Crime in Sweden

Crime in Sweden describes an act defined in the Swedish Penal Code (Swedish: Brottsbalken) or in another Swedish law or statutory instrument for which a sanction is prescribed.^[1][2]

Figures from the 2013 Swedish Crime Survey (SCS) show that exposure to crime decreased from 2005 to 2013.^[3] Since 2014 there has been an increase in exposure to some categories of crimes, including fraud, some property crime and especially sexual offences (with a 70% increase since 2013) according to the 2016 SCS.^[4] Violence (both lethal and non-lethal) has been on a downward trend the last 25 years.^[5] The figures for fraud and property damage (excluding car theft) are in contrast with the numbers of reported crimes under such categories which have remained roughly constant over the period 2014-16.^[6] The number of reported sexual offences clearly reflect the figures in the 2016 SCS, and car related damages/theft are also somewhat reflected.^[7][8] The number of convictions up to 2013 has remained between 110,000 and 130,000 in the 2000s — a decrease since the 1970s, when they numbered around 300,000 — despite the population growth.^[9] Consistent with other Western countries in the postwar era, the number of reported crimes has increased when measured from the 1950s; which can be explained by a number of factors, such as statistical and legislative changes and increased public willingness to report crime.^[10]

Legal proceedings

When a crime has been committed the authorities will investigate what has happened, this is known as the preliminary investigation and it will be led by a police officer or prosecutor.^[11] The Swedish police and the prosecution service are required to register and prosecute all offences of which they become aware.^[12][13][14] The prosecutors are lawyers employed by the Swedish Prosecution Authority, a wholly independent organisation not dependent on courts or the police, and not directed by the Ministry of Justice (any ministerial interference is in fact unconstitutional).^[15]

The prosecutor are obliged to lead and direct the preliminary investigations of a crime impartially and objective, make decisions on prosecution issues, and appear in court to process actions in criminal cases. Suspects are entitled to a public defence counsel, either during the preliminary investigation stage or during the trial. The suspect is entitled to examine the material gathered by the prosecutor, and is allowed to request the police to conduct further investigation, if he or she considers this to be necessary. A preliminary investigation supervisor decides whether or not these measures can be carried out.^[16]

In the case of less serious crimes, if the suspect admits that he/she has committed the offence and it is clear what the punishment should be, the prosecutor can pronounce a so-called order of summary punishment.^[11][17] A preliminary investigation not discontinued may result in the prosecutor deciding to prosecute a person for the crime. This means that there will be a trial at the District Court.^[11] The person who has been convicted, the prosecutor and the victim of the crime can appeal against the District Court judgement in the Court of Appeal.^[18]

Confidence in the criminal justice system

Six out of ten respondents surveyed in the SCS 2013 said they had a high level of confidence in the criminal justice system as a whole, and the police enjoyed similarly high confidence levels. Of the crime victims, a little over half of all surveyed (57%) stated that their experience of the police was generally positive, and nearly one in seven stated that the experience was negative.^[19]

Corruption

In general, the level of corruption in Sweden is very low.^[20] The legal and institutional framework in Sweden are considered effective in fighting against corruption, and the government agencies are characterized by a high degree of transparency, integrity and accountability.^[21]

Crime statistics

Sweden began recording national crime statistics in 1950, and the method for recording crime has basically remained unchanged until the mid-1960s, when the Swedish police introduced new procedures for crime statistics, which have been presented as a partial explanation for the historical increase in crime reports.^[10] In 1974, the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Swedish: Brottsförebyggande rådet, abbreviated Brå) became the government agency tasked with producing official statistics and disseminating knowledge on crime.^[22] In the early 1990s a new crime reporting system was implemented, which meant that the manual controls became less frequent, resulting in an additional increase in the number of reported crimes.^[23]

In January 2017, the Löfven Cabinet denied the request from member parliament Staffan Danielsson to update the BRÅ statistics on crime with respect to national or immigration background of the perpetrator, as had previously been done in 1995, 2005 but the 2015 was overdue.^[24]

International comparison

Comparisons between countries based on official crime statistics (i.e. "crime reports") require caution, since such statistics are produced differently in different countries. Legal and substantive factors also influence the number of reported crimes.^{[12][13][25][26]} For example:

