Crisis in Venezuela (2012–present)

Crisis in Venezuela

Top to bottom, left to right:
Protesters confront the People's Guard at Plaza Francia on 18 March 2014. Empty store shelves in a Venezuelan store. Millions of Venezuelans protest in Caracas on 26 October 2016. Venezuelans queued to enter a store.
Date 2012–ongoing[1]
Location Venezuela
Cause Economic policy, crime, corruption, economic downturn, shortages and political conflict.

The Crisis in Venezuela is the socioeconomic crisis that Venezuela has undergone since Hugo Chávez's tenure and which extended over the years into the current presidency of Nicolás Maduro. During the year 2016, for example, consumer prices rose 800%, the economy contracted by 18.6%,[2] and hunger escalated to the point that the "Venezuela's Living Conditions Survey" (ENCOVI) found nearly 75 percent of the population had lost an average of at least 8.7 kg (19.4 lb) in weight due to a lack of proper nutrition.[3] The murder rate in 2015 was 90 per 100,000 people according to the Observatory of Venezuelan Violence (compared to 5 per 100,000 in the US).[4]

The crisis affected the average life of Venezuelans on various levels; the rise of unemployment, which resulted in the emergence of social movements aimed at changing the economic and productive model, as well as questioning the political system and demanding a democratic renewal. The most important social movement is the Venezuelan student movement, which has arisen mainly due to precariousness and economic conditions. Political corruption, scarcity of basic products, closure of companies, deterioration of productivity and competitiveness, and high dependence on oil are other problems that have also contributed to the worsening crisis.

Background

Chávez presidency

Chávez wearing military fatigues in 2010

With increasing oil prices in the early 2000s and funds not seen in Venezuela since the 1980s, Hugo Chávez created the Bolivarian Missions, aimed at providing public services to improve economic, cultural, and social conditions.[5][6][7][8] According to Corrales and Penfold, "aid was disbursed to some of the poor, and more gravely, in a way that ended up helping the president and his allies and cronies more than anyone else".[9] The Missions entailed the construction of thousands of free medical clinics for the poor,[5] and the enactment of food[7] and housing subsidies.[6] A 2010 OAS report[10] indicated achievements in addressing illiteracy, healthcare and poverty,[11] and economic and social advances.[12] The quality of life for Venezuelans had also improved according to a UN Index.[13] Teresa A. Meade wrote that Chávez's popularity strongly depended "on the lower classes who have benefited from these health initiatives and similar policies."[14]

The social works initiated by Chávez's government relied on oil products, the keystone of the Venezuelan economy, with Chávez's administration suffering from Dutch disease as a result.[15][16] By the end of Chávez's presidency in the early 2010s, economic actions performed by his government during the preceding decade such as overspending [17][18][15][19][20] and price controls[7][21][22][23][24] proved to be unsustainable, with Venezuela's economy faltering while poverty,[13][25][26] inflation[27] and shortages in Venezuela increased.

According to analysts, the economic woes Venezuela continued to suffer through under President Nicolás Maduro would have still occurred with or without Chávez.[28] In early 2013, shortly after Chávez's death, Foreign Policy stated that whoever succeeded Chávez would "inherit one of the most dysfunctional economies in the Americas—and just as the bill for the deceased leader’s policies comes due".[15]

Maduro presidency

Diosdado Cabello beside Nicolás Maduro and his wife, Cilia Flores
It is impossible to understand why the government is not reacting to this reality, why it has not taken measures to alleviate the economic distortions that are destroying the real income of Venezuelans.

