Creative education

Introduction

Creative education is when students are encouraged to problem solve when faced with a challenge and can be used in all subjects. Instead of being taught to reiterate what was learned, students learn to develop their ability to find various solutions to a problem. Coming up with various out-of-the box solutions is known as divergent thinking and there is no one way of cultivating this skill - largely due to the newness of the concept and the limited scientific information on creativity.[1]

Importance


The increasing interest in creative education is due to the need for more critical thinkers in business and politics to be able to solve complex problems.[2] As the world becomes more interconnected, it is no longer possible to make linear discisions in business and in politics. Current leaders are looking for people who can bring about new ideas to solve pressing issues.

Creative education also creates a more engaging, personalized learning experience which typically improves the performance of each student.[2] When students have more say in their education, they become more engaged which helps facilitate learning. Plus, the goal of creative education is to challenge each student and encourage differentness. Instead of "standardizing" how students approach a problem, different responses would be encouraged. This, in turn, allows more than one type of learner to exist within a classroom.

Research


In Csikszentmihalyi's five-step process to elicit creative thinking, incubation is a necessary step.[3] Meaning, the use of unconscious thought is needed to solve complex problems.[4] A problem such as 2+2 is a linear thought process that can performed in the consciousness. Trying to solve the equation for gravity requires more complex connections in the brain which has been seen to require the unconscious thought process. In application to education, this may include requiring more recess time to facilitate the creative thought process.[5] However, there is limited research on how exactly the creative thought process works and how it can be elicited.

In relevance to education, there is research that emphasizes that students and teachers need more freedom to allow a more creative education process to take place. Students who can participate in their education show more creativity but for this type of education to work, teachers must also have more control over the curriculum.[6] This may look like the teacher determining the curriculum for the entire year or determining how much time each students needs to spend on each subject. Instead of the decision making starting from the top-down (state to schools), the decision making starts from the ground-up (teacher to schools). This isn't suggesting there shouldn't be some national guideline but the idea is to place more trust in the teachers as they are on-the-grounds, engaging with each student.

Different methods

PASPSA

The PASPSA approach is a suggested approach to elicit creativity in students. Perception, Analysis, Synthesis and Production, Selection, and Application is a teaching model to be encouraged students to transform ideas, have choice in the education process, and reuse or change how ideas are formulated.[2]

Creative Problem Solving (CPS)

The CPS method is a more explicit form of cultivating creativity and uses divergent and convergent thinking skills.[7] Students are asked to brainstorm, plan ahead, and find solutions. Instead of changing an entire curriculum to be creative focused, this method is a more obvious way to teach students how to critically approach assignments.

The Torrance Incubation Model (TIM)

The Torrance Incubation Model (TIM), developed by Paul E. Torrance is made up of three stages: 1) Heighten Anticipation 2) Deepen Expectations 3) Extend the Learning.[8] This model was created to allow instructors to integrate creativity into their lessons without affecting the subject material.[7] Instead of having to put aside time to teach creativity, teachers can use the TIM model to address the subject and creativity at the same time. The teaching model also aspiries to help teachers teach better and to increase interest in students.

Relating Concepts

Creative education is sometimes called design education but that may be confused with education pertaining to the design industry (i.e. architecture, graphic design, interior design, etc.).

Design thinking also explains the process of creatively solving problems in all faucets of life. Though this is very similar, creative education focuses on how classes are taught to oppress or encourage creativity.

Increased prevalence across nations

Singapore

In OECD's PISA global education survey, Singapore was named for having the best education system in 2015.[9] Singapore not only uses technology heavily in their classrooms, but there is emphasis on the idea that the teacher is a facilitator of finding information not the source of information. The argument is that kids are exposed to engaging screens outside of school so expecting them to not use their phones in school makes school boring. By using technology in the classroom, the can use the interest in technology as leverage to maintain student engagement. The technology skills are also more relevant to today's time. Additionally, teachers are encouraged to continually learn and change their teaching strategy by speaking with other instructors and allowing others to weigh-in on their classes - so the teaching method is constantly improving.