• Sweden applies a system of expansive offence counts for violent crimes, meaning the same crime may be recorded several times, such as in the case of a gang rape. Other countries may employ more restrictive methods of counting.^[12][13]
• In Sweden, crime data is collected when the offence in question is first reported, at which point the classification of the offence may be unclear.^[12][13] It retains this classification in the published crime statistics, even if later investigations indicate that no crime has been committed.^[12]
• The Swedish police and the prosecution service are required to register and prosecute all offences of which they become aware. This can be assumed to lead to a more frequent registration of offences than in systems where the classification of offences is negotiable on the basis of plea bargaining.^[12][13]
• Willingness to report crime also affects the statistics.^[25] A police force and judicial system enjoining a high level of confidence and a good reputation with the public will produce a higher propensity to report crime than a police force which is discredited, inspires fear or distrust.^[12]

Large-scale victimisation surveys have been presented as a more reliable indicator on the level of crime in a given country.^[12]

Crime trends

The Swedish Crime Survey

The Swedish Crime Survey (SCS) is a recurrent victim survey since 2005 by Brå of the attitudes and experiences of the general population regarding victimization, fear of crime and public confidence in the justice system, with an annual sample size of around 15,000 respondents.^[27]

Offences against the person

The level of exposure to offences against the person has decreased somewhat since 2005 (down from 13.1% to 11.4%), according to SCS 2013. Crimes in this group includes assault, threat, sexual offences, mugging, fraud or harassment. In the recently published SCS 2016, exposure to offences has increased to levels as seen prior to 2005, with 13.3% of the people surveyed reporting that they had been victim to one or more of the aforementioned crimes.^[28]

Around one in four (26%) surveyed report these crimes, which is a decrease by 6 per cent from the previous year (2014).^[28]

Assault

While the number of reported assaults has been on the increase, crime victim surveys show that a large part of the increase may be due to the fact that more crimes are actually reported.^[29] According to the 2013 SCS, the proportion who stated that they have been the victims of assault has declined gradually, from 2.7 per cent in 2005 to 1.9 per cent in 2012. The proportion who are anxious about falling victim to assault has also decreased, from 15 per cent in 2006 to 10 per cent in 2013.^[19] This is supported by medical services reporting unchanged levels of incoming patients with wounds derived from assault or serious violent crime.^[29][30][31] Studies have also shown that police are increasingly likely to personally initiate reports of assault between strangers, which contributes to more cases involving assault being reported.^[32]

In the recently published 2016 SCS 2.0 per cent of the population (ages 16–79) were exposed to assault. This level is similar to the previous year, when 2.1 per cent were exposed. Over time, exposure to assault has decreased somewhat, and the percentage of victims has declined by 0.7 percentage points since the survey was first conducted in 2005, reaching its lowest point in 2012 and rising slightly since then. The primary reduction has been among young men.^[28]

Exposure to assault is more common for men than women, and most common in the 20-24 age bracket. Assault is most common in a public place and in most cases the perpetrator is unknown to the victim.^[4]

Sweden has a high rate of reported assault crime when compared internationally,^[33] but this can be explained by legal, procedural and statistical differences.^{[Note 1]} For example, the Swedish police applies a system of expansive offence counts for violent crimes, meaning the same crime may be recorded several times.^[13] The 2005 European Crime and Safety Survey (2005 EU ICS) found that prevalence victimisation rates for assaults with force was below average in Sweden.^[34]

Threats

In 2015, 5.0 per cent were exposed to threats, which is an increase compared with the preceding year (4.1% reported in 2014). The percentage of persons exposed to threats remained at a relatively stable level between 2005 and 2014. The results from coming years will show whether the increase in 2015 is the beginning of a new trend or a temporary deviation from an otherwise relatively stable level.^[4]

Exposure to threats is more common among women than men, and most common in the 20-24 and 25-34 age brackets.^[28]

Murder and homicide

The number of cases of lethal violence in Sweden has remained at a relatively constant level over the period of 1977 to 2007 — around 100 cases per year — in spite of the population increase over the same period.^[30]