Barclays, September 2015[29]

When elected in 2013 following Chávez's death, Nicolás Maduro continued the majority of existing economic policies of his predecessor Hugo Chávez. When entering the presidency, President Maduro's Venezuela faced a high inflation rate and large shortages of goods[30][31][32] that was left over from the previous policies of President Chávez.[33][15][17][18]

President Maduro has blamed capitalism for speculation that is driving high rates of inflation and creating widespread shortages of staples, and often said he was fighting an "economic war", calling newly enacted economic measures "economic offensives" against political opponents he and loyalists state are behind an international economic conspiracy.[34][35][36][37][38][39] However, President Maduro has been criticized for only concentrating on public opinion instead of tending to the practical issues economists have warned the Venezuelan government about or creating any ideas to improve the economic situation in Venezuela such as the "economic war".[40][41]

By 2014, Venezuela had entered an economic recession[42] and by 2015, the country had an inflation rate which had reached its highest rate in its history.[43]

Economic crisis

The origin of this economic collapse, framed in the context of the Great Recession, years after the improvement of the extraction of unconventional hydrocarbons in the United States showed a macro-economic phenomenon of great importance for the region. From China's slowdown, a steady increase in oil production and stable demand, generated a surplus of this resource that caused a drop in prices of reference crude oil, WTI and Brent, as at the beginning of 2014 Found above $100 and at the end of the year could fall to $50 per barrel, causing unfavourable changes in the economy of Venezuela.

Due to high oil reserves, lack of policies on private property and low remittances, by 2012, of every 100 dollars, more than 90 came from oil and its derivatives. With the fall in oil prices in early 2015 the country faces a drastic fall in revenues of the US currency along with commodities.

In addition the government has not made policy changes to adapt to the low petroleum price. As of early 2016, the Washington Post reports the official price of state-retailed petrol is below US$.01 per gallon, and the official state currency exchange rate values the US dollar at 1/150th what the black market does.[44]

Housing

Since the mid-2000s during Chávez's presidency, Venezuela suffered from a housing crisis.[45] In 2005, the Venezuelan Construction Chamber (CVC) estimated that there was a shortage of 1.6 million homes, with only 10,000 of 120,000 promised homes constructed by Chávez's government despite billions of dollars in investments.[46] Due to the shortages, poor Venezuelans attempted to construct homes on their own despite structural risks.[46]

Slums in Caracas seen above El Paraíso tunnel

By 2011, Venezuela suffered from a housing shortage of 2 million homes, with nearly twenty prime developments being occupied by squatters following Chávez's call for the poor to occupy "unused land".[45][47] Up to 2011, only 500,000 homes were constructed under Chávez, with over two-thirds of the new housing developments being built by private companies while the Bolivarian government provided about the same amount of housing as previous administrations.[47] Housing shortages were further exasperated when private construction halted due to the fear of property expropriations and because of the Bolivarian government's inability to construct and provide housing.[45] In a July 2011 article by The Guardian, urban theorist and author Mike Davis, "Despite official rhetoric, the Bolivarianist regime has undertaken no serious redistribution of wealth in the cities and oil revenues pay for too many other programmes and subsidies to leave room for new housing construction".[48] By 2012, the shortage of building materials had also began to disrupt construction, with metal production at a 16-year low.[49] At the end of Chávez's presidency in 2013, the number of Venezuelans in inadequate housing grew to 3 million.[49]

Under the Maduro government, housing shortages continued to worsen. Maduro announced in 2014 that due to the shortage of steel, abandoned cars and other vehicles would be acquired by the government and melted to provide rebar for housing.[49] In April 2014, Maduro ruled by decree that Venezuelans who owned three or more rental properties would be forced by the government to sell their rental units at a set price or they would face fines or have their property possessed by the government.[50] In By 2016, residents of government provided housing, who were usually supporters of the Bolivarian government, began protesting due to the lack of utilities and food.[51]

Venezuelan debt

Venezuelan debt, 2014

According to the Central Bank of Venezuela, the foreign debt of the Venezuelan state in 2014 is divided into:

Shortages

Shortages in Venezuela have been prevalent following the enactment of price controls and other policies during the economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government.[32][31] Under the economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government, greater shortages occurred due to the Venezuelan government's policy of withholding United States dollars from importers with price controls.[52]

Shortages occur in regulated products, such as milk, various types of meat, chicken, coffee, rice, oil, precooked flour, butter prices; and also basic necessities like toilet paper, personal hygiene products and medicine.[32][53][54] As a result of the shortages, Venezuelans must search for food, occasionally resorting to eating wild fruit or garbage, wait in lines for hours and sometimes settle without having certain products.[55][56][57][58][59]

Gross domestic product

In October 2014 due to the crisis, the Venezuelan economy contracted 2.3%. In the second quarter, there was a fall of 4.9%, after registering a contraction of 4.8% in the first three months of the year.

