Croonian Lecture

Portrait of William Croone, painted by Mary Beale in 1680

The Croonian Lectures are prestigious lectureships given at the invitation of the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians.[1][2]

Among the papers of William Croone at his death in 1684, was a plan to endow one lectureship at both the Royal Society and the Royal College of Physicians. His wife provided the bequest in 1701 specifying that it was "for the support of a lecture and illustrative experiment for the advancement of natural knowledge on local motion, or (conditionally) of such other subjects as, in the opinion of the President for the time being, should be most useful in promoting the objects for which the Royal Society was instituted". One lecture was to be delivered by a Fellow to the Royal College of Physicians and the other, on the nature and laws of muscular motion to be delivered before the Royal Society. The Royal Society lecture series began in 1738 and that of the Royal College of Physicians in 1749.[3]

Croone became an original Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1663.[4] He also became one of the original Fellows of the College of Physicians on 29 July 1675. He was appointed lecturer on anatomy at Surgeons' hall in 1670 and pursued research in several important subjects of his day, including respiration, muscular motion, and generation.

List of lecturers (Royal Society – for RCP lecturers see below)

Source: Royal Society

21st century

  • 2017 Jonathan Felix Ashmore, for his significant contributions to the field of sensory neuroscience, shaping our current understanding of inner ear physiology [5]
  • 2016 Enrico Coen, for his work resulting in a new theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding how the shapes of biological structures arise through development and evolution
  • 2015 Nicholas Barry Davies, for his work on the co-evolved responses of brood parasitic cuckoos and their hosts
  • 2014 Brigid Hogan, for pioneering contributions that have transformed understanding of cell specification, organogenesis and morphogenesis in mammalian development [6]
  • 2013 Frances Ashcroft, From bench to bedside: KATP channels and neonatal diabetes [6]
  • 2012 Tim Bliss, The Mechanics of Memory [7]
  • 2011 John Ellis,Molecular chaperones: how cells stop proteins from misbehaving
  • 2010 Alec Jeffries, Genetic fingerprinting and beyond
  • 2009 Linda Partridge, The New Biology of Ageing
  • 2008 John Pickett, Plant and Animal Communication[8]
  • 2007 Aaron Klug, Engineered zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) for the regulation of gene expression
  • 2006 Iain Campbell, Structure and the living cell[9]
  • 2005 Salvador Moncada, Adventures in vascular biology
  • 2004 John Krebs, Risk, food, fact and fantasy[10]
  • 2003 Tim Hunt, Cell growth, cell division and the problem of cancer
  • 2002 Kim Nasmyth, Disseminating our genomes during mitosis and meiosis.
  • 2001 Ron Laskey, Hunting the antisocial cancer cell.[11]

20th century

19th century

Source (1801–30):[15]