Studies of lethal violence in Sweden have shown that more than half the reported cases were not actually cases of murder or manslaughter. This is because the Swedish crime statistics show all events with a lethal outcome that the police investigate. Many of these reported crimes turn out to be, in reality, suicides, accidents or natural deaths.^[30][35] Despite this statistical anomaly, Sweden has an internationally low murder and homicide rate,^{[Note 2]} with approximately 1.14 reported incidents of murder or manslaughter per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2015. The number of "confirmed cases of lethal violence" has fluctuated between 68 and 112 in the period of 2006–2015, with a decrease from 111 in 2007 to 68 in 2012, followed by an increase to 112 in 2015.^{[35] [36][35]} Around 75% of those murdered are men.^[37] Most cases (71% in 2015) were reported in one of the major metropolitan regions of Stockholm, Väst and Skåne. The largest increase in 2015 was seen in the Väst region, where the number of cases has increased from 14 cases in 2014 to 34 cases in 2015.^[35]

In 2016 ten out of the 105 murder cases were honor killings, representing roughly 10% of all murder cases and a third of all murders of women in Sweden.^[38]

In May 2017 a survey by Dagens Nyheter showed that of 100 suspects of murder and attempted murder using firearms, 90 had one parent born abroad 75% were born in the 90s.^[39]

According to a comparison of crime statistics from Norwegian Kripos and Swedish BRÅ done by Norwegian daily newspaper Aftenposten, the murder rate of Sweden has since 2002 been roughly twice that of neighbour country Norway.^[40]

Sex crimes

A long-standing tradition of gender equality policy and legislation, as well as an established women's movement, have led to several legislative changes and amendments, greatly expanding the sex crime legislation.^[41][42] For example, in 1965 Sweden was one of the first countries in the world to criminalise marital rape,^[42] and Sweden is one of a few countries in the world to criminalizing only the purchase of sexual services, but not the selling.^[43]

The rate of exposure to sexual offences has remained relatively unchanged, according to the SCS, since the first survey was conducted in 2006, despite an increase in the number of reported sex crimes.^[44] This discrepancy can largely be explained by reforms in sex crime legislation, widening of the definition of rape,^[45][46][47] and an effort by the Government to decrease the number of unreported cases.^{[46][48][49][50]} In SCS 2013, 0.8 per cent of respondents state that they were the victims of sexual offences, including rape; or an estimated 62,000 people of the general population (aged 16–79). Of these, 16 per cent described the sexual offence as "rape" — which would mean approximately 36,000 incidents of rape in 2012.^[44]

According to the 2016 SCS 1.7 per cent of persons stated that they had been exposed to a sexual offence. This is an increase of more than 100 per cent compared to 2012 and a 70 per cent compared to 2014, when 1.0 per cent of persons stated exposure. Exposure to sexual offences is significantly more common among women than men, and most common in the 20-24 age bracket. Sexual offences are most common in a public place and in most cases the perpetrator is unknown to the victim.^[51]

Sexual offences reported in the 2016 SCS amounts to an estimated 174,000 people of the general population (aged 16–79), a gross increase of 112,000 cases in a one-year period.

A frequently cited source when comparing Swedish rape statistics internationally is the regularly published report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) — although they discourage this practice.^[52] In 2012, according to the report by UNODC, Sweden was quoted as having 66.5 cases of reported rapes per 100,000 population,^[52] based on official statistics by Brå.^{[53][Note 1]} The high number of reported rapes in Sweden can partly be explained by differing legal systems, offence definitions, terminological variations, recording practices and statistical conventions, making any cross-national comparison on rape statistics difficult.^{[54][Note 1]}

According to a 2014 study published by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), approximately one third of all women in the EU were said to have suffered physical and/or sexual abuse. At the top end was Denmark (52%), Finland (47%) and Sweden (46%).^[55][56] Every second woman in the EU has experienced sexual harassment at least once since the age of 15. In Sweden that figure was 81 percent, closely followed by Denmark (80%) and France (75%). Included in the definition of "sexual harassment" was — among other things — inappropriate staring or leering and cyber harassment.^[57][58] The report concluded that there's a strong correlation between higher levels of gender equality and disclosure of sexual violence.^[59]

In its 2016 report, Nationella trygghetsundersökningen 2016 (tr: "national survey of safety 2016") the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention stated that there had been an increase in the number of victims of sexual crime among women in the preceding 3 years compared to the previous period 2005-2012, while the number of male victims remained largely constant over the timespan (see graph).^[60]