Venezuela has a strong dependence on oil, which generates about 96% of its export revenues. The fall in oil prices has occurred at a time when the South American country faces runaway inflation, which reached an annualized rate of 63.9% in November, and a severe scarcity of basic products.

In reference to the violent anti-government protests that shook Venezuela earlier this year and alleged plans to destabilize the country, which President Maduro said included smuggling and hoarding essential products, the central bank said that those "actions against the national order prevented The full distribution of basic goods to the population, as well as the normal development of the production of goods and services. This resulted in an inflationary upturn and a fall in economic activity. "

Inflation

Inflation in 2014 reached 68.5%. This figure is one of the highest that has been recorded in the country's economic history, and was the highest in the world during 2013. By 2015, inflation had reached 180.9%. As of 2016, inflation, as evidenced by the year-over-year increase in the consumer price index from 2015, was at 424.2%.[60]

Business and industry

At the beginning of the crisis, international airlines (which depart from Maiquetia international airport in Caracas) have had problems getting their normal flights to and from Venezuela, and as a result, many airlines have left the country.

According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Government of Venezuela has retained 3.8 billion dollars to airlines. As a result of this, the country loses business opportunities, aggravating the deep crisis that currently suffers.

Airlines such as Air Canada, Alitalia, Lufthansa, among others, join forces to leave the country, making the departure of the country even more difficult. Other airlines, most of them, reduced the number of flights and the size of the planes, in an effort to stay in the country. Like the Colombian Avianca, one of the operations that carried out more and that now only has a quarter of its seats.

Unemployment

As a result of the crisis, Venezuela has suffered the greatest unemployment in years, being this one of the biggest problems of the Venezuelans, due to the inflation and expropriations by the Venezuelan government to private companies, many others are leaving the country, leaving too many Venezuelans in unemployment.

Likewise, the salary increase at the end of 2016 (this being one of the supposed solutions of the government), brought with it the dismissal of half of the employees of large companies (Corpoelec, Imaseo, etc. ...).

In January 2016 the unemployment rate closed at 18.1 percent[61] becoming the most miserable economy in the world.[62]

Political crisis

Ratings for Venezuela from 1998 to 2017 by the U.S. Government-funded NGO Freedom House (1 = Free, 7 = not free)

2013 presidential election

The events that occurred after the presidential elections of 2013, mainly the demonstrations that took place in the election result in which Nicolas Maduro is elected president of Venezuela.

Protests and recall movement

The political crisis was unleashed in October 2016 when at least six lower Venezuelan state criminal courts declared void the previous processes of collecting signatures in their states. As a consequence, the National Electoral Council declared the end of the national referendum for the removal of Nicolas Maduro from the presidency of Venezuela, following previous opinions of the Supreme Court of Justice.

The Venezuelan opposition, through the Bureau of Democratic Unity, announced in reaction a peaceful demonstration at the national level, called "Venezuela takeover", to be held throughout the country from Wednesday 26 October 2016 and with indefinite duration . Finally, the opposition announced the "March to Miraflores" to be held on Thursday, November 3, 2016 concentrated in Caracas at the Miraflores Palace.

Likewise, the Venezuelan National Assembly, which had been declared "in contempt" by the Venezuelan Supreme Court, declared the "rupture of the constitutional order" in Venezuela in extraordinary session.57 58 On October 25, the National Assembly debated Possibility of bringing Maduro to trial for his responsibility in adopting the decision of the lower court, and its application as a national decision to suspend the recall referendum. Although the Constitution does not grant this power to the legislature.

