularly common in the British Isles.[4]

Americas

Archaeology of the Americas shows a stone circle on Burnt Hill, in Heath, Massachusetts in the US.

British Isles

Drombeg stone circle - County Cork, Ireland.
Stone circle at the Carrigagulla complex, County Cork, Ireland

There are approximately 1,300 stone circles in Britain and Ireland.[5] The French archaeologist Jean-Pierre Mohen in his book Le Monde des Megalithes says: "British Isles megalithism is outstanding in the abundance of standing stones, and the variety of circular architectural complexes of which they formed a part...strikingly original, they have no equivalent elsewhere in Europe — strongly supporting the argument that the builders were independent."

Often oriented on sight lines for the rising or setting sun, it is possible that, for their builders, the cycle of seasons was very important.

The largest stone circle in Britain is at Avebury, the second largest stone circle is the Great Circle at Stanton Drew stone circles, and the Ring of Brodgar contains the third largest stone circle in Britain.

Continental Atlantic Europe

On the European continent, there are several examples in Brittany: two on the island of Er Lannic and two more suggested at Carnac. The Petit Saint Bernard circle lies further afield, in the French Alps. They are also known as harrespil in the Basque country, where villagers call them mairu-baratz or jentil-baratz that means "pagan garden (cemetery)", referring to mythologic giants of the pre-Christian era.

Horn of Africa

Ancient stone circles are found throughout the Horn of Africa. Booco in northeastern Somalia contains a number of such old structures. Small stone circles here surround two enclosed platform monuments, which are set together. The circles of stone are believed to mark associated graves.[6]

At Emba Darho in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, two kinds of megalithic circles are found. The first type consists of single stone circles, whereas the second type comprises an inner circle enclosed within a larger circle (i.e. double stone circles).[7]

Post-megalithic and other

In Scandinavia a tradition existed of making stone circles during the Iron Age. Characteristic especially of Götaland, the appearance of these circles in northern Poland is traditionally taken as evidence of the Goths' migration (see Stone Circle (Iron Age) and Wielbark Culture).

There was a separate period of stone circle building from the eighth to the twelfth century in West Africa. The best known are the Senegambian stone circles, built as funerary monuments, with more than a thousand known. Other stone circles can be found on the Adrar Plateau in Mauritania.

A stone semicircle, comprising seven 600-kilogram megaliths, has been discovered in the drowned neolithic village of Atlit Yam in the Mediterranean Sea about 1 kilometre off the shore of the Israeli city of Haifa. The stones had cupmarks carved into them and were arranged around a freshwater spring, which suggests they may have been used for a water ritual.[8]

"Megalithic" stone circles are also found in Hong Kong; see Stone Circles (Hong Kong).

"Megalithic" stone circles have also been discovered in the village of Shewa, Swabi in Pakistan.

"Megalithic"stone circles are also seen in the city of Kazuno, Akita Prefecture.The larger circle has a diameter of 46 meters, and is the largest stone circle found in Japan.[9]

Further reading

See also

The Castlerigg stone circle is thought to date from the Bronze Age.

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Welfare, Adam (2011). Great Crowns of Stone: The Recumbent Stone Circles of Scotland (PDF). Edinburgh: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. p. 271.
  2. ↑ Alex Whitaker. "Recumbent Stone Circles.". Ancient-wisdom.co.uk. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  3. ↑ Burl, Aubrey (1995). A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany. Yale University Press.
  4. ↑ Aubrey Burl. "The Megalith Map". Retrieved 2006-09-22.
  5. ↑ Burl, Aubrey (2000). The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 5.
  6. ↑ Somali Studies International Association, Hussein Mohamed Adam, Charles Lee Geshekter (ed.) (1992). The Proceedings of the First International Congress of Somali Studies. Scholars Press. pp. 37 & 40. ISBN 0891306587. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  7. ↑ Universität Hamburg. Institut für Afrikanistik und Aẗhiopistik (2004). Aethiopica: International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Volumes 7-8. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 27. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  8. ↑ Marchant, Jo (25 November 2009). "Deep Secrets: Atlit-Yam, Israel". New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd. (2736): 40, 41. ISSN 0262-4079. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
  9. ↑ "大湯環状列石 周辺遺跡分布調査概報". Retrieved 2016-09-02.

Bibliography

Academic Books

  • Burl, Aubrey (2000). The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08347-7. 
  • Bradley, Richard (1998). The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15204-4. 
  • Childe, V. Gordon (1947). Prehistoric Communities of the British Isles (second edition). Glasgow and London: Gilmour & Dean Ltd. 
  • Thomas, Julian (1999). Understanding the Neolithic. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20767-6. 
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