Robbery

The rate of exposure to muggings has remained relatively unchanged since 2005, according to the SCS, with 0.9 per cent of respondents stating they were the victim of such a crime in 2015.^[3] There were 99 robberies recorded by police per 100,000 population in 2015, which is 3 per cent more than the previous year.^{[51][61][Note 1]} The prevalence victimisation rates for robbery was slightly above the EU-average in 2004, and lower than countries such as Ireland, Estonia, Greece, Spain, The United Kingdom and Poland.^[34]

A study published in 2000 by Brå on adolescent robberies in Stockholm and Malmö found that muggings had increased in the 90s, with approximately 10 per cent of the boys and 5 per cent of the girls aged 15–17 having been the target of a mugging. Desirable objects are mainly money and cell phones, with an average value of around SEK 800. Only half of the crime was reported to the police, and foreign-born youths were overrepresented in the offenders demographic.^[62] Follow-up studies have shown the level remaining unchanged between 1995 and 2005.^[63]

Property offences

The SCS indicate that 9.2 per cent of households fell victim to some type of domestic property offence, which is a reduction since 2006 (when the percentage was 12.6). Crimes in this group includes theft, theft from a vehicle, bicycle theft or residential burglary. Around half of the domestic property offences reported in the SCS 2013 are stated as having been reported to the police, and the overwhelming majority of crime victims state that this happened only once in 2012.^[19]

Theft of personal property and pickpocketing are among the lowest in Europe, as is car theft and theft from a car.^[34]

Burglary

Sweden had the lowest prevalence victimisation rate for burglary in Europe, according to the 2005 EU ICS,^[34] and the rate of exposure to residential burglary has remained relatively unchanged since 2006.^[3] In SCS 2013, 0.9 percent of households stated that they were the victims of burglary in 2012.^[3] Sweden had 785 cases of reported burglary per 100,000 population in 2012, which is a reduction from the previous year by 6 percent.^{[61][Note 1]} The majority of burglaries in Sweden are committed by international gangs from Eastern European countries like the Balkans, Romania, Poland, the Baltic countries, and Georgia.^[64] The total number of burglaries in southern Sweden were 5871 in 2015 and 4802, the reduction was attributed to border checks introduced in November 2015 due to the ongoing European migrant crisis and police having manage to catch a number of gangs in 2016. The third reason for the reduction was community cooperation.^[65]

Burglary perpetrators

Since Police in Sweden has a low conviction rate for burglaries there is also corresponding ignorance about who the burglars are.^[66]

The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention received responsibility for compiling statistics in 1994, at which time the two main categories of offenders were youth and drug addicts. This pattern changed into one where the main category of offenders were organised gangs, some of which were composed of foreigners travelling to Sweden in order to commit crime and then return to their home countries again. In the Stockholm area police estimated in 2014 that a third of all burglaries were done by foreign nationals.^[66] In 2015 police were reported as estimating that foreign gangs comprising 1500 individuals were organised with some members living Sweden to coordinate thefts: a third of these gangs are from Lithuania, a fifth from Poland and the rest from Georgia, Belorussia, Romania and Bulgaria.^[67] In 2017 police were reported as estimating that about half of the annual 20,000 burglaries, including failed attempts, were committed by gangs from the Balkans, Romania, the Baltic states and Georgia.^[68]

Harassment

The percentage of persons exposed to harassment in 2015 was 4.7 per cent. This is an increase as compared with 2014, when 4.0 per cent stated that they had been exposed. Between 2005 and 2010, the percentage of exposed persons gradually declined from 5.2 per cent to 3.5 per cent. Thereafter, the percentage increased between 2011 and 2015 towards the same level as when the survey was commenced (when the percentage of exposed persons was 5.0%). Exposure to harassment is more common for women than men, and most common among the youngest in the survey (in the 16-19 age bracket). It is most common for the perpetrator to be unknown to the victim.^[51]

There might be a correlation between rise in harassment by an unknown perpetrator due to the general rise of harassment in various online communities, but nothing conclusive. Most harassment reported is either women harassing women or men harassing men, the smallest portion of reported cases are men harassing women.^[69]