  • 1900 Paul Ehrlich, On immunity with special reference to cell life
  • 1899 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the relation of motion in animals and plants to the electrical phenomena which are associated with it
  • 1898 Wilhelm Pfeffer, The nature and significance of functional metabolism in the plant.
  • 1897 Charles S. Sherrington, The mammalian spinal cord as an organ of reflex action.
  • 1896 Augustus D. Waller, Observations on isolated nerve.
  • 1895 T.W. Engelmann, On the nature of muscular contraction
  • 1894 Santiago Ramon y Cajal, La fine structure des centres nerveux
  • 1893 Rudolf Virchow, The position of pathology among biological studies.
  • 1892 Angelo Mosso, Les phenomenes psychiques et la temperature du cerveau.
  • 1891 Francis Gotch & Victor Horsley, On the mammalian nervous system; its functions and their localization determined by an electrical method.
  • 1890 H. Marshall Ward, The relations between host and parasite in certain epidemic diseases of plants
  • 1889 Émile Roux, Les inoculations preventives (1853–1933)[16]
  • 1888 Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne, Ueber die Entstehung der vitalen Bewegung
  • 1887 Harry Govier Seeley, On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen) and the significance of its affinities to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
  • 1886 Leonard Charles Wooldridge, The coagulation of the blood
  • 1884 –1885 Not appointed
  • 1883 H. Newell Martin, On the direct influence of gradual variations of temperature upon the rate of beat of the dogs heart
  • 1882 W.H. Gaskell, On the rhythm of the heart of the frog, and on the nature of the action of the vagus nerve
  • 1881 G.J. Romanes and J.C. Ewart, Observations on the locomotor system of Medusae.
  • 1880 Samuel Haughton, On some elementary principles in animal mechanics.
  • 1879 W.K. Parker, On the structure & development of the skull in the Lacertilia
  • 1878 H.N. Moseley, On the structure of the Stylasteridae: a family of the hydroid stony corals
  • 1877 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson & F.J.M. Page, On the mechanical effects, and on the electrical disturbance consequent on excitation of the leaf of Dionea muscipula.
  • 1876 G.J. Romanes, Preliminary observations on the locomotor system of medusae.
  • 1875 David Ferrier, Experiments on the brain of monkeys.
  • 1874 David Ferrier, The localization of function in the brain
  • 1873 Benjamin Ward Richardson, On muscular irritability after systemic death.
  • 1871 – 1872 Not appointed
  • 1870 Augustus V. Waller, On the results of the method (introduced by the author) of investigating the nervous system, more especially as applied to the elucidation of the functions of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves in man.
  • 1868 –1869 Not appointed
  • 1867 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the influence exercised by the movements of respiration on the circulation of the blood
  • 1866 Not appointed
  • 1865 Lionel S. Beale, On the ultimate nerve fibres distributed to muscle and some other tissues, with observations upon the structure & probable mode of action of a nervous mechanism
  • 1864 Hermann Helmholtz, On the normal motions of the human eye in relation to binocular vision.
  • 1863 Joseph Lister, On the coagulation of the blood
  • 1862 Albert Kölliker, On the termination of nerves in muscles, as observed in the frog: and on the disposition of the nerves in the frogs heart.
  • 1861 Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, On the relations between muscular irritability, cadaveric rigidity, and putrefaction
  • 1860 James Bell Pettigrew, On the arrangement of the muscular fibres of the ventricular portion of the heart of the mammal
  • 1859 Not appointed
  • 1858 Thomas Henry Huxley, On the theory of the vertebrate skull
  • 1857 James Paget, On the cause of the rhythmic action of the heart
  • 1852–1856 Not appointed
  • 1851 Richard Owen, On the Megatherium
  • 1830–1850 Not appointed
  • 1829 Everard Home, A Report on the Peculiarities met with in the Stomach of the Zariffa.
  • 1828 Not appointed
  • 1827 Everard Home, On the Muscles peculiar to Organs of Sense in particular Quadrupeds and Fishes
  • 1826 Everard Home, An Enquiry into the mode by which the Propagation of the Species is carried on, in the Common Oyster, and in the large Fresh-water Muscle.
  • 1825 Everard Home, On the Structure of a Muscular Fibre from which are derived its Elongation and Contraction
  • 1824 Everard Home, On the existence of Nerves in the Placenta
  • 1823 Everard Home, On the Internal Structure of the Human Brain, when examined in the Microscope, as compared with that of Fishes, Insects and Worms.
  • 1822 Francis Bauer, Microscopical Observations on the suspension of the Muscular Motions of the Vibrio Tritici
  • 1821 Everard Home, On the Anatomical Structure of the Eye; illustrated by Microscopical Drawings, executed by F. Bauer
  • 1820 Everard Home, Microscopical Observations on the following subjects. On the Brain and Nerves; showing that the Materials of which they are composed exist in the Blood
  • 1819 Everard Home, A further Investigation of the component parts of the Blood.
  • 1818 Everard Home, On the conversion of Pus into Granulations, or new flesh.
  • 1817 Everard Home, On the Changes the Blood undergoes in the act of Coagulation.
  • 1814 –1816 Not recorded
  • 1813 Benjamin Collins Brodie, On the Influence of the Nervous System on the Action of the Muscles in general and of the Heart in particular
  • 1811 – 1812 Not recorded
  • 1810 Benjamin Collins Brodie, Physiological Researches, respecting the Influence of the Brain on the Action of the Heart, and on the Generation of Animal Heat.
  • 1809 William Hyde Wollaston, Observations on the Mode of Action of Voluntary Muscles, and on the causes which derange, and assist, the Action of the Heart and Blood Vessels
  • 1808 Thomas Young, On the Functions of the Heart and Arteries
  • 1807 Anthony Carlisle, On the Natural History and Chemical Analysis of the substances which constitute the Muscles of Animals
  • 1806 John Pearson, Remarks on Muscular Power, and on some of the circumstances by which it is increased, diminished or finally abolished
  • 1805 Anthony Carlisle, On the Arrangement and Mechanical Action of the Muscles of Fishes.
  • 1804 Anthony Carlisle, On Muscular Motion.
  • 1803 John Pearson, On Muscular Motion
  • 1802 Not recorded
  • 1801 Everard Home, On the power of the Eye to adjust itself to different distances when deprived of the Crystalline Lens