Corruption

Corruption in Venezuela is high according to Transparency International's (TNI) Corruptions Perceptions Index and is prevalent throughout many levels of Venezuela's society.[63] In the case of Venezuela, the discovery of oil in the early twentieth century has worsened political corruption.[64] While corruption is difficult to measure reliably, Transparency International currently ranks Venezuela among the top 20 most corrupt countries, tied with four other countries as the 8th most corrupt nation in the world.[65] A 2014 Gallup poll found that 75% of Venezuelans believed that corruption was widespread throughout the Venezuelan government.[66] Discontent with corruption was cited by opposition-aligned groups as one of the reasons for the 2014 Venezuelan protests.[67]

Social crisis

Hunger

In 2016 the "Venezuela's Living Conditions Survey" (ENCOVI) found nearly 75 percent of the population had lost an average of at least 8.7 kg (19.4 lb) in weight due to a lack of proper nutrition.[3] When the price of petroleum was high, Venezuela became dependent on food imports, as the price declined the government can no longer could afford to import what the country needs. According to Al Jazeera, following the fall in the price of petroleum,

food rationing grew so severe that Venezuelans spent all day waiting in lines. Pediatric wards filled up with underweight children, and formerly middle-class adults began possibly picking through rubbish bins for scraps.[68]

According to the head of waste collection in the city of Maracaibo, Ricardo Boscan, six out of every 10 garbage bags or trash cans are being looted by hungry people.[69] Other signs of hunger in Venezuela include the killing of dogs, cats, donkeys, horses and pigeons—whose dismembered remains are found in city dumps—and of protected wildlife such as flamingos and giant anteaters.[69]

Corruption is a problem in the distribution of food. According to an operations director at one food import business, "You have to pay for [the military] to even look at your cargo now. It's an unbroken chain of bribery from when your ship comes in until the food is driven out in trucks." While using the military to control food distribution has "drained the feeling of rebellion from the armed forces" by giving soldiers access to food denied others, the resulting corruption has increases shortages for the general public.[68][58]

Crime

Escalating violent crime, especially murder, had been called "perhaps the biggest concern" of Venezuelans during the crisis. According to the think tank Observatory of Venezuelan Violence, 27,875 homicides were committed in Venezuela in 2015, a rate of about 90 per 100,000 people (compared to 5 per 100,000 for the US).[4] According to the New Yorker magazine Venezuela has, "by various measures, the world’s highest violent-crime rate". Less than two per cent of reported crimes are prosecuted.[70] According to the Los Angeles Times,

carjack gangs set up ambushes, sometimes laying down nail-embedded strips to puncture tires of vehicles ferrying potential quarry.  Motorists speak matter-of-factly of spotting body parts along roadways. ... While most crime victims are poor, they also include members of the middle and upper classes and scores of police and military personnel killed each year, sometimes for their weapons. ... "Before the thieves would only rob you,” is a common refrain here in the capital. “Now they kill you.”[4]

A reporter for The New Yorker magazine found that even stairwells in public hospital in the city of Valencia were not safe from robbers preyed on staff and patients despite the large number of National Guard, local and national police, and militia guarding the hospital. (This was because the police were assigned to guard the hospital from journalists who might embarrass the government with exposes on the state of the hospital—not protect to its occupants. The police allegedly collaborated with the robbers receiving a cut of what they stole.)[70]

Emigration

The Bolivarian diaspora is the voluntary emigration of millions of Venezuelans from their native country during the presidencies of Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro, due to the establishment of their Bolivarian Revolution.[71][72] According to Newsweek, the "Bolivarian diaspora is a reversal of fortune on a massive scale" where the "reversal" is meant as a comparison to Venezuela's high immigration rate during the 20th century.[72] The analysis of a study by Central University of Venezuela titled Venezuelan Community Abroad. A New Method of Exile by El Universal states that the "Bolivarian diaspora" in Venezuela has been caused by the "deterioration of both the economy and the social fabric, rampant crime, uncertainty and lack of hope for a change in leadership in the near future".[71] The Wall Street Journal stated that many "white-collar Venezuelans have fled the country's high crime rates, soaring inflation and expanding statist controls".[73] It is estimated that more than 1.5 million emigrated from Venezuela from 1999 to 2014[71] while in 2015, it was estimated that approximately 1.8 million Venezuelans had emigrated to other countries according to the PGA Group.[74][75]

Parents will say, "I would rather say goodbye to my son in the airport than in the cemetery".