Criminal sanctions

Sanctions under the Swedish Penal Code consist of fines and damages, imprisonment, conditional sentences, probation, being placed in special care and community service. Various sanctions can be combined. A basic premise in the Penal Code is that non-custodial penalties are more desirable than custodial, and the court has considerable latitude when choosing a criminal sanctions, paying special attention to measures chiefly aimed at rehabilitating offenders.^[70][71]

Fines and damages

A person who has committed a crime may be ordered to pay damages to the victim. Such damages can relate to compensation for destroyed clothing, a broken tooth, costs for medical care, pain and suffering, or personal violation.^[72] A person sentenced for an offence that could lead to imprisonment must pay SEK 800 to the Crime Victim Fund.^[73] Fines are determined in money, or as day fines. In the case of day fines, two figures are given, for example "40 day fines of SEK 50" (i.e. SEK 2,000). The first figure shows how serious the court has considered the offence and the latter figure depends on financial situation of the accused.^[71][74]

Conditional sentences, probation and community service

Conditional sentences are primarily intended when a person commits a one-off crime and there is no reason to fear that he or she will re-offend. Probation can be applied to crimes for which fines are considered insufficient. Like a conditional sentence, it is non-custodial, but it is relatively intrusive.^[71]

If a conditional sentence is imposed there will be a probationary period of two years. During this period, the person must conduct himself in an acceptable manner. The conditional sentence may be combined with day fines and/or an obligation to perform community service. There is no check made as to whether the person sentenced has conducted himself in an acceptable manner; but if the person is found to conduct himself in an unacceptable manner, the court may issue a warning, change a provision, or decide that the conditional sentence should be replaced by another sanction.^[75]

A person who has been sentenced to probation is subject to a probationary period of three years. During this period, the person must conduct himself in an acceptable manner. A probation officer is appointed, who will assist and support the person sentenced. The court may specify rules about medical care, work and housing during the probationary period. The probation may be combined with day fines, imprisonment, an obligation to undergo care according to a predetermined treatment plan and/or to perform community service.^[76]

Community service is an obligation to perform certain unpaid work during a particular time. A person sentenced to community service serves his sentence through working, for example, for an association or a not-for-profit organisation.^[77]

Prison and electronic monitoring

A person who has been sentenced to at most six months imprisonment has the opportunity to serve the sentence in the form of intensive supervision with electronic monitoring. The person sentenced will serve the penalty at home and may only leave home at certain times, for example, to go to work. Compliance with these times is checked electronically.^[78]

A person who has been sentenced to prison will receive an order from the Swedish Prison and Probation Service to attend an institution. It is possible to start serving the penalty immediately after the judgement has been made, and in certain cases, the person sentenced can get a postponement up to one year. A sentence of imprisonment can, in certain cases, be enforced by the Prison and Probation Service with the use of an ankle monitor outside the institution.^[79]

Prison sentences may not be less than 14 days and may not exceed ten years (18 years for some offences) or life imprisonment. A person sentenced to life imprisonment can apply for a determined sentence at the Örebro Lower Court. A prisoner has to serve at least 10 years in prison before applying and the set sentence cannot be under 18 years. However, some prisoners may never be released, being considered too dangerous.^[71]

Young offenders

According to the penal code, persons under 15 who have committed a crime cannot be sentenced to any sanction. If the under age offender is in need of corrective measures due to the crime, it is the responsibility of the National Board of Health and Welfare to rectify the situation, either by ordering that he be put into care in a family home or a home with special supervision.^[71]

As a rule, offenders between 15 and 17 are subject to sanctions under the Act on Special Rules for the Care of the Young (SFS 1980:621) instead of normal criminal sanctions. An offender aged 15 and 17 years old, who have committed serious or repeated crimes, and is sentenced to prison or closed juvenile care usually serves time in a special youth home run by the National Board of Institutional Care. A person under 18 years is only sentenced to prison during exceptional circumstances. In less serious cases, fines are levied.^[71]

For offenders between 18 and 19 years of age, measures in accordance with the Act on Special Rules for the Care may only be used to a limited extent. A person over 18 but under 21 can be sentenced to prison only if there are special reasons for this, with regard to the crime, or for other special reasons. A person who is under 21 when a crime was committed may receive milder sentencing than that normally stipulated, and may never be sentenced to life imprisonment.^[71]

There are no age limits for the application of conditional sentences.^[71]

Incarceration rate

Sweden had an incarceration rate of 66 persons per 100,000 inhabitants in 2013,^[80] which is significantly lower than in most other countries.^{[Note 3]} By comparison, the United States ranks high above Sweden with 707 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants, and the EU average in 2008-2010 was 126.^[81][82] Some of these numbers may be due to variations in prison types, for instance Sweden makes frequent use of electronic fetters, allowing the prisoner to live at home (but under constant surveillance, including a no-alcohol policy).