18th century

Source:[15]

  • 1800 Everard Home, On the Irritability of Nerves
  • 1799 Everard Home, On the Structure and Uses of the Membrana Tympani.
  • 1798 Everard Home, Experiments and Observations upon the Structure of Nerves.
  • 1797 John Abernethy, A general Review of the latest opinions relative to Animal Life and Motion.
  • 1796 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1795 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1794 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1793 Everard Home, On Mr. Hunters Experiments to ascertain whether the Crystalline Humour of the Eye be muscular
  • 1792 Not recorded
  • 1791 Matthew Baillie, A general view of the Nature of the Muscles, and an enumeration of the most striking facts connected with the Theory of their Motion.
  • 1790 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1789 William Blizard, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1788 Gilbert Blane, On the Nature of the Muscles, and on the Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1787 George Fordyce, On Muscular Motion
  • 1786 Edward Whitaker Gray, On the Effects of different kinds of Salts applied as Stimulants on the Muscles
  • 1785 Edward Whitaker Gray, An Examination into Hallers Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1784 Samuel Foart Simmons, On the Irritability of the Muscular Fibres
  • 1783 Not recorded
  • 1782 John Hunter, On the Density and Firmness of a Muscle as contributing to its Strength and Agility.
  • 1781 John Hunter, On the Construction and Application of Muscles and the Power by which they are actuated
  • 1775 – 1780 John Hunter
  • 1762 – 1774 Not recorded
  • 1761 Charles Morton
  • 1759 – 1760 Not recorded
  • 1754 – 1758 Charles Morton
  • 1752 – 1753 Not recorded
  • 1751 James Parsons, Critical Remarks upon the Motion and Uses of the Human Pelvis.
  • 1750 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1748 – 1749 No lecture
  • 1747 Browne Langrish, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1746 James Parsons, Description of the several Muscles of the Face; with their particular Functions and Uses
  • 1745 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1744 James Parsons, An Introductory Discourse on Muscular Motion
  • 1743 No lecture
  • 1742 James Douglas, (read by William Douglas) Description and Structure of the Human Bladder, with the Uses of its Muscles and Membranes.
  • 1741 James Douglas, Description of the several Muscles, Membranes and parts belonging to the Uvula of the Palate, and concerned in its action; as also of the several parts subservient to the uses of the Tuba Eustachiana
  • 1740 Alexander Stuart, On the Peristaltic Motion of the Intestines. Microscopial Observations on several parts of live Frogs.
  • 1739 Frank Nicholls, An Enquiry into Muscular Motion
  • 1738 Alexander Stuart, On the Motion of the Heart

List of Lecturers (Royal College of Physicians)