Tomás Páez, Central University of Venezuela[76]

In 1998, the year Chávez was first elected, only 14 Venezuelans were granted U.S. asylum. In just 12 months in September 1999, 1,086 Venezuelans were granted asylum according to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.[77] Chávez's rhetoric of redistributing wealth to the poor concerned wealthy and middle class Venezuelans causing the first portion of a diaspora fleeing the Bolivarian government.[76] In a May 2002 cable from the United States Embassy, Caracas to United States agencies expressing astonishment at the number of Venezuelans attempting to enter the United States, stating, "This drain of skilled workers could have a significant impact on Venezuela's future".[78]

Academics and business leaders have stated that emigration from Venezuela increased significantly during the final years of Chávez's presidency and especially during the presidency of Nicolás Maduro.[79] This second diasporic episode consisted of lower class Venezuelans who suffered from the economic crisis facing the country, with the same individuals that Chávez attempted to aid seeking to emigrate due to their discontent.[76] It has been estimated in the year 2016 alone, over 150,000 Venezuelans emigrated from their native country, with The New York Times stating that it was "the highest in more than a decade, according to scholars studying the exodus".[76] Venezuelans have opted to emigrate through various ways, though image of Venezuelans fleeing the country by sea has also raised symbolic comparisons to the images seen from the Cuban diaspora.[76]

Health care

Healthcare spending by percentage of Venezuela's GDP

Following the Bolivarian Revolution and the establishment of the Bolivarian government, initial healthcare practices were promising with the installation of free healthcare and the assistance received from Cuban medical professionals providing aid. The government's failure to concentrate on healthcare for Venezuelans, the reduction of healthcare spending and government corruption eventually affected medical practices in Venezuela; causing avoidable deaths along with an emigration of medical professionals to other countries.[80][81]

Venezuela's reliance of imported goods and its complicated exchange rates initiated under Hugo Chávez led to increasing shortages during the late-2000s and into the 2010s that affected the availability of medicines and medical equipment in the country.[81] By 2010, the Bolivarian government stopped publishing medical statistics.[82] Throughout Chávez's presidency, the Health Ministry changed ministers multiple times. According to a high-ranking official of Venezuela's Health Ministry, the ministers were treated as scapegoats whenever issues with public health arose in Venezuela.[81] The official also explained how Health Ministry officials would also perform illicit acts in order to enrich themselves by selling goods designated to public healthcare to others.[81]

Into the Maduro presidency, the Bolivarian government could not supply enough dollars for medical supplies among healthcare providers; with doctors saying that 9 of 10 of large hospitals had only 7% of required supplies with private doctors reporting many patients that are "impossible" to count are dying from easily treated illnesses due to the "downward sliding economy" in 2014.[82] Due to such complications, many Venezuelans died avoidable deaths with medical professionals having to use limited resources to use methods that were replaced decades ago.[80] In February 2014, doctors at University of Caracas Medical Hospital stopped performing surgeries due to the lack of supplies, even though nearly 3,000 people require surgery.[83] Venezuela was the first country declared free of malaria (in 1961). As of 2016 its malaria-prevention program had collapsed, and there are more than a hundred thousand cases of malaria yearly.[70]  By August 2014, Venezuela was the only country in Latin America where the incidence of malaria was increasing, allegedly due to illegal mining and in 2013, Venezuela registered the highest number of cases of malaria in the past 50 years, with 300 of 100,000 Venezuelans being infected with the disease. Medical shortages in the country also hampered the treatment of Venezuelans.[84] Shortages of antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV/AIDS affected about 50,000 Venezuelans, potentially causing thousands of Venezuelans with HIV to develop AIDS.[85]

In late 2014, Venezuelans began saying that due to shortages of medicines, it was hard to find acetaminophen to help alleviate the newly introduced chikungunya virus, a potentially lethal mosquito-borne disease.[86] In September 2014, the Venezuelan government stated that only 400 Venezuelans were infected with chikungunya[87] while the Central University of Venezuela stated that there could be between 65,000 and 117,000 Venezuelans infected.[88] In August 2015 independent health monitors said that there were more than two million people infected with chikungunya while the government said there were 36,000 cases.[89]

