Cult of the Supreme Being
The Cult of the Supreme Being (French: Culte de l'Être suprême)[note 1] was a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution.[1] It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic and a replacement for Roman Catholicism and its rival, the Cult of Reason.[2]
Origins
The French Revolution had occasioned many radical changes in France, but one of the most fundamental for the hitherto Catholic nation was the official rejection of religion. The first new major organized school of thought emerged under the umbrella name of the Cult of Reason. Advocated by radicals like Jacques Hébert and Antoine-François Momoro, the Cult of Reason distilled a mixture of largely deistic views into an anthropocentric philosophy. A Goddess of Reason was worshiped in the Cult—the guiding principle was devotion to the abstract conception of Reason.[3]
This rejection of all godhead appalled the rectitudinous Maximilien Robespierre. To him, the Cult's philosophical offenses were compounded by the "scandalous scenes" and "wild masquerades" attributed to its practice.[4] In late 1793, Robespierre delivered a fiery denunciation of the Cult of Reason and of its proponents[5] and proceeded to give his own vision of proper Revolutionary religion. Devised almost entirely by Robespierre, Le culte de l'Être suprême was formally announced before the French National Convention on 7 May 1794.[6]
Religious tenets
Robespierre believed that reason is only a means to an end, and the singular end is virtue. He sought to move beyond simple deism (often described as Voltairean by its adherents) to a new and, in his view, more rational devotion to the godhead. The primary principles of the Cult of the Supreme Being were a belief in the existence of a god and the immortality of the human soul.[7] Though not inconsistent with Christian doctrine, these beliefs were put to the service of Robespierre's fuller meaning, which was of a type of civic-minded, public virtue he attributed to the Greeks and Romans.[8] This type of virtue could only be attained through active fidelity to liberty and democracy.[9] Belief in a living god and a higher moral code, he said, were "constant reminders of justice" and thus essential to a republican society.[10]
Revolutionary impact
Robespierre used the religious issue to publicly denounce the motives of many radicals not in his camp, and it led, directly or indirectly, to the executions of Revolutionary de-Christianisers like Hébert, Momoro, and Anacharsis Cloots.[4] The establishment of the Cult of the Supreme Being represented the beginning of the reversal of the wholesale de-Christianization process that had been looked upon previously with official favour.[11] Simultaneously it marked the apogee of Robespierre's power. Though in theory he was just an equal member of the Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre at this point possessed an unrivalled national prominence.[12]
Festival of the Supreme Being
To inaugurate the new state religion, Robespierre declared that 20 Prairial Year II (8 June 1794) would be the first day of national celebration of the Supreme Being, and future republican holidays were to be held every tenth day—the days of rest (décadi) in the new French Republican Calendar.[6] Every locality was mandated to hold a commemorative event, but the event in Paris was designed on a massive scale. The festival was organized by the artist Jacques-Louis David and took place around a man-made mountain on the Champ de Mars.[13] Robespierre assumed full leadership of the event, forcefully—and, to many, ostentatiously[14]—declaring the truth and "social utility" of his new religion.[15]
Legacy
The Cult of the Supreme Being and its festival can be said to have contributed to the Thermidorian Reaction and the downfall of Robespierre.[15] With his death at the guillotine on 28 July 1794, the cult lost all official sanction and disappeared from public view.[16] It was officially banned by Napoleon Bonaparte on 8 April 1802 with his Law on Cults of 18 Germinal, Year X.[17]
Notes
See also
References
- ↑ Jordan, pp. 199ff.
- ↑ Neely, p. 212: "(T)he Convention authorized the creation of a civic religion, the Cult of the Supreme Being. On May 7, Robespierre introduced the legislation...."
- ↑ Kennedy, p. 343: "Momoro explained, 'Liberty, reason, truth are only abstract beings. They are not gods....'"
- 1 2 Kennedy, p. 344.
- ↑ Kennedy, p. 344: "Robespierre lashed out against de-Christianization in the Convention...."
- 1 2 Doyle, p. 276 .
- ↑ Kennedy, p. 345.: "Robespierre followed a consistent line of argument...(that) God exists and that the soul is immortal."
- ↑ Žižek, p. 111: "I [Robespierre] am talking about the public virtue that worked such prodigies in Greece and Rome, and that should produce far more astonishing ones in republican France...."
- ↑ Lyman, pp. 71–72.
- ↑ Doyle, p. 276.: "[Robespierre] proclaim[ed] that the French people recognized the existence of a Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul. These principles, declared Robespierre to applause, were a continual reminder of justice, and were therefore social and republican." See also p.262: "[Robespierre] believed that religious faith was indispensable to orderly, civilized society".
- ↑ Kennedy, p. 344.: "Robespierre's influence was such that the de-Chistianization movement rapidly slackened...."
- ↑ Doyle, p. 277.: "He seemed to be speaking for the Committee of Public Safety more and more, and was certainly better known in the country at large than any of his colleagues. At Orléans, as well as in Paris, the Festival of the Supreme Being took place to cries of "Vive Robespierre"."
- ↑ Hanson, p.95:"...[T]he Champ de Mars where David had created an enormous symbolic mountain."
- ↑ Doyle, p. 277: "'Look at the bugger,' muttered Thuriot, an old associate of Danton. 'It's not enough for him to be master, he has to be God.'"
- 1 2 Kennedy, p. 345.
- ↑ Neely, p. 230: "The fall of Robespierre brought an end to the Cult of the Supreme Being with which he had been closely identified. The new civic religion... had not had a chance to win many converts."
- ↑ Doyle, p. 389.
Bibliography
- Doyle, William (1989). The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822781-7.
- Hanson, Paul R. (2004). Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5052-4.
- Jordan, David P. (1985). The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-41037-4.
- Kennedy, Emmet (1989). A Cultural History of the French Revolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04426-7.
- Lyman, Richard W.; Spitz, Lewis W. (1965). Major Crises in Western Civilization, Vol. 2. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
- Neely, Sylvia (2008). A Concise History of the French Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-3411-1.
- Žižek, Slavoj (2007). Robespierre: Virtue and Terror. New York: Verso. ISBN 1-84467-584-X.
Further reading
- Rousseau's religious ideas with reference to the religious ideas prominent in the revolution and to their influence on Robespierre and Saint Just, doctoral thesis by Elma Gillespie Martin (1918, Cornell University)
External links
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- The Supreme Being, by Maximilien Robespierre. Source: Internet Modern History Sourcebook, Fordham University, NY.
- Decree on Worship of the Supreme Being Source: Church and state in the modern age: a documentary history; J. F. Maclear, ed.; Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.
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