21st century

20th century

  • 1999 John A Camm, Intracellular membrane traffic: getting proteins sorted [26][27]
  • 1998 Michael J. G. Farthing, Bugs and guts: it's good to talk? [21]
  • 1997 Bruce Anthony John Ponder, RET: one gene, many syndromes [21]
  • 1996 David Alan Warrell, Pathophysiology and treatment of malignant tertian malaria[28]
  • 1995 Ravinder Nath Maini, The role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis
  • 1994 Baruch Samuel Blumberg, Complex Interactions of Hepatitis B with its Host and Environment
  • 1993
  • 1992 Charles Nicholas Hales, The aetiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes
  • 1991
  • 1990 Johannes Joseph van Rood
  • 1989 Leslie Turnberg, Cellular basis of diarrhoea[29]
  • 1988 David Hull, The Viable Child
  • 1985
  • 1984 David John Weatherall, Human genetics
  • 1983 John Charles Batten
  • 1982 Leonard Birnie Strang
  • 1981 John H. Humphrey, The Value of Immunological Concepts in Medicine [30]
  • 1980 Anthony F. Lever, Sodium in Hypertension
  • 1979 William Stanley Peart, Concepts in Hypertension
  • 1978 John Peter Tizard, Cerebral palsies: treatment and prevention
  • 1977 Ivor H. Mills, The Natriuretic Hormone Cascade
  • 1976 John David Nunes Nabarro, Hormone Secreting Pituitary Tumours
  • 1975 William Neville Mann, Biliary cirrhosis: an appraisal [31]
  • 1974 Richard Bayliss, Idiopathic Oedema of Women[32]
  • 1973 Graham W. Hayward, Infective Endocarditis – A Changing Disease[33]
  • 1972
  • 1971 John F. Brock, Nature, Nurture and Stress in Health and Disease [34]
  • 1970 Sir Ronald Bodley-Scott [35]
  • 1969 Francis Avery Jones, Problems of Alimentary Bleeding[36]
  • 1968 Eric George Lapthorne Bywaters
  • 1965
  • 1963 Lord Cohen of Birkenhead [37]
  • 1963 W. Melville Arnott, The Lungs in Mitral Stenosis[38]
  • 1962 Charles Herbert Stuart-Harris, The Viruses of Human Diseases[39]
  • 1961 John McMichael, Reorientations in Hypertensive Disorders[40]
  • 1960 Derek Ernest Denny-Brown [41]
  • 1959 Frank McFarlane Burnet, Auto-Immune Disease[42]
  • 1958 Paul Wood, The Eisenmenger Syndrome, or Pulmonary Hypertension with Reversed Central Shunt
  • 1957 George W. Pickering, The Regulation of Body temperature in Sickness and in Health
  • 1956 Arthur H.Douthwaite, Pitfalls in Medicine
  • 1954 J. Forest Smith, Nutrition and Child Health
  • 1953 Allen Daley, The Place of the Hospital in a National Health Service[43]
  • 1952 Eric Benjamin Strauss [44]
  • 1951 Theodore F. Fox on Professional Freedom
  • 1950 Archibald Edmund Clark-Kennedy, The Patient and his Disease
  • 1949 Neil Hamilton-Fairley, Malaria with Special Reference to Recent Experimental Clinical and Chemotherapeutic Investigations
  • 1948 Desmond Curran, Prefrontal Leucotomy[45]
  • 1947 Edward Rowan Boland, The Administration of Medicine
  • 1946 Hugh Leslie Marriott, Water and Salt Depletion[46]
  • 1945 McDonald Critchley, Problems of Naval Warfare under Climatic Extremes
  • 1944 Thomas Lionel Hardy, Order and Disorder in the Large Intestine
  • 1943 Charles Putnam Symonds, Response to Flying Stress: Foundations of Confidence[47]