By early 2015, only 35% of hospital beds were available and 50% of operating rooms could not function due to the lack of resources.[80][81] In March 2015, a Venezuelan NGO, Red de Medicos por la Salud, reported that there was a 68% shortage of surgical supplies and a 70% shortage of medicines in Venezuelan pharmacies.[81] In May 2015, the Venezuelan Medical Federation said that 15,000 doctors had left the public health care system because of shortages of drugs and equipment and poor pay. In August 2015 Human Rights Watch said “We have rarely seen access to essential medicines deteriorate as quickly as it has in Venezuela except in war zones.”[89] By the end of 2015, the Bolivarian government reported that of all Venezuelans visiting public hospitals in the year, one-of-three patients died.[90]

In 2016, infant mortality increased 30.12% to 11,466 deaths, maternal mortality increased 65.79% with 756 deaths and malaria increased 76.4% to 240,613 cases. Cases of diphtheria, which was thought to have been eradicated from Venezuela in the 1990s, had also began to reappear in the country during the year.[91] Shortly after the 2016 health statistics were released to the public in May 2017, President Maduro replaced Minister of Health, Dr. Antonieta Caporale, with a pharmacist close to vice-president Tareck El Aissami, Luis López Chejade.[92]

Public opinion

In a November 2016 survey by Datincorp, Venezuelans living in urban areas were asked which entity was responsible for the crisis, with 59% stating that President Chávez (25%), President Maduro (19%) and chavismo (15%) were the causes, while 16% blamed the opposition (10%), entrepreneurs (4%) and the United States (2%).[93]

