Cunnilingus

A woman performing cunnilingus on another woman

Cunnilingus is an oral sex act performed by a person on a female's genitalia (the clitoris, other parts of the vulva or the vagina).[1][2] The clitoris is the most sexually sensitive part of the human female genitalia, and its stimulation may result in female sexual arousal or orgasm.[3][4][5]

Cunnilingus can be sexually arousing for participants and may be performed by a sexual partner as foreplay to incite sexual arousal before other sexual activities (such as vaginal or anal intercourse)[1][6] or as an erotic and physically intimate act on its own.[1][2] Like most forms of sexual activity, oral sex can be a risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs). However, the transmission risk for oral sex, especially HIV transmission, is significantly lower than for vaginal or anal sex.[7][8][9]

Oral sex is often regarded as taboo,[1] but most countries do not have laws which ban the practice. Commonly, heterosexual couples do not regard cunnilingus as affecting the virginity of either partner, while lesbian couples commonly do regard it as a form of virginity loss.[10][11][12][13] People may also have negative feelings or sexual inhibitions about giving or receiving cunnilingus or may refuse to engage in it.[1]

Etymology and terminology

The term cunnilingus is derived from the Neo-Latin words for the vulva (cunnus) and tongue (lingua).[14] Additionally, there are numerous slang terms for cunnilingus, including drinking from the furry cup,[15] carpet munching, and muff-diving. Several common slang terms used are giving lip, lip service, or tipping the velvet; the latter is an expression that novelist Sarah Waters argues that she "plucked from the relative obscurity of Victorian porn".[16] A person who performs cunnilingus may be referred to as a cunnilinguist.[17]

Practice

General practices

General statistics indicate that 70-80% of women require direct clitoral stimulation to achieve orgasm.[18][19][20][21] Shere Hite's research on human female sexuality reports that, for most women, orgasm is easily achieved by cunnilingus because of the direct clitoral stimulation (including stimulation to other external parts of the vulva that are physically related to the clitoris) that may be involved during the act.[22]

A person who performs cunnilingus on someone might be referred to as the giving partner, and the other person as the receiving partner. During the activity, the receiving female's partner may use fingers to open the labia majora (genital lips) to enable the tongue to better stimulate the clitoris, or the female may separate the labia for her partner. Separating the legs wide would also usually open the vulva sufficiently for the partner to orally reach the clitoris.

Some sex manuals recommend beginning with a gentler, less focused stimulation of the labia and the whole genital area. The tip, blade, or underside of the tongue may be used, and so might the nose, chin, teeth and lips. Movements can be slow or fast, regular or erratic, firm or soft, according to the participants' preferences. The tongue can be inserted into the vagina, either stiffened or moving. The performing partner may also hum to produce vibration.

Cunnilingus may be accompanied by fingering the vagina or anus, or by the use of a sex toy; for penetration of the vagina, the aim may be to stimulate the G-spot area.[23]

Women may consider personal hygiene before practicing oral sex important, as poor hygiene can lead to bad odors, accumulation of sweat and micro-residue (such as lint, urine or menstrual blood), which the giving partner may find unpleasant. Some women remove or trim pubic hair, which may enhance their oral sex experience.

Autocunnilingus, which is cunnilingus performed by a female on herself, may be possible,[24] but an unusually high degree of flexibility is required, which may be possessed only by contortionists.[25][26][27][28]

Positions

Édouard-Henri Avril's depiction of cunnilingus in the spreadeagle position

Any position which offers a sex partner oral access to a female's crotch area is suitable for cunnilingus, including:

Health risks

Sexually transmitted infections

Chlamydia, human papillomavirus (HPV), gonorrhea, herpes, hepatitis (multiple strains), and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs), can be transmitted through oral sex.[7][8][29] Any sexual exchange of bodily fluids with a person infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, poses a risk of infection. Risk of STI infection, however, is generally considered significantly lower for oral sex than for vaginal or anal sex, with HIV transmission considered the lowest risk with regard to oral sex.[8][9][30][31] Furthermore, the documented risk of HIV transmission through cunnilingus is lower than that associated with fellatio, vaginal or anal intercourse.[8]