  • 1942 Donald Hunter, Industrial Toxicology
  • 1941 Sir Arthur William Mickle Ellis, The Natural History of Bright's Disease [48]
  • 1940 George Graham, The Role of the Liver in Diabetes Mellitus[49]
  • 1939 John Alfred Ryle[50]
  • 1938 Francis Fraser, Clinical Aspects of the Transmission of the Effects of Nervous Impulses by Acetylcholine[51]
  • 1937 Edwin Bramwell, Clinical Reflections upon Muscles, Movements, and the Motor Path
  • 1936 Bernard Spilsbury, Doctrine of Inflammation
  • 1935 Edmund Spriggs, A Clinical Study of Headaches
  • 1934 Owen Lambert Vaughan Simpkinson de Wesselow, on arterial hypertension[52]
  • 1933 Edward Mellanby, Nutrition and Disease: the Interaction of Clinical and Experimental Work[53]
  • 1932 John Willian McNee, Liver and Spleen; their Clinical and Pathological Relations[54]
  • 1931 Matthew J. Stewart, Precancerous Lesions of the Alimentary Tract [55]
  • 1930 Charles James Martin, Thermal Adjustment of Man and Animals to External Conditions[56]
  • 1929 Henry Hallett Dale, On Some Chemical Factors in the Control of the Circulation[57]
  • 1928 Charles Bolton, The Interpretation of Gastric Symptoms[58]
  • 1927
  • 1926 Thomas Lewis, The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin[59]
  • 1925 Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson, On some Disorders of Motility and of Muscle Tone
  • 1924 Leonard Rogers, on Researches in Leprosy[60]
  • 1923 John Beresford Leathes, The Role of Fats in Vital Phenomena[61]
  • 1922 Gordon Morgan Holmes, Cerebellar Disease[62]
  • 1921 Frederick Lucien Golla, The Objective Study of Neurosis[63]
  • 1920 Arthur Frederick Hurst, Psychology of the Special Senses and Their Functional Disorders[64]
  • 1919 G. Elliot Smith, On the Significancs of the Cerebral Cortex[65]
  • 1918 Walter Langdon-Brown, The Sympathetic Nervous System in Disease
  • 1917 John George Adami, On Adaptation and Disease[66]
  • 1916
  • 1915 David Bruce, On Trypanosomes Causing Disease in Man and Domestic Animals in Central Africa[67]
  • 1914 Edwin Goodall, Modern Aspects of Certain Problems in the Pathology of Mental Disorders[68]
  • 1913 Charles Sherrington, Inhibition as an Element in Co-ordination[69][70]
  • 1912 Leonard S Dudgeon, The Pathology of Immunity[71]
  • 1911 Henry Head, Release of function of the nervous system[72]
  • 1910 Frederick William Andrewes, Behaviour of the Leucocytes in Infection and Immunity[73]
  • 1909 Walter Sydney Lazarus-Barlow, Radioactivity and Carcinoma[74]
  • 1908 Archibald Garrod, Inborn Errors of Metabolism[75]
  • 1907 William John Simpson, On Plague [76]
  • 1906 William Halse Rivers, The influence of Alcohol and Other Drugs on Fatigue
  • 1905 Ernest Henry Starling, On the chemical correlation of the functions of the body[77]
  • 1904 John Rose Bradford, Bright's Disease and its Varieties[78]
  • 1903 Charles Edward Beevor, On Muscular Movements and their Representation in the Central Nervous System[79]
  • 1902 John W. Washbourn, Natural History and Pathology of Pneumonia[80] (delivered by W. Hale White)
  • 1901 William Dobinson Halliburton, Chemical Side of Nervous Activity[81]