Finland

Finland has also been ranked as hosting one of the top education systems in the world.[9] Not only does the country strive to have accessible education, but teachers usually stay with the same students over several years.[10] The curriculum in Finland starts from the bottom-up so teachers have more control to change the design of the curriculum. This is partly due to the shift in how tests are viewed. Tests are still used as a means of assessing progress but there is no national testing.[10]

UK

From the 1960's through the 80's the UK's primary schools were recognized as innovative[11] and surrounding around the child as recorded in the Plowden Report.[12] A noteworthy school in the UK is A.S.'s Summerhill School which is a democratic school where parents, teachers, and students have a say in the education and where the education is designed around the students opposed to kids adapting to a standard school system.

Compared to the European Union, the UK, especially Northern Ireland, have a more frequent usage of creativity across multiple school subjects.[11]

USA

The education system in the United States has been seen as an inhibitor of creativity.[13] The extensive state-wide tests that are required have push educators to follow strict curriculum so there is less freedom among teachers. The tests also create a cyclical pattern in under-performing, poor schools - low performance leads to less funding.[14] Essentially, money buys the quality of education in the United States.

Australia

The Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs (MCEETYA) in Australia has also begun to integrate more creativity within its education model in the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians.[15]

Advocates of creative education

Ken Robinson

Ken Robinson is an academic specializing in the need for creativity in education.[16] He works with governments and education programs to work on creating more innovative education systems. He has a Tedtalk, "Do schools kill creativity?" that gained world recognition.[17]

References

  1. ↑ "What Type of Thinker Are You?". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  2. 1 2 3 Dudová, Ivana; Cíba, Jakub (2015-09-19). "APPLICATION OF CREATIVITY IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS". CBU International Conference Proceedings. 3 (0): 095–101. ISSN 1805-9961.
  3. ↑ Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (1996). Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Collins.
  4. ↑ Zhong, Chen-Bo; Dijksterhuis, Ap; Galinsky, Adam D. (2008-09-01). "The Merits of Unconscious Thought in Creativity". Psychological Science. 19 (9): 912–918. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02176.x.
  5. ↑ "Learning How to Learn: Powerful mental tools to help you master tough subjects - University of California, San Diego | Coursera". Coursera. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  6. ↑ Radovic-Markovic, Mirjana (2012). "Creative education and new learning as means of encouraging creativity, original thinking and entrepreneurship.". The Book of Proceedings Humanities and the Contemporary World, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, Podgorica, Montenegro. – via semanticscholar.org.
  7. 1 2 jcarinci. "School of Education at Johns Hopkins University-The Relevance of Creativity in Education". education.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  8. ↑ Worwood, Matthew (2011). "Torrance Incubation Model of Creative Teaching and Learning (TIM)" (PDF). Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences Media and Arts Sequence.
  9. 1 2 "Singapore tops latest OECD PISA global education survey - OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  10. 1 2 "Council for Creative Education (CCE) Finland". Council for Creative Education (CCE) Finland. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  11. 1 2 Wyse, Dominic; Ferrari, Anusca (2015-02-01). "Creativity and education: comparing the national curricula of the states of the European Union and the United Kingdom". British Educational Research Journal. 41 (1): 30–47. ISSN 1469-3518. doi:10.1002/berj.3135.
  12. ↑ Gillard, Derek. "Plowden Report 1967 Volume 1 - full text". www.educationengland.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  13. ↑ Smirniotopoulos, Peter (2012-03-23). "We Need an Education System that Promotes Creativity, Innovation, and Critical Thinking". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  14. ↑ Goodnough, Abby (2003-01-19). "Fearing a Class System in the Classroom; A Strict Curriculum, but Only for Failing Schools, Mostly in Poor Areas of New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  15. ↑ "Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians" (PDF). Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs (MCEETYA). 2008.
  16. ↑ "About me - Sir Ken Robinson". Sir Ken Robinson. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  17. ↑ Robinson, Ken, Do schools kill creativity?, retrieved 2017-03-21

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