References

  1. ↑ Ellsworth, Brian (14 February 2012). "Insight: Post-election hangover looms for Venezuela economy". Reuters. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  2. ↑ "Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 percent, GDP shrinks 19 percent: document". Reuters. 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  3. 1 2 "Venezuela: 75% of population lost 19 pounds amid crisis". UPI. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  4. 1 2 3 "The biggest worry in crisis-ridden Venezuela: crime". Los Angeles Times. 2016-06-06. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  5. 1 2 "Estrategia de Cooperación de OPS/OMS con Venezuela 2006–2008" (PDF) (in Spanish). Pan American Health Organization. June 2006. pp. p. 54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-24. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
  6. 1 2 "Fact Sheet. Social Missions in Venezuela" (PDF). Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the United States. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 Barreiro C., Raquel (4 March 2006). "Mercal es 34% más barato" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
  8. ↑ Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk Reference. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 618–21. ISBN 9780789488053.
  9. ↑ Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2 April 2015). Dragon in the Tropics: The Legacy of Hugo Chávez. Brookings Institution Press. p. 5. ISBN 0815725930.
  10. ↑ "Press release N° 20/10, IACHR publishes report on Venezuela". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (Press release). Organization of American States. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
  11. ↑ Alonso, Juan Francisco (24 February 2010). "IACHR requests the Venezuelan government to guarantee all human rights". El Universal. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
  12. ↑ Schimizzi, Carrie (24 February 2010). "Venezuela government violating basic human rights: report". Jurist: Legal news and research. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
  13. 1 2 Charlie Devereux & Raymond Colitt. March 7, 2013. "Venezuelans' Quality of Life Improved in UN Index Under Chavez". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  14. ↑ Meade, Teresa. A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present (Oxford 2010), p. 313.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Corrales, Javier (7 March 2013). "The House That Chavez Built". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  16. ↑ Corrales, Javier; Romero, Carlos (2013). U.S.-Venezuela relations since the 1990s : coping with mid-level security threats. New York: Routledge. pp. 79–81. ISBN 0415895243.
  17. 1 2 Siegel, Robert (25 December 2014). "For Venezuela, Drop In Global Oil Prices Could Be Catastrophic". NPR. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  18. 1 2 Scharfenberg, Ewald (1 February 2015). "Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela". El Pais. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  19. ↑ Gallagher, J. J. (25 March 2015). "Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  20. ↑ Corrales, Javier (7 May 2015). "Don’t Blame It On the Oil". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  21. ↑ "Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies". The Economist. 20 August 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  22. ↑ "Las principales causas de la escasez en Venezuela". Banca & Negocios. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  23. ↑ "El ascenso de la escasez". El Universal. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  24. ↑ "¿Por qué faltan dólares en Venezuela?". El Nacional. 8 October 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  25. ↑ Cristóbal Nagel, Juan (4 June 2014). "Poverty Shoots Up in Venezuela". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  26. ↑ "2014 Panorama Social de América Latina" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. United Nations. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  27. ↑ "Venezuela’s economy: Medieval policies". The Economist. 20 August 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  28. ↑ "Post-Chavez, Venezuela Enters a Downward Spiral". Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  29. ↑ Soto, Noris (25 September 2015). "Venezuela Economic Crisis to Only Get Worse, Barclays Says". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  30. ↑ "Venezuela's April inflation jumps to 5.7 percent: report". Reuters. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  31. 1 2 "Venezuela's black market rate for US dollars just jumped by almost 40%". Quartz. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  32. 1 2 3 "Venezuela’s currency: The not-so-strong bolívar". The Economist. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  33. ↑ Kevin Voigt (6 March 2013). "Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable". CNN. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  34. ↑ "Mr. Maduro in His Labyrinth". The New York Times. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  35. ↑ "Venezuela's government seizes electronic goods shops". BBC. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  36. ↑ "Maduro anuncia que el martes arranca nueva "ofensiva económica"". La Patilla. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  37. ↑ "Maduro insiste con una nueva "ofensiva económica"". La Nacion. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  38. ↑ "Decree powers widen Venezuelan president's economic war". CNN. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  39. ↑ Yapur, Nicolle (24 April 2014). "Primera ofensiva económica trajo más inflación y escasez". El Nacional. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  40. ↑ Gupta, Girish (3 November 2014). "Could Low Oil Prices End Venezuela's Revolution?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  41. ↑ "New Year's Wishes for Venezuela". Bloomberg. The Washington Post. 2 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  42. ↑ Pons, Corina; Cawthorne, Andrew (30 December 2014). "Recession-hit Venezuela vows New Year reforms, foes scoff". Reuters.