19th century

18th century

References

  1. ↑ "Croonian Lecture". Royal Society. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  2. ↑ "Croonian Lectures (Sadleir Trust)" (PDF). Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 The roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, comprising biographical sketches of all the eminent physicians whose names are recorded in the Annals .. (Volume 3). Royal College of Physicians. ebook
  4. ↑ "Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007" (PDF). London: The Royal Society. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  5. ↑ "Croonian Medal and Lecture-Croonian Medallist 2017". Royal Society. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  6. 1 2 "Croonian Lecture". Royal Society. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
  7. ↑ "The mechanics of memory". The Royal Society. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  8. ↑ "Plant and animal communication". Royal Society. 2009.
  9. ↑ Campbell, Iain D. (2008). "The Croonian lecture 2006 Structure of the living cell". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1502): 2379–91. PMC 1955230 Freely accessible. PMID 17255009. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1960.
  10. ↑ Krebs, John R. (June 2005). "The Croonian Lecture 2004 Risk: food, fact and fantasy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1133–44. PMC 1569505 Freely accessible. PMID 16147514. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1665.
  11. ↑ Laskey, R. (June 2005). "The Croonian Lecture 2001: Hunting the antisocial cancer cell: MCM proteins and their exploitation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1119–32. PMC 1569504 Freely accessible. PMID 16147513. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1656.
  12. ↑ Unwin, N. (December 2000). "The Croonian Lecture 2000. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the structural basis of fast synaptic transmission". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 355 (1404): 1813–29. PMC 1692909 Freely accessible. PMID 11205343. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0737.
  13. ↑ Croonian Lecture: Population Genetics by Ronald Fisher, published by The Royal Society Publishing
  14. ↑ Haddon, Alfred C.; Bartlett, F. C.; Fegan, Ethel S. (July 1922). "61. William Halse Rivers Rivers, M.D., F.R.S., President of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Born 1864, Died June 4th, 1922". Man. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 22: 97–104. JSTOR 2840503.
  15. 1 2 Hudson, James. Report on the Adjudication of the Copley, Rumford and Royal Medals. p. 48.
  16. ↑ Roux, M. (1889). "The Croonian Lecture on Preventive Inoculation". BMJ. 1 (1484): 1269–74. PMC 2155160 Freely accessible. PMID 20752718. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1484.1269.
  17. ↑ "Dame Pam Shaw selected for prestigious Croonian Lecture". University of Sheffield. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  18. ↑ "Croonian Lectures (Sadleir Trust)" (PDF). Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  19. ↑ "Royal College of Physicians- Events Diary". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  20. ↑ "Royal College of Physicians- Events Diary". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Croonian Lectures (Sadleir Trust)" (PDF). Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  22. 1 2 "RCP Croonian Lectures". Royal College of Physicins. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  23. ↑ "The origins of multiple sclerosis" (PDF). Clinical Medicine. 7 April 2014.
  24. ↑ http://www.thebarkertheory.org/science.php%5B%5D
  25. ↑ "Prof John Connell's Biography". Debretts. Retrieved 2022-08-26. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  26. ↑ http://www.cardionet.hr/eng/journal/curriculum/jcamm.asp%5B%5D
  27. ↑ Pelham, H. R. B. (1999). "Intracellular membrane traffic: Getting proteins sorted. The 1999 Croonian Lecture". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 354 (1388): 1471–8. PMC 1692657 Freely accessible. PMID 10515003. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0491.
  28. ↑ "Curriculum Vitae". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  29. ↑ Turnberg, L (January 1991). "Cellular basis of diarrhoea. The Croonian lecture 1989". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 25 (1): 53–62. PMID 1708825.
  30. ↑ Briggs, Asa. A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London: Volume Four.