In 2012, approximately 12,000 prison terms were handed down — a level comparable to the one in the mid-1970s. The number of people sentenced to prison went down in the ten-year period of 2004-2013, but the average sentence length (approximately 8.4 months) has not been affected.^[83][84]

Image in media

There has been debate in the media about the crime rate in Sweden, and further debate about how crime has been affected by the accumulated immigration and refugee influx. Some international media have claimed that the refuge immigrants in Sweden created dangerous neighborhoods that are now "no-go zones" for Swedish police.^[85] Several pieces by Norsk rikskringkasting, the state-run media channel in the neighbouring country Norway have described the "no-go zones" as areas in which ambulances, the fire brigade and police are routinely attacked, with reporter Anders Magnus in 2016 threatened and hurled rocks at by masked men when he tried to make interviews in Husby.^[86][87][88] Norwegian minister of immigration and integration Sylvi Listhaug and opposition politician Bård Vegard Solhjell stated that they were "shocked" by the emergence of no-go zones in Sweden.^[89]

Another incidence of foreign journalists attacked in a Stockholm suburb includes the Australian team of Liz Hayes from CBS's 60 minutes in Rinkeby in 2016, working with anti-immigration activist Jan Sjunnesson,^[90][91] in which a member of the crew was allegedly dragged into a building during filming and punched and kicked by several people.^[92] In 2017, independent investigative journalist Tim Pool was escorted out of Rinkeby by police, "as many men were getting agitated by our presence". However, Swedish police authorities claimed that Pool was not formally escorted out of the area, as no police report on the incident was filed.^[93] After his visit to Sweden, Pool concluded that Sweden "has real problems".

While "no-go zones" do not exist in Sweden^[85][94][95] an official report from the Swedish Police Authority published in December 2015, describes certain areas in Sweden, where the police are having difficulties completing police tasks. They may be met with hostility and violence from crowds attacking police patrols by throwing stones at them and burning police cars, which at times force the police to postpone an intervention. This aggression is also directed at other official representatives of Swedish civil society such as ambulance and fire brigade personnel. Fifteen specific areas are categorized as particularly critical areas where incidents like these often take place.^[96][86]

In a February 2017 interview by US Fox News personality Tucker Carlson, filmmaker Ami Horowitz stated migrants in Sweden have been associated with a crime wave, and “they often times try to cover up some of these crimes.” Henrik Selin, a political scientist and deputy director of the Swedish Institute, described these news reports of an immigrant-related crime surge as "highly exaggerated and not based in facts."^[94] According to Martin Gelin of the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter, “countless right-wing media in the United States that have long been reporting that Sweden is heading for total collapse.”^[94]

Swedish economist Tino Sanandaji claims that due to fears of being perceived as a racist it has been taboo in Sweden to describe the situation in the affected areas.^[86]

Donald Trump

Alleged immigrant crime in Sweden made international news and what some called an "diplomatic incident" in February 2017^[97] when US president Donald Trump told a rally in Melbourne, Florida on February 18, 2017 that Sweden has "problems that they never thought possible," following his watching of Ami Horowitz's appearance on Tucker Carlson. According to the New York Times, Trump aides "sought to clarify that Mr. Trump’s remarks were about a rising tide of crime in general".^[97] He later tweeted that the " ... media is trying to say that large scale immigration in Sweden is working out just beautifully. NOT!"^[98]

See also

• Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority
• Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention
• National Centre for Knowledge on Men's Violence against Women
• Sweden-bashing

Notes

1. ^{1 2 3 4 5} See section on International comparison
2. ¹ List of countries by intentional homicide rate and List of countries by intentional homicide rate
3. ¹ List of countries by incarceration rate

References

External links

• The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention official site (In English, also available in a number of other languages.)