There is an increased risk of STI if the receiving partner has wounds on her genitals, or if the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in his or her mouth, or bleeding gums.[8][9] Brushing the teeth, flossing, undergoing dental work soon before or after performing cunnilingus can also increase the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches in the lining of the mouth.[8][9][32] These wounds, even when they are microscopic, increase the chances of contracting STIs that can be transmitted orally under these conditions.[8][9] Such contact can also lead to more mundane infections from common bacteria and viruses found in, around and secreted from the genital regions. Because of the aforementioned factors, medical sources advise the use of effective barrier methods when performing or receiving cunnilingus with a partner whose STI status is unknown.[7][8][9][29]

HPV and oral cancer

Links have been reported between oral sex and oral cancer with human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected people.[33] A 2005 research study suggested that performing unprotected oral sex on a person infected with HPV might increase the risk of oral cancer. The study found that 36 percent of the cancer patients had HPV compared to only 1 percent of the healthy control group.[34]

A 2007 study suggested a correlation between oral sex and throat cancer. It is believed that this is due to the transmission of HPV, a virus that has been implicated in the majority of cervical cancers and which has been detected in throat cancer tissue in numerous studies. The study concludes that people who had one to five oral sex partners in their lifetime had approximately a doubled risk of throat cancer compared with those who never engaged in this activity and those with more than five oral sex partners had a 250 percent increased risk.[35][36][37]

Mechanical trauma to the tongue

The lingual frenum (underside of the tongue) is vulnerable to ulceration by repeated friction during sexual activity ("cunnilingus tongue").[38] Ulceration of the lingual frenum caused by cunnilingus is horizontal, the lesion corresponding to the contact of the under surface of the tongue with the edges of the lower front teeth when the tongue is in its most forward position. This type of lesion resolves in 7–10 days, but may recur with repeated performances. Chronic ulceration at this site can cause linear fibrous hyperplasia. The incisal edges of the mandibular teeth can be smoothed to minimize the chance of trauma.[39]

Cultural and religious views

General views

A man performing cunnilingus on a woman at a formal party, depicted by French artist Achille Devéria
An Orientalist depiction of cunnilingus by Achille Devéria

Cultural views on giving or receiving cunnilingus range from aversion to high regard.[1] It has been considered taboo, or discouraged, in many cultures and parts of the world.[1] In Chinese Taoism, cunnilingus is revered as a spiritually-fulfilling practice that is believed to enhance longevity.[40] In modern Western culture, oral sex is widely practiced among adolescents[41] and adults. Laws of some jurisdictions regard cunnilingus as penetrative sex for the purposes of sexual offenses with regard to the act, but most countries do not have laws which ban the practice, in contrast to anal sex or extramarital sex.

People give various reasons for their dislike or reluctance to perform cunnilingus, or having cunnilingus performed on them. Some regard cunnilingus and other forms of oral sex as unnatural because the practices do not result in reproduction.[42] Some cultures attach symbolism to different parts of the body, leading some people to believe that cunnilingus is ritually unclean or humiliating.[43]

While commonly believed that lesbian sexual practices involve cunnilingus for all women who have sex with women, some lesbian or bisexual women dislike cunnilingus due to not liking the experience or due to psychological or social factors, such as finding it unclean.[44][45][46][47] Other lesbian or bisexual women believe that it is a necessity or largely defines lesbian sexual activity.[46][47] Lesbian couples are more likely to consider a woman's dislike of cunnilingus as a problem than heterosexual couples are, and it is common for them to seek therapy to overcome inhibitions regarding it.[46]

Oral sex is also commonly used as a means of preserving virginity, especially among heterosexual pairings; this is sometimes termed technical virginity (which additionally includes anal sex, mutual masturbation and other non-penetrative sex acts, but excludes penile-vaginal sex).[10][11][12][48] The concept of "technical virginity" or sexual abstinence through oral sex is particularly popular among teenagers, who may use oral sex to create and maintain intimacy while avoiding pregnancy.[11][12][32][49] By contrast, lesbian pairings commonly consider oral sex or fingering as resulting in virginity loss, though definitions of virginity loss vary among lesbians as well.[10][13][50]

Hinduism

The religious historian Mircea Eliade speaks of a similar desire to transcend old age and death, and achieve a state of nirvana, in the Hindu practice of Tantric yoga. In Tantric yoga, the same emphasis is placed on the retention and absorption of vital liquids and Sanskrit texts describe how the male semen must not be emitted if the yogi is to avoid falling under law of time and death.[51]

Taoism

Cunnilingus is accorded a revered place in Taoism. This is because the practice was believed to achieve longevity, and the loss of semen, vaginal, and other bodily liquids is believed to bring about a corresponding loss of vitality. Conversely, by either semen retention or ingesting the secretions from the vagina, a male or female can conserve and increase his/her ch'i, or original vital breath. In Taoism:

The Great Medicine of the Three Mountain Peaks is to be found in the body of the woman and is composed of three juices, or essences: one from the woman's mouth, another from her breasts, and the third, the most powerful, from the Grotto of the White Tiger, which is at the Peak of the Purple Mushroom (the mons veneris).
— Octavio Paz. Conjunctions and Disjunctions. trans. Helen R. Lane. 1975.[52]

According to Philip Rawson (in Paz, p. 97), these half-poetic, half-medicinal metaphors explain the popularity of cunnilingus among people: "The practice was an excellent method of imbibing the precious feminine fluid" (Paz, p. 97). But the Taoist ideal is not just about the male being enriched by female secretions; the female also benefits from her communion with the male, a feature that has led the sinologist, Kristofer Schipper, to denounce the ancient handbooks on the "Art of the Bedroom" as embracing a "kind of glorified male vampirism" that is not truly Taoist at all.[53] Ideally, by mingling the male and female liquids the Taoist aims to reconcile opposites and to recapture the mythical time that existed before the division of the sexes, the primordial time of the original ch'i.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Janell L. Carroll (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. pp. 265–267. ISBN 978-0-495-60274-3. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  2. 1 2 Wayne Weiten, Margaret A. Lloyd, Dana S. Dunn, Elizabeth Yost Hammer (2008). Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st century. Cengage Learning. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-495-55339-7. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  3. ↑ Rodgers, Joann Ellison (2003). Sex: A Natural History. Macmillan. pp. 92–93. ISBN 0805072810. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  4. ↑ Greenberg, Jerrold S.; Bruess, Clint E.; Conklin, Sarah C (2010). Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-7637-7660-2. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  5. ↑ Carroll, Janell L. (2012). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-1-111-83581-1. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  6. ↑ "What is oral sex?". NHS Choices. NHS. 15 January 2009. Archived from the original on 20 September 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 "Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dianne Hales (2008). An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011. Cengage Learning. pp. 269–271. ISBN 0495391921. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 William Alexander, Helaine Bader, Judith H. LaRosa (2011). New Dimensions in Women's Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 211. ISBN 1449683754. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 See here and pages 47-49 for male virginity, how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and for how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in vaginal sex. Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 0-8147-1652-0. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 Bryan Strong, Christine DeVault, Theodore F. Cohen (2010). The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. p. 186. ISBN 0-534-62425-1. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' [...] Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins' [...] Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual sexual activity (e.g., oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation).
  12. 1 2 3 Sonya S. Brady; Bonnie L. Halpern-Felsher (2007). "Adolescents' Reported Consequences of Having Oral Sex Versus Vaginal Sex". Pediatrics. 119 (2): 229–236. PMID 17272611. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1727.
  13. 1 2 Blank, Hanne (2008). Virgin: The Untouched History. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 253. ISBN 1-59691-011-9. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  14. ↑ "cunnilingus". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  15. ↑ "drinking from the furry cup - Dictionary of sexual terms". Sex-lexis.com. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  16. ↑ "Taking Velvet public: author Sarah Waters reflects on the sensation she started by writing Tipping the Velvet, the novel that became a smash UK miniseries that's now set to conquer America." The Advocate (The national gay & lesbian newsmagazine), 13 May 2003.
  17. ↑ Morrison, Blake (10 November 2007). "The pleasure principle". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  18. ↑ "'I Want a Better Orgasm!'". WebMD. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  19. ↑ Joseph A. Flaherty, John Marcell Davis, Philip G. Janicak (1993). Psychiatry: Diagnosis & therapy. A Lange clinical manual. Appleton & Lange. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-8385-1267-8. The amount of time of sexual arousal needed to reach orgasm is variable — and usually much longer — in women than in men; thus, only 20–30% of women attain a coital climax. b. Many women (70–80%) require manual clitoral stimulation...
  20. ↑ Mah, Kenneth; Binik, Yitzchak M (7 January 2001). "The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends". Clinical Psychology Review. 21 (6): 823–856. PMID 11497209. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00069-6. Women rated clitoral stimulation as at least somewhat more important than vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only about 20% indicated that they did not require additional clitoral stimulation during intercourse.