  31. ↑ "William Mann". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  32. ↑ Richmond, Caroline (April 26, 2006). "Sir Richard Bayliss: Former Physician to the Queen". The Independent. UK.
  33. ↑ Hayward, Graham W. (1973). "Infective endocarditis: a changing disease. I". BMJ. 2 (5868): 706–709. PMC 1589747 Freely accessible. PMID 4582052. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5868.706.
  34. ↑ Brock, John F. (1972). "NATURE, NURTURE, AND STRESS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE". The Lancet. 299: 701–704. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(72)90226-7.
  35. ↑ "British Medical Journal-News and Notes". British Medical Journal. 3 (5613): 322. 3 August 1968. PMC 1986266 Freely accessible. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  36. ↑ Jones, F. Avery (1969). "Papers and Originals". The British Medical Journal. JSTOR. 2 (5652): 267–273. JSTOR 20396920.
  37. ↑ "Members of the Symposium". Novartis Foundation Symposia. CIBA Foundateion: 275–285. doi:10.1002/9780470719596.oth1. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  38. ↑ Arnott, W. Melville (1963). "The Lungs in Mitral Stenosis". BMJ. 2 (5360): 765–770. PMC 1872812 Freely accessible. PMID 14065065. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5360.765.
  39. ↑ Stuart-Harris, Charles H. (1962). "Viruses of Human Diseases". BMJ. 1 (5295): 1779–1788. PMC 1959159 Freely accessible. PMID 13917942. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5295.1779.
  40. ↑ McMichael, J. (1961). "Reorientations in Hypertensive Disorders". BMJ. 2 (5262): 1239–1244. PMC 1970307 Freely accessible. PMID 20789269. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5262.1239.
  41. ↑ "Munk's Roll details for Derek Ernest Denny-Brown". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  42. ↑ Burnet, M. (October 1959). "Auto-immune Disease: I. Modern Immunological Concepts". British Medical Journal. 2 (5153): 645–50. PMC 1990526 Freely accessible. PMID 13806210. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5153.645.
  43. ↑ Daley, Allen (1953). "The Place of the Hospital in a National Health Service.—II:". BMJ. 2 (4830): 243–250. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4830.243.
  44. ↑ "Munk's Roll details for Eric Benjamin Strauss". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  45. ↑ AHC (1986). "Desmond Curban". Psychiatric Bulletin. 10 (4): 95–6. doi:10.1192/pb.10.4.95.
  46. ↑ Marriott, H. L. (1947). "Water and Salt Depletion: Part III". BMJ. 1 (4497): 328–332. PMC 2052844 Freely accessible. PMID 20247988. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4497.328.
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  48. ↑ "Sir Arthur William Mickle Ellis". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  49. ↑ Graham, George; Yoffa, D (1940). "Estimations of Blood Volume During Course of Renal Failure". BMJ. 2 (5460): 513–516. PMC 1845642 Freely accessible. PMID 14321225. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4163.513.
  50. ↑ Harkins, W. (1950). "Students' Style". BMJ. 1 (4653): 611. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4653.611.
  51. ↑ "Sir Francis Fraser". BMJ. 27 (3): 449–52. doi:10.1136/hrt.27.3.449.
  52. ↑ MacNalty, Arthur S. (1960). "Owen Lambert Vaughan Simpkinson de Wesselow. 21 October 1883 – 6 July 1959". The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 80: 189–195. doi:10.1002/path.1700800124.
  53. ↑ "Book Review". Nature. 134 (3396): 830–831. 1934. doi:10.1038/134830b0.
  54. ↑ McNee, J. W. (1932). "Croonian Lectures on Liver and Spleen: Their clinical and pathological associations". BMJ. 1 (3728): 1111–6. PMC 2521030 Freely accessible. PMID 20776903. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3728.1111.
  55. ↑ "Special Collection". Universiry of Aberdeen. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  56. ↑ Martin, Charles James (2007). "Charles James Martin, Kt, C.M.G., F.R.C.P., DSc., F.R.S". British Journal of Nutrition. 10 (1): 1–7. PMID 13315918. doi:10.1079/BJN19560003.
  57. ↑ "Henry Hallett Dale: Biography from". Answers.com. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  58. ↑ Bolton, C. (1928). "The Interpretation of Gastric Symptoms". BMJ. 1 (3519): 1030–1033. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3519.1030.
  59. ↑ Lewis, Thomas (1926). "The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin". BMJ. 2 (3418): 61–61. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3418.61.
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