  43. ↑ Cristóbal Nagel, Juan (13 July 2015). "Looking Into the Black Box of Venezuela's Economy". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  44. ↑ Board, Editorial; Board, Editorial (2016-02-11). "Prepare for the worst: Venezuela is heading toward complete disaster". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  45. 1 2 3 Romero, Simon; María Eugenia Díaz (1 March 2011). "CARACAS JOURNAL; In Venezuela Housing Crisis, Squatters Find 45-Story Walkup". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  46. 1 2 Morales, Magdalena (15 November 2005). "Venezuelan housing shortage a headache for Chavez". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  47. 1 2 "Venezuela's housing crisis". Reuters. 3 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  48. ↑ Lopez, Virginia (20 July 2011). "Tallest squat in the world becomes emblem of Venezuela housing crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  49. 1 2 3 Baral, Susimita (6 May 2014). "Abandoned Cars To Solve Venezuela's Housing Crisis?". Latin Times. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  50. ↑ Gallegos, Raul (2 April 2014). "In Venezuela, Sell Your House or Lose It". Bloomberg View. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  51. ↑ Gibbs, Stephen (21 May 2016). "In Venezuela’s housing projects, even loyalists have had enough". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  52. ↑ Dulaney, Chelsey; Vyas, Kejal (16 September 2014). "S&P Downgrades Venezuela on Worsening Economy Rising Inflation, Economic Pressures Prompt Rating Cut". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  53. ↑ "La escasez también frena tratamientos contra cáncer". Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  54. ↑ "Venezuela sufre escasez de prótesis mamarias". Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  55. ↑ "Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?". BBC. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  56. ↑ Cawthorne, Andrew (21 January 2015). "In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession". Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  57. ↑ MacDonald, Elizabeth (26 May 2016). "Exclusive: Harrowing Video Shows Starving Venezuelans Eating Garbage, Looting". Fox Business. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  58. 1 2 Sanchez, Fabiola (8 June 2016). "As hunger mounts, Venezuelans turn to trash for food". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  59. ↑ "Mangoes fill the gaps in Venezuela's food crisis". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  60. ↑ Venezuela country profile (Economy tab), World in Figures. Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2017. (Retrieved 2017-06-14.)
  61. ↑ "Unemployment rate by World".
  62. ↑ "Venezuela deve continuar como economia mais miseravel do mundo". economia.uol.com.br. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  63. ↑ Sibery, Brian Loughman, Richard A. (2012). Bribery and corruption : navigating the global risks. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 978-1118011362.
  64. ↑ From 1917, "greater awareness of the country's oil potential had the pernicious effect of increasing the corruption and intrigue amongst Gomez's family and entourage, the consequences of which would be felt up to 1935 – B. S. McBeth (2002), Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 1908–1935, Cambridge University Press, p. 17.
  65. ↑ "Corruption by Country/Territory: Venezuela". Transparency International. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  66. ↑ "Venezuelans Saw Political Instability Before Protests". Gallup. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  67. ↑ "Venezuelans in US March Against Their Country's Violent, Corrupt Government". Christian Post. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  68. 1 2 "Venezuela military controls food as nation goes hungry". www.aljazeera.com. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  69. 1 2 Ocando, Gustavo (10 February 2017). "Hungry Venezuelans killing flamingos and anteaters for food, biologists say". miami herald. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  70. 1 2 3 Finnegan, William (14 November 2016). "Venezuela, A Failing State". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  71. 1 2 3 Olivares, Francisco (13 September 2014). "Best and brightest for export". El Universal. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  72. 1 2 "Hugo Chavez is Scaring Away Talent". Newsweek. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  73. ↑ Gonzalez, Angel; Minaya, Ezequiel (17 October 2011). "Venezuelan Diaspora Booms Under Chávez". Dow Jones & Company Inc. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  74. ↑ "1,8 millones de venezolanos han emigrado en 10 años". Globovision. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  75. ↑ "PGA Group estima que 1,8 millones de venezolanos han emigrado en 10 años". La Nación. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 Casey, Nicholas (25 November 2016). "Hungry Venezuelans Flee in Boats to Escape Economic Collapse". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  77. ↑ Brown, Tom (16 July 2007). "Venezuelans, fleeing Chavez, seek U.S. safety net". Reuters. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  78. ↑ "AREPA 14" (PDF). United States Department of State. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  79. ↑ Symmes Cobb, Julia; Garcia Rawlins, Carlos (15 October 2014). "Economic crisis, political strife drive Venezuela brain-drain". Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  80. 1 2 3 "Venezuela’s medical crisis requires world’s attention". The Boston Globe. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  81. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wilson, Peter (27 April 2015). "The Collapse of Chávezcare". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  82. 1 2 "Doctors say Venezuela's health care in collapse". Associated Press. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  83. ↑ "Médicos del Hospital Universitario de Caracas suspenden cirugías por falta de insumos". Globovision. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  84. ↑ Pardo, Daniel (23 August 2014). "The malaria mines of Venezuela". BBC. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  85. ↑ "Venezuela Faces Health Crisis Amid Shortage of HIV/Aids Medication". Fox News Latino. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  86. ↑ Forero, Juan (22 September 2014). "Venezuela Seeks to Quell Fears of Disease Outbreak". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  87. ↑ "Venezuela’s Maduro denounces "psychological war" waged by opposition". El Pais. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  88. ↑ Wade, Lizzie (23 September 2014). "In Venezuela, doctor flees after being accused of terrorism amid fever outbreak". Science. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  89. 1 2 Hider, James (5 August 2015). "Thousands dying early as medical system implodes in Venezuela". The Times. UK. Retrieved 5 August 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
  90. ↑ "In deteriorating Venezuela, a kid's scraped knee can be life or death". NBC News. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  91. ↑ "Infant mortality and malaria soar in Venezuela, according to government data". Reuters. 9 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  92. ↑ "Nicolás Maduro destituyó a la ministra de Salud que publicó las cifras sobre los aumentos en mortalidad infantil y materna en Venezuela". Infobae (in Spanish). 11 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  93. ↑ "INFORME DE COYUNTURA PAÍS VENEZUELA - NOVIEMBRE 2016". Scribd. Datincorp. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.