  21. ↑ Kammerer-Doak, Dorothy; Rogers, Rebecca G. (June 2008). "Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 35 (2): 169–183. PMID 18486835. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006. Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes...
  22. ↑ Hite, Shere (2003). The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press. pp. 512 pages. ISBN 978-1-58322-569-1. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  23. ↑ Rathus, Spencer A. et al. (2005). Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity. Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon: Pearson Education. pp. 124, 226. ISBN 0-205-40615-7.
  24. ↑ "autocunnilingus", The Complete Dictionary of Sexology, expanded ed., ed. Robert T. Francoeur et al., New York: Continuum, 1995, ISBN 9780826406729, p. 49.
  25. ↑ "Schlangenfrau gesucht" - "Sought: snake-woman", Mario Günther-Bruns, Sexgott: 1.000 Tabubrüche, Diana 60223, Munich: Heyne, 2013, ISBN 9783453602236, n. p. (in German)
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  27. ↑ Jesse Bering, "So Close, and Yet So Far Away: The Contorted History of Autofellatio", in Why Is the Penis Shaped Like That?: And Other Reflections on Being Human, New York: Scientific American / Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2012, ISBN 9780374532925, pp. 11–16, p. 16.
  28. ↑ Drawing, Art of Love: Nearly 100 Sex Positions and Wealth of Illustrated Material from Foreplay to Anatomy, e-book, Mobilereference.com, 2007, ISBN 9781605011172, n.p.
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  32. 1 2 "Oral Sex and HIV Risk" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  33. ↑ "The HPV Connection - The human papilloma virus related to Oral Cancer". 2011. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  34. ↑ "Oral Sex Linked To Mouth Cancer Risk". MedIndia. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
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  36. ↑ Khamsi, Roxanne, "Oral sex can cause throat cancer", New Scientist, London, 9 May 2007.
  37. ↑ "New Scientist: "Oral sex can cause throat cancer" - 09 May 2007". Newscientist.com. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  38. ↑ Scully, Crispian (2010). Oral and maxillofacial diseases an illustrated guide to diagnosis and management of diseases of the oral mucosa, gingivae, teeth, salivary glands, jaw bones and joints (4th ed.). London: Informa Healthcare. p. 221. ISBN 9781841847511.
  39. ↑ BW Neville; DD Damm; CM Allen; JE Bouquot (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 253–284. ISBN 0-7216-9003-3.
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  41. ↑ Lemonick, Michael D (19 September 2005). "A Teen Twist on Sex". Time. New York.
  42. ↑ Buschmiller, Rev. Robert. "Oral Sex in Marriage". Presentation Ministries. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  43. ↑ Pina-Cabral, Joao de (1992). "Tamed Violence: Genital Symbolism is Portuguese popular culture". Man. N.S. 28 (1): 101–120. JSTOR 2804438. doi:10.2307/2804438.
  44. ↑ Belge, Kathy. "Do All Lesbians Like Oral Sex?". About.com. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  45. ↑ Naomi B. McCormick (1994). Sexual Salvation: Affirming Women's Sexual Rights and Pleasures. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-275-94359-2. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  46. 1 2 3 Ginny Vida, Karol D. Lightner, Tanya Viger (2010). The New Our Right to Love: A Lesbian Resource Book. Simon and Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-684-80682-2. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  47. 1 2 Jerry J. J. Bigner, Joseph L. L. Wetchler (2012). Handbook of LGBT-Affirmative Couple and Family Therapy. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-136-34032-1. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  48. ↑ Ken Plummer (2002). Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences. Routledge. pp. 187–191. ISBN 1134922426. Retrieved 24 August 2013. The social construction of 'sex' as vaginal intercourse affects how other forms of sexual activity are evaluated as sexually satisfying or arousing; in some cases whether an activity is seen as a sexual act at all. For example, unless a woman has been penetrated by a man's penis she is still technically a virgin even if she has had lots of sexual experience.
  49. ↑ Jayson, Sharon (19 October 2005). "'Technical virginity' becomes part of teens' equation". USA Today. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  50. ↑ Karen Bouris (1995). The First Time: What Parents and Teenage Girls Should Know about "Losing Your Virginity". Conari Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 0-943233-93-3.
  51. ↑ Eliade Mircea. [1954] 1973. Yoga, Immortality and Freedom. trans. Willard R. Trask. (Princeton: Princeton University Press). pp. 267–268
  52. ↑ (London: Wildwood House, 1969) p. 97.
  53. ↑ Kristofer Schipper. [1982] 1993. The Taoist Body. trans. Karen C. Duval. Berkeley; Los Angeles; (London: University of California Press). p. 148

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